Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01303.pdf: 5678711 bytes, checksum: bea6566350f10df4fb3cd2f58bc36973 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

La ouate de cellulose utilisée pour l’isolation est fabriquée à partir de fibres de papier broyé, traitées avec des additifs minéraux agissant comme agents ignifuges et antifongiques. La conductivité thermique du matériau final est aux alentours de 0,04 W/m.K, ce qui est comparable à la laine de verre, avec l’intérêt d’être fabriqué à partir de matériaux recyclés, représentant un taux d’énergie grise beaucoup plus faible. Le mode de mise en oeuvre par voie humide de la ouate de cellulose a plusieurs avantages par rapport à la voie sèche. Le fait que les fibres de cellulose se rigidifient avec l’eau, empêche le tassement du matériau, qui peut engendrer des ponts thermiques dans l’enveloppe du bâtiment. Par contre, la durée de séchage peut être très longue et variable selon le dosage utilisé et les conditions ambiantes d’application. Ce projet de recherche vise à trouver l’additif idéal permettant d’accélérer le séchage tout en conservant une bonne cohésion du matériau et le maintien de ses propriétés isolantes. Deux types de ouate de cellulose utilisés en isolation ont été caractérisés. Ils ont montré des différences de composition chimique, granulométrie et morphologie. L’influence de leurs caractéristiques physiques telles que la rétention d’eau, les isothermes d’adsorption d’eau et les proportions d’eau libre et liée sur le séchage du matériau final a été mise en évidence. Du point de vue de la mise en oeuvre, il a été démontré que le dosage en eau avait un impact important sur les propriétés finales du matériau. La densité, la résistance en compression et la conductivité thermique augmentent avec le dosage en eau. Un minimum de 14 kPa pour le module de compression a été défini comme le seuil de résistance permettant d’éviter le tassement. Ces propriétés ont été comparées avec celles de la ouate de cellulose compactée à sec et les résultats ont montré la forte influence de la rigidification et de la fermeture des pores du matériau. Deux voies ont été envisagées pour résoudre le problème du temps de séchage : l’ajout d’additifs aux propriétés adhésives permettant de réduire la quantité d’eau introduite en renforçant la cohésion de l’isolant, et l’ajout d’additifs permettant de modifier la tension de surface pour faciliter le départ de l’eau. Les additifs biosourcés potentiels ont été caractérisés à différentes concentrations et classés selon leur viscosité et leur pouvoir collant. Malheureusement plusieurs additifs ont dû être rejeté car ils présentaient un couple « propriété adhésive/pompabilité » non adapté. Une gamme de tensioactifs a également été testée par rapport à leurs tensions de surface. Les formulations pompables ont étés caractérisées par rapport à leurs temps de séchage, résistance en compression et conductivité thermique. Les additifs qui ont montré des contributions positives sur le séchage sont les lignosulfonates et le tensioactif cationique CTAB. L’influence de ces deux additifs a ensuite été étudiée avec un modèle numérique à travers le logiciel WUFI en prenant en compte l’impact sur le séchage, la météo, le dosage liquide et l’épaisseur de l’isolant. Les conditions optimales ont été définies. Le lignosulfonate s’est avéré être l’additif le plus efficace. Une première évaluation de la performance des nouveaux isolants en termes de résistance au feu et à la moisissure a été réalisée et des indications pour la suite de l’étude ont été proposées. / Cellulose insulation is manufactured from recycled paper fibres, treated with mineral additives acting as flame retardants and antifungals. Its consistency is similar to cotton wool. The fibres are sold in bulk to be blown into the walls and attics. Its thermal conductivity is around 0.04 W/m.K, which is comparable to glass wool, but it is made with recycled materials and has much lower embodied energy levels. It can be either blown dry or sprayed with water. The wet spray method for cellulose insulation has several benefits compared to the dry process. Since the cellulose fibres become rigid after drying, it prevents the compaction of the material thus avoiding thermal bridges in the building envelope. However, the time to reach the dry state may be very long and variable depending on the dosage used and the environmental conditions of application. There are many bio-based additives that can contribute to the reduction of this period and improve the cohesion of the material. This research project aims to find the optimal additive for this application while retaining the favourable properties of the insulating material. Two cellulose types have been characterized with regards to the properties of the fibres to determine their performance with water. Both samples showed differences in chemical composition, grain size, and morphology. The values of water retention, water adsorption isotherms and the proportions of free and bound water have been factors which have shown an influence on the drying of the insulation. Density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity increased with moisture dosage. A minimum of 14 kPa for the compression module was defined as the resistance threshold to avoid settling. These properties were compared with those of the cellulose insulation compacted to dryness and the results showed the strong influence of the stiffening and pore closing process upon drying, on these properties. Potential bio-based additives were classified and characterized with regards between concentration, viscosity, and adhesive strength. A relationship between these parameters was established. Most showed Newtonian behaviour at low concentrations, with some non- Newtonian concentrations having a pumpable viscosity. Unfortunately several additives which showed good adhesive properties were too viscous and vice versa. A range of surfactants were also considered. Sprayable formulations were characterized with respect to their drying time, compressive strength and thermal conductivity. Additives which have shown positive contributions drying are the lignosulfonate and the cationic surfactant CTAB. The influence of these additives on drying, with varying weather, liquid dosage and thickness of insulation was defined with a numerical model through the WUFI software. Optimal conditions in which the lignosulfonate additive is more effective have been defined. A first assessment of the performance of new formulation in terms of fire and mould was made and indications for the continuation of the study of the material were formalized.

