犯罪防治在各縣市警察機關勤務中具有一定的重要性，本研究目的在於評估各縣市警察機關執行治安與犯罪預防之相對效率。因為內政部將各縣市警察機關分成直轄市、甲級與乙級等三級制，故相對警力投入非常不一致，對犯罪預防效率會產生干擾，為將此項外在環境因素所造成的干擾排除，本研究採取三階段資料包絡分析法，針對臺灣23個縣市警察局，在民國93至95年間，建立評估相對效率之實證模型。研究結果發現未排除環境因素干擾前，臺灣地區各縣市警察局的治安與犯罪預防之平均相對規模效率高於純技術效率，顯示治安與犯罪預防之無效率應為生產技術的影響；此外，甲級縣市警察局的總技術效率值最高，反之，直轄市警察局的治安與犯罪防治效率為最低。在排除環境因素干擾後，臺灣地區各縣市警察局平均治安與犯罪預防相對效率有輕微下降現象，其中，乙級縣市警察局的治安與犯罪防治效率，反而上升到為最高。此外，乙級縣市警察局呈現高比例的規模報酬遞減現象，表示乙級縣市警察局應縮減其所分配到的經費規模，反之，甲級縣市警察局呈現高比例的規模報酬遞增現象，表示甲級縣市警察局應相對增加所得到經費；至於，直轄市警察局的治安與犯罪防治效率並不好，並且，在第三階段分析結果顯示應該再增加直轄市警察局的經費投入，方有助於提升其治安與犯罪防治效率，但是目前直轄市警察局所分配到的警力與經費，已高於甲級與乙級縣市警察局很多，可知，目前直轄市警察局的高額警力投入，可能不完全為提升與改善治安與犯罪防治效率，而應還有其它的重要工作項目，如政府維安，交通維護等。 / The role of crime prevention plays an important role for each county’s police department in Taiwan. This study employs three-stage data envelopment analysis to evaluate the relative crime prevention efficiency among 23 counties police departments in Taiwan from 2004 to 2006. National Police Agency classifies these 23 counties police departments by three categories, A, B and C, in terms of the amount of police force investment. Based on the first-stage analysis, it concludes that relative crime prevention inefficiency for each county comes from the inappropriate police force investment. There are no significant different results in the third-stage analysis. A class, Taipei City and Kaohsiung City police departments which have highest police force investment, have relative lower crime prevention efficiency. However, the C class counties’ police departments, such as Yunlin County and Pingtung County, with lowest police force investment have better performance with highest crime prevention efficiency. And, B class counties’ police departments, such as Taipei County, Kaohsiung County, and Taichung City, with relative higher police force investment have second best performance in crime prevention efficiency. Therefore, this study suggests that the budget of police force investment needs reallocation among three different categories of police departments; the police departments of Taipei City and Kaohsiuang City may consider cutting down some non-related crime prevention services.

This thesis concerns the profession of the school special educational advisorr working in a mainstream primary school and his acting in favor of pupils with learning difficulities. The theoretical part describes the group of pupils with whom the school special educational advisor works and possibilities of this work, the cooperation with other partners (teachers, professionals and institutions outside the school and pupils' parents ) in supporting those pupils and the three-stage model of care for pupils at risk in school development. The practical part in the form of qualitative research examines how school special educational advisors acting in primary schools in Prague see themselves in their profession. KEY WORDS: School special educational advisor, school counseling centre, three-stage model of care, special education needs, prevention, diagnostics, intervention

The diploma thesis deals with an issue of a teaching process initiation in a literary education. The aim of the thesis is to prove that applying a constructivist approach to the lesson structure arouses pupils' and students' interest, activity and motivation to learn and it also supports the learning process and critical thinking. The thesis verifies a positive effect in using of the E-U-R learning model based on studying scientific literature and author's pedagogical experience. More specifically, the thesis focuses on the first phase, evocation. It presents the criteria and methods of realization and it suggests the possible content of evocation. In the practical part, the author verifies these findings on six lessons. The reflections prove that effective evocation supports the learning process.

