Esta pesquisa foca na natureza caótica e paradoxal de Água viva, de Clarice Lispector, obra publicada em 1973 pela editora Artenova. Entre os vários aspectos estudados, prezouse trabalhar com o conceito de Kháos empregado na Teogonia, de Hesíodo; bem como com as mais distintas visões da crítica de Lispector a respeito dos princípios de alteridade, de análise do objeto, da ruptura com o cronotopo e do abandono aos padrões romanescos. A autora luta por provar que a qualidade de sua obra está diretamente relacionada ao enfrentamento ontológico e à reflexão aprofundada, captada no momentoinstantâneo e transcrita em imagens no texto. Mais do que uma obra recheada de personagens, de farto enredo, de situações espáciotemporais e de diálogos, Água viva é uma narrativa livre de molduras, que erige para registrar a coragem literária de uma escritora que não teme trabalhar, sem rédeas ou convenções, com a matériaprima do pensamento. / This research focus on the chaotic and paradoxical nature of Água viva, from Clarice Lispector, published in 1973 by Artenova Books. Among innumerous aspects, it was settled the study of the concept of Kháos applied in the Theogony of Hesiod; as well as the most peculiar visions of the Lispectors critics in relation to the principles of alterity, the analysis of the object, the rupture of the chronotope, and the Romanesque patterns. The author struggles to prove that the quality of her book is directly related to the ontological questioning, and to the deep reflection, captured in the instantaneousmoment, afterwards transcribed into text images. Much more than a production filled with characters, plot, spacetime situations and dialogues, Água viva is a narrative free of frames, rising up to register the literary courage of a writer who does not fear to work with, free of leashes or conventions, the raw material of the thought.

Diante da violência moral promovida pela prática da discriminação racial no ambiente escolar, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a representação que estudantes têm de tal prática, bem como os valores e sentimentos subjacentes a ela. Utilizando como referencial teórico-metodológico a Teoria dos Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento, foi apresentado um conflito representando tal violência moral a 120 estudantes entre meninos e meninas do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de escolas públicas uma municipal e outra estadual da cidade de São Paulo. O conflito apresentado foi dividido em três situações, sob a forma de dez questões, que abrangem aspectos relacionados aos pensamentos, sentimentos e ações dos protagonistas. Das respostas às questões relacionadas à ação, foram extraídos os modelos organizadores com os quais, posteriormente, foram relacionados e analisados os sentimentos apresentados. A partir dos resultados obtidos, deparamo-nos com inúmeras possibilidades de reflexões, que suscitam discussões sobre os seguintes aspectos: o funcionamento psíquico do indivíduo submetido à prática da discriminação racial, suas implicações no processo educativo e a importância da intervenção consciente do (a) educador (a). / Facing the moral violence promoted by the practice of racial discrimination in the school environment, the present research aims to investigate the representation that students have of such practice, as well as its underlying values and feelings. Using as theoretical-methodological reference the Theory of Organizing Models of Thought, a conflict representing such moral violence was presented to 120 students between boys and girls in the 9th year of Elementary Education in public schools one municipal and the other state, in the city of São Paulo. The conflict shown was divided into three situations, in the form of ten questions covering aspects related to the thoughts, feelings and actions of the protagonists. From the answers to the questions related to action, organizing models were extracted, and subsequently used to list and analyze the feelings presented. Starting from the results obtained, we came across innumerable possibilities for reflections, giving rise to discussions on the following aspects: the psychological functioning of the individual who has been subjected to the practice of racial discrimination, its implications in the educational process and the importance of conscious intervention from the educator.

In its many manifestations, psychosis leads to a number of clinical and philosophical debates. Despite their practical and conceptual importance, a number of these debates remain unresolved. Appealing to the connection between phenomenological descriptions, empirical evidence, and philosophical analysis, this dissertation is devoted to the careful examination of five of the main debates surrounding the occurrence of delusions of thought insertion, one of the most complex and severe symptoms of psychotic disorders. Roughly speaking, patients suffering from thought insertion report that external agents of different nature have placed certain thoughts into the patients' minds. The introduction to this compilation clarifies the main distinctions underlying the general discussions about delusions and the specific debates surrounding thought insertion. The introduction is followed by a collection of five papers. The first paper tries to explain the way in which subjects self-attribute their own conscious thoughts in terms of agency. The second paper, assuming that delusions are a type of belief, engages with the discussion about the role that experiential abnormalities have in the process of formation of the delusional belief of thought insertion. The third paper examines the role that affective impairments might have in the process of production of thought insertion, an issue that is often overlooked by current dominant approaches to thought insertion. Taken altogether, the first three papers of this collection offer a novel understanding of the aetiology and architecture of thought insertion. The fourth paper examines a much larger discussion that overlaps with the debate about the subjective features of thought insertion. It is argued that cases of thought insertion - in conjunction with other psychotic phenomena - undermine the current self-presenting theory of consciousness, a theory meant to explain the most fundamental subjective character of conscious experiences. Finally, the fifth paper of the compilation engages with a more general discussion about the nature and role that delusions might play in a subject's life. It is argued against the dominant view that there are good reasons to characterize a certain type of monothematic delusions (including some cases of thought insertion) as biologically adaptive.

