Today, web sites are important communication channels that reach a wide group of people. Measuring the effectiveness of these web-sites has become a key issue for researchers as well as practitioners. However, there is no consensus on how to define web site effectiveness and which dimensions need to be used for the evaluation of these web sites. This problem is more noteworthy for information driven web sites like academic web sites. There is limited academic literature in this predominant application area. The existing studies measured the effectiveness of these academic web sites by taking into account their information architecture mostly using think-aloud methodology. However, there is limited study on web analytics tools which are capable of providing valuable information regarding the web site users such as their navigation behaviours and browser details. Although web analytics tools provide detailed and valuable information, the existing studies have utilized their very basic features. In this thesis, we have explored web analytic tools and think-aloud study method to improve information architecture of web sites. Taking METU Informatics Institute web site as a case study, we have used the reports of Google Analytics which is a commercial web analytics tool owned by Google and think-aloud study results to improve the information architecture of our case study web-site.

This dissertation brings together aspects of writing-in-the-disciplines research, reader-response theory, and empirical reading research in an investigation of literary scholars reading poems and constructing arguments. I begin with a review of literary criticism published over the past 70 years on Donne's "The Flea," Milton's "Song: On May Morning," Hopkins' "God's Grandeur," and Eliot's "Conversation Galante." This review suggests that certain New Critical interpretive conventions persist in scholarship. In particular, literary scholars continue to read lyrics as dramatic utterances and as organic wholes. I then present findings from a think-aloud study in which English professors read the aforementioned poems and planned a hypothetical conference talk about them for the MLA conference. Reader-response theorists have argued that readers activate certain text-making conventions in order to read literature as literature. In my study, participants' disciplinary reading conventions were so deeply ingrained that their initial processing of the four poems mirrored the interpretive patterns in published criticism of those poems. Next I analyze the think-aloud data and follow-up interviews from the perspective of writing-in-the-disciplines research. Previous researchers found that scholarly literary argument relies on a limited set of special topoi and is not always directed toward the accumulation of new knowledge. The scholars in my study relied more heavily on some topoi during initial interpretation of the poems, while other topoi were used more often during argument planning. The picture of literary argument that emerges is a hybrid of ceremonial rhetoric and communal knowledge building. Finally, I analyze the think-aloud data from the vantage-point of expert/novice research in cognitive psychology. Previous researchers have used the term "generic expertise" to describe expert knowledge that all members of an academic discipline possess. Despite the belief of some within literary studies that their discipline lacks a core, participants in my study demonstrated generic expertise both in their interpretations of poems and in their argument planning. I conclude by arguing that previous descriptions of scholarly literary argument need to be revised. Literary scholars relate to their objects of study in a unique way that ensures the distinctness of literary argument. / text