本論文為探討台灣國際觀光旅館產業的實證文章，除第一章的緒論外，三篇相關的文章依序撰寫於二至四章。第二章的實證結果指出在第一階段的未考量準固定與調整後投入的資料包絡分析模型會高估技術與純技術效率值，但會低估規模效率值，因此，驗證考量準固定投入的必要性；第二階段使用隨機邊界分析模型排除外在因素與隨機干擾的影響，實證結果顯示外生變數對投入差額與純技術效率存在顯著的影響，其中，市場集中度與旅館規模對勞動、餐飲支出與其他支出的投入差額存在正向的影響，對純技術效率存在負向的影響；位於風景區對所有的投入差額有負向的影響，對純技術效率有正向的影響；加入國際與/或國內連鎖對勞動與餐飲支出投入差額有正向影響，但對其他支出投入差額有負向影響；SARS對勞動與餐飲支出投入差額有正向影響，對純技術效率有負向影響；金融海嘯對勞動與其他支出投入差額有正向影響，對純技術效率有負向影響；第三階段的效率評估結果顯示技術無效率的主要原因是來自不適當的生產規模，且國際觀光旅館對於技術與規模效率仍有改善空間，此外，傳統的資料包絡分析模型會高估技術與規模效率值，但會低估純技術效率值，因此，驗證使用三階段方法的適當性，最後，以服務團體旅客為主的國際觀光旅館的績效最差。第三章的實證結果顯示：在第一階段，未考量準固定與調整後投入要素的Malmquist生產力指數會低估生產力的變動，因此，驗證考量準固定投入的必要性；第三階段的生產力指數顯示前期的生產力成長已被後期的生產力惡化所取代，生產力的成長或惡化主要來自技術的進步或退步與規模效率的改善或惡化，此外，實證結果亦顯示僅考量準固定投入但未考量調整後投入的Malmquist生產力指數會低估生產力的變動，且是否考量調整後投入會造成所評估的Malmquist生產力指數其背後的因素有所不同，因此，驗證使用三階段方法的適當性；最後，以服務團體旅客為主的國際觀光旅館的生產力有較佳的改善，且雖然服務對象的不同使得生產力變動的背後因素有所不同，但規模效率的變動皆扮演重要的角色。第四章的實證結果顯示：規模效率假說在台灣國際觀光旅館產業中是被支持的；以服務個人旅客為主與同時服務團體與個人旅客對獲利率有負向的影響；SARS與金融海嘯對獲利率有負向的影響。 / The dissertation is a collection of three separate but related papers which are devoted to the empirical studies of the international tourist hotel industry in Taiwan. In addition to the introduction in chapter 1, three papers are presented in chapters 2 to 4, respectively. The empirical results in chapter 2 indicate that, in the first stage, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) models without the quasi-fixed and adjusted inputs overestimate the technical and pure technical efficiencies, but underestimate the scale efficiency of international tourist hotels so that the necessity of considering the existence of the quasi-fixed input is justified. The second stage uses the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model to purge the effects from exogenous variables and statistical noise. The SFA results show that the exogenous variables have significant influences on input slacks and pure technical efficiency. The degree of market concentration and hotel size have positive impacts on labor, food and beverage (F&B) expense and operating expense input slacks, as well as have negative impacts on pure technical efficiency. An international tourist hotel in the resort area has negative relationships with all input slacks and a positive relationship with pure technical efficiency. An international tourist hotel participating in the international and/or domestic hotel chain has positive relationships with labor and F&B expense input slacks, but has a negative relationship with other expense. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has positive effects on labor and F&B expense input slacks and has a negative effect on pure technical efficiency. The financial tsunami has positive effects on labor and other expense input slacks and has a negative effect on pure technical efficiency. After adjusting the variable input data from the SFA results in the second stage, the efficiency-evaluation results in the third stage show that the technical inefficiency mainly results from the inappropriate production scale. In addition, international tourist hotels have an ample space to improve their technical and scale efficiencies. The efficiency-evaluation results also show that the conventional DEA models overestimate the technical and scale efficiencies, but underestimate the pure technical efficiency of international tourist hotels so that the usage of the three-stage approach is justified. Finally, international tourist hotels which mainly receive group visitors have the worst performance. In chapter 3, the empirical results show that, in the first stage, the Malmquist index without the quasi-fixed and adjusted inputs underestimates the productivity change so as to justify the necessity of considering the existence of quasi-fixed input. After adjusting the variable input data from the SFA results in the second stage, the productivity index in the third stage shows that the initial increase in productivity has been compensated by a decrease. The productivity growth or deterioration mainly results from the technological progress or regress and the scale efficiency improvement or deterioration. The results also show that the Malmquist index with the quasi-fixed input and without adjusted inputs underestimates the productivity change. The key factors of the productivity changes estimated by the Malmquist productivity index with the quasi-fixed and adjusted inputs are significantly different from those estimated by the Malmquist productivity index with the quasi-fixed input and without adjusted inputs so as to justify the usage of the three-stage approach. Finally, international tourist hotels with mainly receiving group visitors have the better improvement of productivity. The sources of productivity changes among receiving different types of visitors are different, but the scale efficiency change plays an important role in all types. In chapter 4, the empirical results indicate that the scale efficiency hypothesis is supported in Taiwan’s international tourist hotel industry. An international tourist hotel that mainly receives individual visitors and an international tourist hotel that simultaneously receives group and individual visitors have negative impacts on profitability. SARS and financial tsunami have negative effects on profitability.