This thesis is a study of aboutness. It defends the claim that we have singular thoughts about ordinary objects and argues that an essential part of how we do so is by maintaining singular representations. This proposal allows us to avoid traditional, unsatisfying conceptions of the scope of singular thought while restoring the sense in which such thought is a distinctively epistemic achievement. Reconnecting the study of aboutness with epistemology promises to alleviate the sense of directionlessness in the contemporary literature, offering a firmer grip on the phenomenon along with new, systematic resources for its investigation. Chapters 1-2 explore the effects of contextualist machinery on orthodox views about singular thought. It is widely thought that if there is to be a plausible connection between the truth of a de re attitude report about a subject and that subject's possession of a singular thought, then there can be no acquaintance requirement(s) on singular thought. Chapter 1 shows that this view rests on a faulty picture of how we talk about attitudes. Indeed, the truth of a de re attitude report cannot be taken to track the singular/non-singular distinction without collapsing it. A new, contextualist picture is needed. That there must be a distinction between singular and non-singular intentionality is emphasized in Chapter 2, where a key explanatory role for singular thought - brought out by a thought experiment due to Strawson - is examined. I show that the role does not call for any distinctive kind of mental content. Once we abandon the two widespread views questioned in Chapters 1-2, our grip on the phenomenon of singular aboutness is loosened: it is not constitutively tied to the kinds of attitude-reporting data or mental content by which it is often assumed to be revealed. Where are we to look for insight? What makes something the object of a singular thought? According to Russell, it is a datum of intuition that singular thought involves a kind of knowledge; a theory of aboutness will precisify the intuitive notion of 'knowing which thing one is thinking about' in order to capture this demand in a philosophically revealing way. If Russell is right, teasing out this connection to knowledge will allow us to see what it takes for a particular thing to be the immediate subject matter of thought. Chapter 3 discusses Evans's theory of this kind. Chapter 4 examines recent work by Dickie. While serious concerns emerge in each case, insights recovered are used to precisify Russell's requirement, leading to a novel picture of singular representation and the epistemic character of this achievement. While the chapters follow a narrative, providing an extended rationale for the proposal in Chapter 4, each may be read in isolation by those familiar with the philosophical issues. For those who are not, the Introduction provides sufficient background.