Diese Arbeit untersucht prominente Erfassungsmethoden metakognitiver Aktivitäten die während des Lernprozesses zum Einsatz kommen (online) auf deren Güte und Reaktivität. Im Fokus stehen die Methoden Laut-Denken, Fragebogenmethode sowie die Erfassung von Lernleistungsurteilen. Lernaufgaben werden durch komplexe Textlernaufgaben sowie Problemlöseaufgaben in deren Rahmen abduktive Schlüsse gefordert sind repräsentiert. In Studie 1 wurden metakognitive Aktivitäten die mittels retrospektiv eingesetzten Fragebögen sowie mittels Laut-Denken erfasst wurden gegenübergestellt. Dabei wurden die Fragebogenitems parallel zum polytomen Kategoriensystem mit dessen Hilfe die Daten aus der Laut-Denken-Methode ausgewertet wurden konstruiert. Im Rahmen der Auswertung der Laut-Denken Daten war die Übereinstimmung zweiter unabhängiger, gut geschulter Urteiler unbefriedigend. Die Übereinstimmungsunterschiede zwischen den Kategorien sowie zwischen den Probanden waren erheblich. Dies weist darauf hin, dass das Kategoriensystem nicht zur Auswertung der Laut-Denken Daten geeignet ist. Zudem scheinen große Unterschiede in der Nutzung metakognitiver Aktivitäten zwischen den Probanden zu bestehen. Zwischen Fragebogendaten und Laut-Denken-Daten besteht ein geringer nicht signifikanter negativer Zusammenhang. In Studie 2 wurde die Reaktivität der Laut-Denken-Methode und der Aufzeichnung von Lernleistungsurteilen während des Bearbeitens einer Textlese- sowie Problemlöseaufgabe untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser experimentellen Studie mit 2x2 Design legen nahe, dass von Laut-Denken im Rahmen von Problemlöseaufgaben reaktive Effekte zu erwarten sind. Von Lernleistungsurteilen hingegen sind reaktive Effekte lediglich im Rahmen von komplexen Textleseaufgaben zu erwarten. Auch im Rahmen dieser Erhebung mittels Laut-Denken konnte lediglich eine unbefriedigende Reliabilität der Messung berichtet werden obgleich in dieser Studie 11 unabhängige Urteiler zum Einsatz kamen. Auch hier wurde keine erwähnenswerte Korrelation zwischen Fragebogendaten und Laut-Denken Erhebung ermittelt. In Studie 3 wurden metakognitive Aktivitäten zu mehreren Messzeitpunkten im Kontext einer komplexen Gruppenlernaufgabe erhoben. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf einen individuellen Einsatz metakognitiver Aktivitäten unabhängig von der Lernsituation hin. Insgesamt lassen die Ergebnisse der Studien darauf schließen, dass Laut-Denken zumindest dann keine valide Erfassung metakognitiver Aktivitäten während des Lernens ermöglicht, wenn polytome Kategoriensysteme mit einer hohen Anzahl an Kategorien zum Einsatz kommen. Außerdem ist in spezifischen Lernsituationen von potentiellen reaktiven Effekte der Erhebung auszugehen. Dies gilt auch für die Erfassung des Monitoring- und Überwachungs-/Regulierungsverhaltens mittels Lernleistungsurteilen.

Propõe-se uma análise de como os think tanks britânicos compreendem a atuação brasileira, associando a isso as representações produzidas por estes sobre o Brasil no período correspondente aos anos de 2001 à 2016. Seguindo a concepção construtivista, considera-se o uso dos think tanks como fonte discursiva, capaz de influenciar na formulação de agendas políticas e de Defesa de um Estado. A dissertação se desdobrará em três capítulos, abordando: (i) as formulações estratégicas do Reino Unido, o funcionamento burocrático da Defesa associado aos think tanks e suas percepções sobre os países emergentes; (ii) a definição do conceito de think tanks e a contribuição destes, na produção de conhecimento e debates no campo das ideias políticas ; (iii) os debates produzidos pelos principais think tanks britânicos a respeito da atuação internacional do Brasil. Acredita-se que a atuação internacional brasileira tenha despertado um maior debate no interior dos think tanks britânicos. / It is proposed an analysis of how British think tanks understand the Brazilian performance, associating to it the representations produced by them on Brazil in the period corresponding to the years 2001 to 2016. Following the constructivist conception, the use of think tanks As a discursive source, capable of influencing the formulation of political agendas and the Defense of a State. The dissertation will be divided into three chapters, covering: (i) the strategic formulations of the United Kingdom, the bureaucratic functioning of Defense associated with think tanks and their perceptions about emerging countries; (ii) the definition of the concept of think tanks and their contribution, in the production of knowledge and debates in the field of political ideas; (iii) the debates produced by the leading British think tanks regarding the international performance of Brazil. It is believed that the Brazilian international action has aroused a greater debate within the British think tanks.