This study is an exploration of the representation of masculinity in film, with particular focus on the way in which the leading male characters in a purposive sample of action genre and romantic comedy genre films represent masculinity. It is posited that masculinity is a construct, the meaning of which is dependent on the social context of the individual. Film being a social artefact could then possibly influence individuals understanding of the construct. Therefore an exploration of the kind of masculinity, the variations thereof across genres, and masculine characteristics of masculinity prevalent in each genre, is a first step in understanding possible influences of the definition of masculinity. In order to accomplish this exploration, a combination of methods is used to analyse these fictional characters according to a set of codes and „real‟ world norms. The real world norms are based on seven theoretically derived norms of masculinity developed from previous research on masculinity conducted by Levant, Hirsch, Celentano, Cozza, Hill, MacEachern, Marty and Schnedekerl (1992). The results of the findings from this study indicate that the way in which male characters are created for each genre are different, with male lead characters from the action genre having more characteristics that align with the „real‟ world norms of masculinity (Levant et al 1992). Alternatively, the male lead characters from the romantic comedy genre, have fewer characteristics that align with the seven theoretically derived norms of masculinity. The masculinity represented in the romantic comedy genre is more emotionally available and expressive, less aggressive, more compromising and reliant on others; while in the action genre masculinity is more independent, stoic, aggressive and more physically adventurous. The male lead characters in the romantic comedy genre are more about the emotional aspects of masculinity while the male lead characters in the action genre are more about the physical aspects of masculinity. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication)

Breakthrough innovations are vital for the global economy and even our survival as a species. They appear as creative leaps and insights without obvious connection to existing knowledge and are extremely valuable to organisations, giving them significant competitive advantage. Historiometric and psychopathological evidence shows that breakthrough innovations are often associated with individuals and affective dysfunction; yet innovation today is widely held to be an organisational phenomenon operationalised though a model of creativity based on positive affective experiences and group activities which may be particularly unsuited to innovative thinkers. Research upon which the current paradigm for creativity and innovation are based is detached from real world outcomes and has been challenged as to its validity. Little data exists outside of experiments or indirect observation of naturally occurring affective experiences and the mood-creativity-innovation link has yet to be proven; we still know very little about how breakthrough innovations occur. This unique study addresses this significant gap in innovation research with a two-year longitudinal case study of a breakthrough innovation being developed for a multi-national Fast-Moving Consumer Goods company. It followed the journey of a lone innovator and attempts to answer the research question: “Can a fear of failure lead to breakthrough innovation?” The innovation space was investigated from three perspectives: technology, organisation and innovator, to build a picture of the highly immersive and emotionally charged experience of innovating. Many new insights were gained, and with extensive support from literature, new tools for the management of technology and the interface between innovators and organisations were developed, along with ground-breaking research into the mood-creativity innovation link. These are delivered through a series of four journal papers. The key finding from this research has been the discovery of the innovation-wave, a phenomenon which for the first time provides evidence for the mood-creativity-innovation link; intimately connecting real-world creative efficacy with emotion and specifically a ‘fear of failure’. From this finding a new theory and psycho-cognitive model for a distinct form of creativity called innovative thinking, driven by negative affect (mood) and specifically suited to achieving a breakthrough innovation through overcoming apparently insoluble problems, was posited and a hypothesis proposed and tested using a sophisticated innovation simulation developed especially for this purpose. Evidence from the case study and later experiment provide support for the research question and the lone innovator. This study makes a unique contribution to our understanding of creativity and innovation which could have a significant impact on how both are researched, taught and managed in the future. Being able to understand and possibly manipulate the innovation-wave, if proven correct, could be vitally important for maximising the potential for creating breakthrough innovations to the benefit of us all.