Esta tese, tecida e (com)partilhada no cotidiano da oficina Corpo, Cor e Sabor, no Núcleo de Arte Leblon Centro de Pesquisa em Formação em Ensino Escolar de Arte e Esporte da Secretaria Municipal de Educação do Rio de Janeiro, com crianças do 3 ano do ensino fundamental, defende a ideia de que as criançaspraticantes, desse espaçotempo escolar, possuem uma pluralidade de conhecimentos em alimentação, nutrição e saúde que precisam ser levados em consideração quando se pensa em produzir conhecimentos e instrumentos no campo da educação alimentar e nutricional. Tem, portanto, como objetivo principal desinvisibilizar os fazeressaberes dessas criançaspraticantes, além de conhecer os modos de aprenderensinar por elas valorizados e suas redes de valores e crenças frente ao tema. No seu percurso políticoteóricoepistemológicometodológico apoia-se nas artes de fazer dos praticantes ordinários apresentadas por Michel de Certeau, nos movimentos da pesquisa nosdoscom os cotidianos organizados por Nilda Alves de Oliveira, no Pensamento Complexo de Edgar Morin, no Paradigma Indiciário delineado por Carlo Ginzburg, na Sociologia das Ausências e das Emergências propostas por Boaventura de Sousa Santos, nos Currículos pensadospraticados tecidos por Inês Barbosa de Oliveira e na inteireza da práticateoria de Paulo Freire. Os fazeressaberes das criançaspraticantes são desinvisibilizados, e tornados credíveis, em sete narrativas das experiênciaspráticas do cotidiano da oficina, confirmando a hipótese da tese de que há uma constelação de conhecimentos em alimentação, nutrição e saúde, tecidos e compartilhados, cotidianamente, pelas criançaspraticantes, que não podem, de maneira alguma, ser negligenciados por pesquisadoresprofessores do campo da educacional alimentar e nutricional comprometidos com um presente não desperdiçado e com um futuro de possibilidades. Um futuro com mais saberes, cores, cheiros e sabores / This thesis was developed and shared in the everyday life of the workshop "Body, Color and Flavor" in Leblon Art Center - Center for Research on Formation in School Education Art and Sport of the Municipal Department of Education of Rio de Janeiro, with children of the 3rd grade of elementary school. It has hypothesized that practitioners/children, from this scholar space/time, have a plurality of knowledge on food, nutrition and health that need to be taken into consideration when thinking about producing knowledge and tools in the field of food and nutrition education. Therefore, this thesis has as its main objective to become visible the doings/knowledge from these practitioners/children, besides knowing the ways of learning/teaching valued by them in addition to their values and beliefs grid across the theme. In his political/theoretical/epistemological/methodological route, it is based on the "arts of doing" of ordinary practitioners presented by Michel de Certeau, in the movements of the research with/of/at the day by day organized by Nilda Alves de Oliveira, in the paradigm of complexity by Edgar Morin, in the indiciary paradigm by Carlo Ginzburg, in the sociology of absences and emergencies proposed by Boaventura de Sousa Santos, in the curriculum thought/performed developed by Inês Barbosa de Oliveira and in the completeness of the practical/theory from Paulo Freire. The doings/knowledge of practitioners/children are made visible, and made credible in seven narratives of experiences/practices from the day by day of workshop, confirming the hypothesis of the thesis that there is a constellation of knowledge on food, nutrition and health, developed and shared, daily, by practitioners/children, which can not in any way be neglected by researchers/professors of food and nutrition education field committed with a not wasted present not wasted and a future of possibilities. A future with more knowledge, colors, smells and flavors

Esses escritos compõem as escolhas profissionais juvenis, desde a sua emergência no mundo moderno ao contemporâneo. Registrado, através de uma análise histórica em que os acontecimentos não são trazidos de forma linear, contínua e progressiva, mas em suas intensidades, lutas e surpresas. Um modo de pensar que afirmou as escolhas profissionais, afastando-as de sua força de afirmação da vida. Essas experimentações se tecem em uma pesquisa-intervenção na área da Orientação Vocacional, realizada no Serviço de Psicologia Aplicada da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Essa pesquisa acolhe o não saber escolher, para provocar tensões e torções, baseadas em leituras de autores da Filosofia da Diferença, da Psicologia, do Mundo do Trabalho. Assim, equivocar o modo de pensar predominante no Ocidente e abrir lacunas para que outros sentidos de inserção no mundo do trabalho se façam. Movimentar concepções estabelecidas, para fazê-las desconcertar e vibrar, acolhendo o ainda não sentido. Poder surpreender e inventar outros modos de se conduzir frente às escolhas profissionais, no enfrentamento dos impasses que o contemporâneo apresenta. / These writings compose the juvenile Professional choices, since its emergence in the modern world to the contemporary. Recorded through a historical analysis in which events are not brought in a linear, continuous and progressive form. Instead being brought in there intensities, struggles and surprises. A way of thinking that asserted the professional choices, moving those away of their force of affirmation of life. These experimentations, which weave in an interventional research in the field of vocational guidance, implemented in the Serviço de Psicologia Aplicada of Universidade Federal Fluminense. This research hosts not knowing what to choose, to arouse tensions and torsions, based on readings of authors of the Philosophy of Difference, of Psychology, World of Work, mistaking the hegemonic way of thinking and opening gaps for other senses of insertion in the world of work to appear. Shaking established conceptions, so they baffle and vibrate, hosting the yet to be felt, which might amaze and invent other paths of professional choice, facing the challenges posed by the deadlocks of the contemporary

Orientador: Carmem Beatriz Milidoni / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como finalidade analisar as formas do pensar de acordo com abordagem realizada por Sigmund Freud em sua obra: Projeto de uma psicologia. Para tal nos propusemos a examinar a teoria geral do aparelho psíquico desenvolvida pelo autor e a teoria freudiana da cognição, bem como a natureza das representações no pensamento prático. Acreditamos que este estudo possa fundamentar o entendimento das diferentes formas de pensar. / Abstract: This research aims at analyzing the forms of thinking according to Freud's works Project of a psychology. For this purpose we intended to examine the general theory of the psychic apparel developed by the author and the Freudian theory of cognition, as well as the nature of representations in the practical thought. We believed that this study can be interesting to understand the different ways of thinking. / Mestre

The thesis looks at compatibility of Islam and democracy in a new way. The main method is analysis of political ideologies. A number of models of democracy are identified in both the Western and Islamic context. These are then originally compared in a framework of classification by the source of political sovereignty and political action.