As iniciativas de política externa, de defesa e de segurança que compõem a inserção internacional do Brasil no período 2003-2014 repercutiram nas relações do país com as grandes potências, suscitando uma intensa produção discursiva que busca traduzir o significado da recente inserção internacional do país e informar estratégias que possam dar conta das demandas de um novo relacionamento com o Brasil. Nesse contexto, há um conjunto de instituições de importância crescente, cujas práticas, representações e discursos precedem, informam e pretendem influenciar os processos de definição de agenda, formulação de política e tomada de decisão no âmbito das políticas externa, de defesa e de segurança, sobretudo das grandes potências: os think tanks, instituições dedicadas à produção e à articulação de conhecimentos voltados a políticas públicas de âmbito doméstico e internacional. Assim, o problema de pesquisa que orienta o trabalho refere-se ao seguinte questionamento: como os principais think tanks que buscam influenciar as formulações estratégicas para as políticas externa, de defesa e de segurança na Alemanha e na França têm representado a inserção internacional recente do Brasil e o papel desempenhado pelo país no seu entorno estratégico? O objetivo geral da dissertação é, portanto, fornecer uma análise do discurso acerca da inserção internacional recente do Brasil (2003-2014) veiculado por publicações selecionadas dos quatro principais think tanks da Alemanha e da França. O trabalho lança mão da fundamentação teórico-metodológica da análise de discurso pósestruturalista e busca sustentar a tese de que é possível depreender da análise das publicações selecionadas um conjunto de discursos básicos que estruturam as principais representações desses atores sobre a recente inserção internacional do Brasil, dentre os quais se destacam o discurso da inovação diplomática, do ineditismo e do soft power socioeconômico dos governos Lula; o discurso do reformismo moderado, que associa as identidades de “parceiro responsável” e “líder pragmático” ao Brasil, em contraposição ao “radicalismo” e ao “populismo” da Venezuela; e o discurso da pretensão de projeção global de poder. / Brazil’s foreign, defense and security policies between 2003-2014 affected its relations with the great powers, raising a variety of discourses that seek to translate the country’s recent international insertion and inform strategies that may cope with the demands of a new relationship with Brazil. In this context, there is a set of increasingly important institutions whose practices, representations and discourses precede, inform and seek to influence agenda setting, as well as policy and decision making processes in the fields of foreign, defense and security policies, especially of great powers: think tanks, institutions whose activities are mainly focused on producing and engaging knowledge on domestic and international public policies. The research problem orienting this monograph is, thus, the following: how do the most important foreign, defense and security policy think tanks in Germany and France represent Brazil’s recent international insertion and the role it plays in its regional surrounding area? The main aim of this project is, therefore, to offer an analysis of the discourse on Brazil’s recent international insertion (2003-2014) produced and disseminated by four of the most important think tanks in Germany and France. The monograph adopts post-structuralist discourse analysis as its theoretical and methodological foundation and lays out the argument that the analysis of selected think tanks’ publications reveals a set of basic discourses structuring key-representations of identity attributed to Brazil. Among them, three basic discourses are highlighted throughout the discussion: Lula’s diplomatic innovation and socioeconomic soft power discourse; the moderate reformism discourse, which links the identities of a “responsible partner” and “pragmatic leader” to Brazil in opposition to the “radicalism” and “populism” attributed to Venezuela; last but not least, the discourse on Brazil’s alleged claim to global power projection.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6325.pdf: 920868 bytes, checksum: 58062f900291895b5f3831523da0038b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-04 / The purpose of this thesis is to examine the problem of the consciousness in the Critique of pure reason, specially the concept of consciousness of the Self, and the determination of the internal sense through consciousness. We will follow Kant s indication that there is a clear distinction of the knowing subject in a passive and an active dimension we believe that this distinction does not convert the knowing subject into a being possessing two different and irreconciliable parts. Opposing to this view, we want to, defend that Kant s distinction concerns two ways, the objective and the subjective dimensions, of considering the knowing subject. At first, we will analyze the subjective passive dimension; here we underscore the internal sense and his pure form, time, along with the difficulties that come from the interpretations about the internal sense in Kant. Secondly, we discuss the objective dimension of the knowledge; we given attention here to Kant s conception of Self-consciousness and Consciousness. In this part, we consider the necessary concepts for comprehending this issue, in particular, the concept of Transcendental Apperception, the I thin. We take into account the numerical identity of the consciousness and Kant s analysis of the Self-consciousness. Finally, in the third part, we focus on the issue of how the understanding as a self-consciousness determines the internal sense. This point, as we intend to show, requires a close examination of the transcendental synthesis of imagination and its implication to the comprehension of the different modes of the internal sense. This analysis, we believe, shows that the subject, in Kant s philosophy, far from being characterized by a duplicity of parts or faculties of an real or concrete subject, is only one and the same subject considered in its double dimension: the subjective and the objective sides concerning the same subject, that is, two distinct acts from the same consciousness, which is the self-consciousness. / O propósito desta tese é examinar o problema da consciência na Crítica da Razão Pura de Kant, em especial o conceito de consciência de si e a determinação do sentido interno pela consciência. Seguiremos as indicações do próprio Kant, que faz uma distinção clara do sujeito do conhecimento, segundo uma dimensão passiva e outra ativa, na produção do conhecimento. Essa clara divisão, acreditamos, não cinde o sujeito em um duplo irreconciliável, mas caracteriza os modos, isto é, as dimensões objetiva e subjetiva do sujeito cognoscente. Analisaremos em um primeiro momento a dimensão passiva do sujeito, isto é, o sentido interno e sua forma, o tempo e as dificuldades advindas das interpretações sobre o sentido interno em Kant. No segundo momento, faremos uma discussão sobre a dimensão objetiva do conhecimento, isto é, a consciência de si e todos os conceitos que se fazem necessários para a sua compreensão, como por exemplo, apercepção transcendental, eu penso, identidade numérica da consciência e uma descrição do que é, para Kant, a consciência de si. Por fim, no terceiro momento, a tarefa a que nos propomos é a demonstração de como o entendimento, como consciência de si, determina o sentido interno. Para isso, discutiremos a síntese transcendental da imaginação para uma compreensão dos modos de determinação do sentido interno. Com esta demonstração acreditamos que o sujeito em Kant não se caracteriza por uma duplicidade, mas como um sujeito que tem uma dupla dimensão, a saber, subjetiva e objetiva que se caracterizam como atos de uma mesma consciência, a consciência de si.