No presente trabalho, considerou o estudo do potencial de utilização de sacos de cimento e embalagens de longa vida com o intuito de agregar valor a esses resíduos, mediante a fabricação de painéis de partículas para uso como forro em protótipos de galpões avícolas. Para fabricação desse material foi utilizado sacos de cimento descartados nas obras civis, embalagens longa vida residuais e resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas: 1) Caracterização da matéria-prima (sacos de cimento); 2) Efeito da densidade e teor de resina nas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e térmicas de painéis de partículas de saco de cimento; 3) Avaliação do desempenho de embalagens longa vida e verniz como revestimentos dos painéis selecionados na etapa anterior; 4) Determinação do desempenho térmico de protótipos de aviários executados em escala reduzida e distorcida com forro de painel de saco de cimento e embalagem longa vida. Os resultados obtidos indicaram: Em razão do painel com 0,6 g.cm-3 e 12% de resina ter apresentado melhor desempenho nas propriedades investigadas, essa combinação foi selecionada para avaliar o desempenho do material (físicas, mecânicas e térmicas) quando revestido com embalagens longa vida, adotando a testemunha e o verniz como um revestimento comparativo. Dentre os revestimentos avaliados, os painéis com embalagens de longa vida, foram superiores aos revestidos com verniz, quando comparados as suas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e térmicas. Dessa maneira, painéis com 0,6 g.cm-3 e 12% de resina revestidos embalagens longa vida, foram testados como forro quanto ao desempenho térmico (primavera, verão, outono e inverno) em protótipos em escala reduzida e distorcida, mediante a determinação de índices de conforto térmico (Entalpia e IAPfc) para aves de corte. A associação do forro sob o protótipo permitiu reduzir a temperatura interna do ar e dos índices de conforto térmico na primavera, verão e outono, enquanto que no inverno não foi constatado eficácia do material. Dentre as estações estudadas, o verão e a primavera, demonstraram serem as épocas mais críticas para criação de aves corte em instalações avícolas que apresentem características semelhantes aos protótipos experimentais. / In this study, the study of the potential use of cement bags and long-life packaging is considered in order to add value to this waste, by manufacturing particleboards as insulating panels in poultry house facilities. For the production of this material cement bags discarded in civil works, long-life packaging discarded by consumers and two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil base were used. The study was structured in four steps: 1) Characterization of the raw material (cement bags), 2) Effect of the density and the level of resin on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of cement particles bag panels, 3) Evaluation of long-life packaging and varnish as a coating of selected panels in precedent step and 4) Evaluation of thermal performance of poultry prototypes in reduced and distorted scale with the long-life packaging as a coating material. The cement bags were disintegrated and transformed into particles with the 8% of moisture content. Subsequently, these particles were mixed with bicomponent polyurethane based on castor oil resin and taken into a planetary mixer (MT120) in order to homogenize the mixture of the particles with the resin. Panels were made for three different densities (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g.cm-3) with two resin levels (12 and 15%) and their physical, mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. Because the panel with 0.6 g.cm-3 and 12% resin have shown a better performance in the investigated properties, this combination has been selected to evaluate the performance of the material (physical, mechanical and thermal) when coated with long-life packaging, adopting the control and the varnish as a comparative coating. Among the evaluated coatings, panels with long-life packaging, presented higher performance than those coated with varnish regarding their physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Thus, the combination of 0.6 g.cm-3 and 12% resin coated long-life packages were tested as lining according the thermal performance (spring, summer, autumn and winter) in prototypes and small-distorted scale by determining thermal comfort indices (Enthalpy and IAPfc) for broilers. The association of lining under the prototype reduced indoor air temperature and thermal comfort indices in spring, summer and autumn, while during the winter no effectiveness of the material was observed. Among the studied seasons, the spring and summer, proved to be the most critical time for cut birds breeding in poultry houses that have characteristics similar to experimental prototypes.