Apprendre un concept scientifique procède d’un processus de déconstruction-reconstruction. Enseigner signifie aider l’élève dans cette démarche qui lui demande de rejouer, pour lui le parcours d’invention qui a permis l’émergence du concept. C’est justement pour faire face à la crise que traverse l’enseignement scientifique en France et dans le monde et parce que l’on considère que les pratiques pédagogiques habituelles, encore utilisées, en sont pour partie responsables, que la démarche d’investigation est universellement proposée. Procéder par investigation est une méthode qui demande à l’élève de construire son savoir. Elle est présentée comme étant plus efficace pour apprendre. Une réflexion autour de la raison de cette efficacité nous conduit à nous arrêter au niveau de l’étape de formulation d’hypothèse qui semble constituer le pivot de la démarche. Des énoncés d’élèves pour lesquels nous inférons qu’ils sont la traduction de leur représentation montrent qu’il est possible d’explorer leur état de pensée dans une situation d’apprentissage et mieux, de suivre des processus de pensée. Les méthodes élaborées pour cela semblent efficaces puisque nous parvenons à montrer à l’échelle d’une classe que grâce à la formulation d’hypothèses tous les élèves parviennent, à leur rythme, à atteindre le savoir scientifique. Ainsi, nous constatons que l’hypothèse joue un rôle structurant pour le savoir en construction. Elle le façonne à mesure du processus de déconstruction-reconstruction. Ces considérations nous autorisent à penser que l’utilisation de la formulation d’hypothèse contribue à l’efficacité de la démarche par investigation par rapport à une démarche plus classique pour apprendre un savoir scientifique / To learn a scientific concept proceeds of a process of demolition-reconstruction. To teach means helping the pupil in this approach which asks him to replay, for him the route of invention which allowed the emergence of the concept. It is exactly to face the crisis which crosses the scientific education in France and in the world and because we consider that the usual, still used educational practices, are partly responsible for it, that the approach of investigation is universally proposed. To proceed by investigation is a method which asks to the pupil to build his knowledge. She is presented as being more effective to learn. A reflection around the reason of this efficiency leads us to stop at the level of the stage of formulation of hypothesis which seems to constitute the pivot of the approach. Pupils’ statements for which we deduce that they are the translation of their representation show that it is possible to explore their state of thought in a situation of learning and better, to follow processes of thought. The methods developed for it seem effective because we succeed in showing on the scale of a class that thanks to the formulation of hypotheses all the pupils succeed, with their rhythm, in reaching the scientific knowledge. So, we notice that the hypothesis plays a role structuring for the knowledge under construction. She trains it for measure of the process of demolition-reconstruction. These considerations authorize us to think that the use of the formulation of hypothesis contributes to the efficiency of the approach by investigation compared with a more classic approach to learn a scientific knowledge.

nÃo hà / Esta dissertaÃÃo pretende examinar, a partir da perspectiva do pensamento fraco de Gianni Vattimo, a questÃo do retorno do religioso no contexto contemporÃneo compreendido como pÃs-modernidade e como tal fenÃmeno à por ele compreendido como realizaÃÃo de uma era do EspÃrito. De sua perspectiva, Vattimo realiza uma reflexÃo a partir da dissoluÃÃo da metafÃsica e das grandes narrativas, identificando estes elementos como caracterÃsticas da modernidade e, a dissoluÃÃo destes, como sendo a passagem crÃtica para o pÃs-moderno. à luz da aproximaÃÃo que Vattimo faz de Nietzsche e Heidegger, os respectivos anÃncios da morte de Deus e o do fim da metafÃsica, ganham relevo para sua abordagem sobre o retorno da religiÃo e a proposta de um cristianismo nÃo religioso. Uma vez que Vattimo associa a metafÃsica com a violÃncia e a crenÃa tradicional associa-se, por sua vez, com a metafÃsica, este trabalho tenciona demonstrar que a tese do pensamento fraco de Gianni Vattimo surge como agente redutor desta violÃncia metafÃsica.