abstract: Assemblers and compilers provide feedback to a programmer in the form of error messages. These error messages become input to the debugging model of the programmer. For the programmer to fix an error, they should first locate the error in the program, understand what is causing that error, and finally resolve that error. Error messages play an important role in all three stages of fixing of errors. This thesis studies the effects of error messages in the context of teaching programming. Given an error message, this work investigates how it effects student’s way of 1) understanding the error, and 2) fixing the error. As part of the study, three error message types were developed – Default, Link and Example, to better understand the effects of error messages. The Default type provides an assembler-centric single line error message, the Link type provides a program-centric detailed error description with a hyperlink for more information, and the Example type provides a program centric detailed error description with a relevant example. All these error message types were developed for assembly language programming. A think aloud programming exercise was conducted as part of the study to capture the student programmer’s knowledge model. Different codes were developed to analyze the data collected as part of think aloud exercise. After transcribing, coding, and analyzing the data, it was found that the Link type of error message helped to fix the error in less time and with fewer steps. Among the three types, the Link type of error message also resulted in a significantly higher ratio of correct to incorrect steps taken by the programmer to fix the error. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Software Engineering 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borba_ea_me_mar.pdf: 587417 bytes, checksum: 44ca3b4ae618d2558f3387e45e5c36b1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The teaching of indexing procedures by means of the Documentary Reading Model for Indexing of Scientific Articles offers to the apprentice indexer strategies of reading and development of his previous professional knowledgement. The Documentary Reading Model for Indexing of Scientific Articles by Fujita (2003a) is a proposal of improvement and evolution of the methodology of indexing through the indexer's metacognition (non-automatized behaviour as the reader is conscious of how the reading is being carried out), using the knowledgement of textual structures of the reader, relying on strategies of systematic approach of concepts offered in his education. Considering the learning of the documentary reading process in classroom, it is searched into the applicability of this Model as pedagogical resource to apprentice indexers. By means of introspective technique of data collecting of the Interative Verbal Protocol, observing the process of apprehending the methodology, this research reveals difficulties by the apprentice and his development towards more satisfactory grades of carring out the indexing task. It was chosen three students from the second class of Librarianship that had not attended the discipline Indexing and Abstracting and were intested in taking part in the applying of the Verbal Protocol combined with the indexing task. The analysis of the Verbal Protocol's transcriptions shows that the apprentices had difficulties in identifying the concepts of this Model: to choose terms to represent the concepts, to understand the terminology of the medical science and to to set up the terms' form (singular or phrases). Such difficulty is relating to the using of the Reading Model adapted from the original where there was inversion of the concepts action and object. The Interactive Verbal Protocol consists of an innovative methodology functioning as pedagogical resource... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Propõe-se uma análise de como os think tanks britânicos compreendem a atuação brasileira, associando a isso as representações produzidas por estes sobre o Brasil no período correspondente aos anos de 2001 à 2016. Seguindo a concepção construtivista, considera-se o uso dos think tanks como fonte discursiva, capaz de influenciar na formulação de agendas políticas e de Defesa de um Estado. A dissertação se desdobrará em três capítulos, abordando: (i) as formulações estratégicas do Reino Unido, o funcionamento burocrático da Defesa associado aos think tanks e suas percepções sobre os países emergentes; (ii) a definição do conceito de think tanks e a contribuição destes, na produção de conhecimento e debates no campo das ideias políticas ; (iii) os debates produzidos pelos principais think tanks britânicos a respeito da atuação internacional do Brasil. Acredita-se que a atuação internacional brasileira tenha despertado um maior debate no interior dos think tanks britânicos. / It is proposed an analysis of how British think tanks understand the Brazilian performance, associating to it the representations produced by them on Brazil in the period corresponding to the years 2001 to 2016. Following the constructivist conception, the use of think tanks As a discursive source, capable of influencing the formulation of political agendas and the Defense of a State. The dissertation will be divided into three chapters, covering: (i) the strategic formulations of the United Kingdom, the bureaucratic functioning of Defense associated with think tanks and their perceptions about emerging countries; (ii) the definition of the concept of think tanks and their contribution, in the production of knowledge and debates in the field of political ideas; (iii) the debates produced by the leading British think tanks regarding the international performance of Brazil. It is believed that the Brazilian international action has aroused a greater debate within the British think tanks.