The subject of the diploma thesis is the design of a hotel with a wellness center in the cadastral area of Spišské Tomášovce. The building is atypical in shape and is made up of three floors. In front of the hotel there are parking spaces for guests and employees, from the back of the building there is a connection to the road for the purpose of supply. From the main entrance it can be entered either into the hotel lobby or directly into the restaurant. The operating part of the hotel is separated from the part used by hotel guests. The hotel’s wellness and fitness center is accessible from the hotel lobby, but also through an external entrance north of the main guest entrance. On the second floor there are double rooms and double rooms with extra beds. On the third floor there are double and quadruple apartments with kitchen. From the construction point of view, the house is designed as an object made of lime-sand blocks insulated with mineral wool 200 mm thick. It is also formed by reinforced concrete ceilings and a flat single-skin roof. The diploma thesis is processed in the form of project documentation for the construction.

The master's thesis is dedicated to the development of thermally insulating fittings for brick construction with integrated thermal insulation. In the theoretical part of the thesis are summarized legislative regulations for building construction, the technical requirements for insulation and ceramic products. Furthermore is here described the production of ceramics and technology of filling the ceramic fittings with interated insulation. The practical part of the thesis deals with new possibilities of filling the bulk ceramic fittings with thermal insulating materials based on polyurethane foams in order to improve their thermal insulation and mechanical properties. In the conclusion of this master thesis is an overall evaluation of taken measurements, the filling technology and comparison of new fittings with the current market and their potential use.

Diploma thesis evaluates the influence of the thermal insulation of municipal buildings and expenses associated with the running of these properties. First is analyzed the issue of energy demands of buildings then the possibilities of reducing heat loss and possible material variants . Using the method of building insulation ETICS is analyzed in detail. Thermal insulation is designed in several versions for each building . The thesis includes thermal assessment of the original state of the building and subsequently heat- assessment after each variant insulation. The conclusion evaluates the payback period of each variant.

The building sector is one of the sectors that consume the most energy in Sweden. In order to deal with this problem Swedish government aims to reduce the energy consumption in the building sector 50% by 2050. Another ambitious goal set by the Swedish government is zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. Most of the buildings in Sweden were built during 1950-1990 before the first energy regulations were voted in Europe. A high percentage of these buildings date to 1950 and the majority of them are multi family buildings. Apartments built during this period are now requiring major renovation and retrofitting measures in order to comply with the energy and indoor environment regulations. Despite the urgent need for retrofitting expressed above, the retrofitting ratio in Sweden was 0.88% in 2013, so the number of buildings that haven’t gone through any energy retrofitting is still high making it clear that the biggest opportunity for energy savings lies within the existing building stock and that the retrofitting ratio has to enhance in order to achieve the governments energy and emission goals for 2050. In this study a new patented innovative energy retrofitting method is studied within IDAICE simulation program in order to find the heat load and the energy savings after applying this method. The simulated building is a three story multi family building with building characteristics from 1950 and the simulation takes place in two different climate zones (Stockholm and Umeå). Three different insulation thicknesses were tested creating three different variant cases in order to investigate the difference in energy savings an increase of the insulation thickness will bring. This retrofitting method except installation of extra facade insulation includes roof insulation, replacement of the air handling unit with heat recovery ventilation whose pipe system runs through the insulation behind the radiators of each zone and replacement of the old windows with triple glazed low U-value windows. The results show a high reduction in heat supplied after the retrofit, 66.4% room unit heat reduction in Stockholm and 59.6% in Umeå and even higher energy reduction 68.3% in Stockholm and 68.9% in Umeå. The CO2 emission reduction was 58.4% in Stockholm and 60.9% in Umeå. The difference in room unit heat, energy consumption and CO2 emissions among the Variant cases varies between 1-2%. The explanation for such a small difference lies in the fact that the only difference among these cases is the insulation thickness of the facade. The thermal comfort was also investigated and has shown an increase in hours of dissatisfaction after the retrofitting and as the insulation increased due to overheating. However it must be stated here that the reason behind the increase in dissatisfaction is that no window shading or window opening schedules were taken into account in the simulation maximizing the solar heat gains of the building. The study concludes that the studied retrofitting method is very efficient and the studied building achieves higher energy reduction than the goal that the Swedish government has set for 2050. The results of this study bring this retrofitting method ahead of the 2050 energy reduction goals set by the Swedish government with significant reductions in CO2 emissions and heat load.