The impact of political and economic events on the asset pricing model described by the arbitrage pricing theory (APTM) was examined in order to establish if they had caused any changes in its specification. It was concluded that the APTM is not stationary and that it must be continuously tested before it can be used as political and economic events can change its specification. It was also found that political events had a more direct effect on the specification of the APTM, in that their effect is more immediate, than did economic events, which influenced the APTM by first influencing the economic environment in which it operated. The conventional approach that would have evaluated important political and economic events, case by case, to determine whether they affected the linear factor model (LFM), and subsequently the APTM, could not be used since no correlation was found between the pricing of a risk factor in the LFM and its subsequent pricing in the APTM. A new approach was then followed in which a correlation with a political or economic event was sought whenever a change was detected in the specification of the APTM. This was achieved by first finding the best subset LFM, chosen for producing the highest adjusted R2 , month by month, over 87 periods from 20 October1991 to 21 June 1998, using a combination of nine prespecified risk factors (five of which were proxies for economic events and one for political events). Multivariate analysis techniques were then used to establish which risk factors were priced most often during the three equal subperiods into which the 87 periods were broken up. Using the above methodology, the researcher was able to conclude that political events changed the specification of the APTM in late 1991. After the national elections in April 1994 it was found that the acceptance of South Africa into the world economic community had again changed the specification of the APTM and the two most important factors were proxies for economic events. / Business Leadership / DBL

This thesis examines the process applied by international tribunals for delimiting Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf boundaries under international law. Maritime delimitation is governed by articles 74 and 83 of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which are customary international law. However, owing to the vagueness of such legal provisions, international tribunals have been developing a standard process for delimiting maritime boundaries. The delimitation process has evolved significantly since the 1969 judgment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in North Sea Continental Shelf. The ICJ re-stated this process in its 2009 Black Sea judgment as being constituted of three stages: first, an equidistance line is provisionally drawn; second, this line is adjusted should relevant circumstances so require; third, the overall equitableness of the boundary is evaluated by assessing the proportionality between the length of the relevant coast and the marine areas appertaining to each state. This thesis analyses each stage of the delimitation process as re-stated in Black Sea. By way of introduction, chapter 1 outlines the relevant legal provisions and the historical evolution of the delimitation process through the jurisprudence of international tribunals. Chapter 2 discusses both the notions of the relevant coast and of the relevant area, and the practical methods for their identification. Since Black Sea, international tribunals have tended to identify the relevant coast and the relevant area prior to establishing a provisional equidistance line. Chapter 3 discusses the issues concerning the drawing of the provisional equidistance line. Chapter 4 examines relevant circumstances and the methods for adjusting an equidistance line. Chapter 5 discusses proportionality. Using doctrinal legal research methodologies, this thesis aims to assess the degree of consistency in the international tribunals’ application of the three-stage delimitation process. It argues that, while great leaps forward have been made since 1969, there is still a number of unresolved issues, in relation to which this thesis endeavours to provide some workable solutions.