As iniciativas de política externa, de defesa e de segurança que compõem a inserção internacional do Brasil no período 2003-2014 repercutiram nas relações do país com as grandes potências, suscitando uma intensa produção discursiva que busca traduzir o significado da recente inserção internacional do país e informar estratégias que possam dar conta das demandas de um novo relacionamento com o Brasil. Nesse contexto, há um conjunto de instituições de importância crescente, cujas práticas, representações e discursos precedem, informam e pretendem influenciar os processos de definição de agenda, formulação de política e tomada de decisão no âmbito das políticas externa, de defesa e de segurança, sobretudo das grandes potências: os think tanks, instituições dedicadas à produção e à articulação de conhecimentos voltados a políticas públicas de âmbito doméstico e internacional. Assim, o problema de pesquisa que orienta o trabalho refere-se ao seguinte questionamento: como os principais think tanks que buscam influenciar as formulações estratégicas para as políticas externa, de defesa e de segurança na Alemanha e na França têm representado a inserção internacional recente do Brasil e o papel desempenhado pelo país no seu entorno estratégico? O objetivo geral da dissertação é, portanto, fornecer uma análise do discurso acerca da inserção internacional recente do Brasil (2003-2014) veiculado por publicações selecionadas dos quatro principais think tanks da Alemanha e da França. O trabalho lança mão da fundamentação teórico-metodológica da análise de discurso pósestruturalista e busca sustentar a tese de que é possível depreender da análise das publicações selecionadas um conjunto de discursos básicos que estruturam as principais representações desses atores sobre a recente inserção internacional do Brasil, dentre os quais se destacam o discurso da inovação diplomática, do ineditismo e do soft power socioeconômico dos governos Lula; o discurso do reformismo moderado, que associa as identidades de “parceiro responsável” e “líder pragmático” ao Brasil, em contraposição ao “radicalismo” e ao “populismo” da Venezuela; e o discurso da pretensão de projeção global de poder. / Brazil’s foreign, defense and security policies between 2003-2014 affected its relations with the great powers, raising a variety of discourses that seek to translate the country’s recent international insertion and inform strategies that may cope with the demands of a new relationship with Brazil. In this context, there is a set of increasingly important institutions whose practices, representations and discourses precede, inform and seek to influence agenda setting, as well as policy and decision making processes in the fields of foreign, defense and security policies, especially of great powers: think tanks, institutions whose activities are mainly focused on producing and engaging knowledge on domestic and international public policies. The research problem orienting this monograph is, thus, the following: how do the most important foreign, defense and security policy think tanks in Germany and France represent Brazil’s recent international insertion and the role it plays in its regional surrounding area? The main aim of this project is, therefore, to offer an analysis of the discourse on Brazil’s recent international insertion (2003-2014) produced and disseminated by four of the most important think tanks in Germany and France. The monograph adopts post-structuralist discourse analysis as its theoretical and methodological foundation and lays out the argument that the analysis of selected think tanks’ publications reveals a set of basic discourses structuring key-representations of identity attributed to Brazil. Among them, three basic discourses are highlighted throughout the discussion: Lula’s diplomatic innovation and socioeconomic soft power discourse; the moderate reformism discourse, which links the identities of a “responsible partner” and “pragmatic leader” to Brazil in opposition to the “radicalism” and “populism” attributed to Venezuela; last but not least, the discourse on Brazil’s alleged claim to global power projection.