I Sverige ska man följa Plan- och bygglagen samt Boverkets byggregler vid ny- och ombyggnation, där både krav och regler finns för värmeisolering. Ytterväggarna är en stor del av klimatskärmen där värmeisoleringsmaterialet påverkar den värmemängd som går förlorad. Beroende på vilket värmeisoleringsmaterial man väljer, har det olika för- och nackdelar. Av denna anledning är syftet att studera olika värmeisoleringsmaterial som används i Sverige idag och hur materialen skiljer sig åt. En enkätundersökning mejlades ut till entreprenörer och återförsäljare för att ta reda på vilka värmeisoleringsmaterial som vanligast används i Sverige. Svarsfrekvensen blev låg, men de inkommande svaren bidrog till ett fortsatt arbete. Nio produkter inom kategorierna stenull, glasull och förnyelsebar isolering studerades vidare. Produkterna jämfördes utifrån tillverkning, miljöpåverkan, tekniska egenskaper, hanterbarhet, avfallshantering och kostnad. Varje aspekt tilldelades en bedömning som var kopplad till en viss poäng. Resultatet blev en tabell med totalpoäng där den produkt med högst poäng anses som den mest fördelaktiga. Vid en jämförelse med ett poängsystem, kan resultatet variera beroende på produktens egenskaper, valet av aspekter samt hur man väljer att poängsätta vid bedömning. / In Sweden, you must follow the Planning and Building Act and Building and planning regulations for new- and reconstruction, where both requirements and rules are available for thermal insulation. Exterior walls are a large part of the climate screen where the thermal insulation material affects the amount of heat that is lost. Depending on which thermal insulation material you choose, it has different advantages and disadvantages. For this reason, the purpose is to study different thermal insulation materials used in Sweden today and how the materials may differ from each other.  A survey was emailed to contractors and reseller to find out which thermal insulation materials are most commonly used in Sweden. The response rate was low, but the incoming responses contributed to continued work. Nine products in the categories rock wool, glass wool and renewable insulation were further studied. The products were compared based on manufacturing, environmental impact, technical properties, manageability, waste management and cost. Each aspect was awarded an assessment that was linked to a specific score. The final result was a table with total points for each product and the product with the highest score is considered the most advantageous. When you have a comparison with a points system the result can vary depending on the product's properties, the choice of aspects and how the score is set in the assessment.

The aim of the diploma thesis is processing of the design documentation for realization of the construction of a kindergarten in Pohořelice. It is a detached two-storey building with a partial basement. The building is divided into two functional objects. There are two classes for the kindergarten, kitchen, and offices on the first floor. On the second floor there is two classes of kindergarten too, and three classes for school children. Vertical supporting structures are made of ceramic blocks, in the basement there are reinforced concrete structures. Horizontal load-bearing structures ale mad of prestresses hollow core slabs Spiroll. The object is based on concrete strip foundations. The building is roofed with green flat roof.

The new building sport center without cellar. The object is based on strip foundation. The footing bottom is in frost resistant depth. Construction system is in both ways. Vertical walls are made by cut bricks POROTHERM. The external cladding is replenished by thermal insulation plaster POROTHERM TO. Horizontal constructions are made by filigree ceiling panels. Stairway is made by reinforced concrete. Heating system is ensured by gas boiler.