Cette thèse analyse l’impact des facteurs institutionnels et de la gouvernance sur l’investissement privé dans les pays en développement. La problématique de la « bonne gouvernance » et de l’amélioration de la qualité institutionnelle notamment dans les pays en développement sont au coeur des préoccupations de la communauté internationale. Pour autant, il n’existe pas un cadre institutionnel et un système de gouvernance unique et optimal qui s’imposeraient de manière exogène à tous les pays, car les facteurs culturels, historiques et anthropologiques modèlent la qualité des institutions et le mode de gouvernance. En effet, si les pays peuvent avoir un objectif commun, celui d’un cadre institutionnel permettant notamment de garantir la viabilité et la crédibilité du climat d’investissement, ils démarrent tous de points différents, marqués par des caractéristiques propres.Ces facteurs nous emmènent à privilégier une approche relativiste et non normative de la qualité des institutions et de la gouvernance. Cependant,tous les cadres institutionnels ne se valent pas. Certaines configurations institutionnelles accroissent l’incertitude et l’irréversibilité de l’investissement. Nos analyses placent le déficit de gouvernance et la faiblesse des institutions au cœur de la problématique de l’incertitude et de l’irréversibilité de l’investissement dans les pays en développement. Nous adoptons dans cette thèse une démarche plurielle consistant en une analyse macroéconométrique qui permet d’apprécier le comportement de l’investissement au niveau agrégé, et une analyse microéconométrique qui a l’intérêt de prendre en compte l’hétérogénéité des comportements d’investissement des entreprises. Un accent particulier est porté à l’Afrique subsaharienne qui est la région ayant le plus faible taux d’investissement. / This thesis analyzes the impact of governance and institutions on private investment in developing countries. "Good governance" and institutional quality especially in developing countries are of great concern to the international community. However, there is no unique and optimal institutional framework and governance system which can be set up in all countries independently to their cultural, historical and anthropological characteristics. Indeed, if all countries can share a common objective which consists of an institutional framework, able to ensure the sustainability and credibility of the investment climate, they will all start from different points with specific characteristics. These factors lead us to favor a non normative approach of the quality of institutions and governance. However, some institutional framework increases uncertainty and irreversibility ofinvestment. In this thesis, we consider weak institutions and poor governance as the main sources of uncertainty and irreversibility of investment indeveloping countries. We use a macroeconometric approach which analyses the investment behavior at the aggregate level, and a microeconometric approach which takes into account the heterogeneity of the investment behavior of firms. An emphasis is put on sub-Saharan African countries that have the lowest private investment rate.

地方稅捐稽徵機關績效之良窳攸關地方政府庫收，更直接影響地方經濟成長、資源配置效率與所得分配之公平；本文試圖採用能排除外在因素與隨機干擾之三階段產出導向資料包絡分析法（以下簡稱DEA），針對23個地方稅捐稽徵機關2004年迄2008年資料進行管理效率評估，再以隨機邊界分析法（以下簡稱SFA）分離外生因素及隨機干擾以調整各機關產出至相同基準後，再評估排除外在與隨機干擾因素的管理效率。 未考慮外生因素與隨機干擾的DEA效率評估結果顯示，有高達88.7%及82.6%的地方稅捐稽徵機關分別於技術效率及純技術效率上尚有改善空間。第二階段SFA估計結果顯示，土地移轉現值、機關內大專畢業以上員額之比例及員額平均年齡對管理效率皆有正向影響；而總統大選期間及有高鐵停靠站之縣市除對部分產出無顯著影響外，對管理效率之提升亦具優勢；然而，服務轄區土地面積與實徵淨額之效率呈負相關，卻與違章漏稅裁罰效率呈正相關；地方首長選舉期間除為避免清理欠稅招致民怨而降低技術效率外，對其他管理效率則皆呈正相關；又都市計畫面積占稽徵區域比例與地方稅實徵淨額之管理效率呈正相關，卻與欠稅清理效率呈負相關。調整後之DEA結果顯示各項效率值與調整前比較皆存在顯著差異，顯示排除外生因素與隨機干擾影響以避免效率值被錯估確有其必要性；但仍有高達93.05%及68.7%之地方稅捐稽徵機關分別於技術效率及純技術效率上存有改善空間；又多數稽徵機關處於規模報酬遞增階段，即產能過剩而造成資源浪費。另與財政部稽徵業務考核成績比較分析，在規模效率平均值排名方面，除臺南市外，甲組機關排名普遍優於乙組機關；但純技術平均效率值之排名卻有一半以上之甲組機關表現反而不如部分乙組受評單位；顯示甲、乙組之分類歷經多年仍沿襲舊有分組將使各機關未能於適合之群組中受考而錯估其績效。 基於上述實證研究結果，本文提出下列政策性建議： 一、建議逐期分階段調整人力及預算至最適規模，以善加運用資源降低產能過剩情形。 二、建議各機關應引用環保之共乘概念，加強政府機關間橫向溝通、聯繫與合作。 三、若情況允許，建議可不區分甲乙組針對全體地方稅捐稽徵機關進行考核。若人力、時間或其他情況不允許，建議研擬具體方案隨各機關規模改變而有重新分級之機制。 四、建議甲組機關亦可選擇純技術效率較佳之乙組機關作為觀摩學習之對象。 五、建議財政當局可考慮將外在因素之影響納入評核，以提升考核之信度與效度。 最後，臺灣自2010年底起將有部分縣市改制為直轄市，考核編組方式勢將有所變革，有待後續研究者追蹤探討；而改制後所引起之資源重分配亦可作為未來之研究議題。 / The Performance of Local Tax Bureaus is relevant to the revenue of Public Treasury, and even has direct impacts on local economic growth, efficiency of resource allocation and equity of income distribution. This paper attempts to use three-stage out-oriented DEA which can rule out the external factors and the statistical noises to evaluate the efficiency of 23 Local Tax Bureaus in Taiwan during the period of 2004 to 2008. After measuring slack variables of each Bureau in the first stage, the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) model is used to separate the external factors from the statistical noises, and then adjust the output of each Bureau to the same benchmark. Finally, DEA is again used to evaluate the efficiency of 23 Local Tax Bureaus. The DEA efficiency evaluation results in the first stage show that up to 88.7% and 82.6% of the Local Tax Bureaus still have an ample room to improve their technical and pure technical efficiency. In the second stage, the SFA model estimates show that “the present value of land transfer”, “the proportion of post-graduates in the Bureaus” and “the average age of the staff” have positive effects on the efficiency. “The period of Presidential Election” and “the cities or counties that Taiwan High Speed Rail have set station up” have insignificant impact on part of the outputs, but still have the advantages to enhance the efficiency. However, “the expanse of land in service area” has a negative correlation with the efficiency of net taxation, but is positively related to the efficiency with the fine of illegal tax evasion. “The election period of Local County Executive” has a positive correlation with the efficiency except that tax arrears liquidation might reduce technical efficiency. “The ratio of urban-planed area to the tax levy regional” and the efficiency of net taxation are positively correlated, but negatively related to the efficiency of tax arrears liquidation. After excluding external factors and the statistical noises, the third-stage DEA evaluation results are significantly different from those in the first stage, indicating that it is necessary to exclude impacts of external factors and statistical noises in order to avoid the misjudged value of efficiency. There are still as high as 93.05 % and 68.7% of the Local Tax Bureaus have an ample space for improvement respectively on technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency. Most of the Tax Bureaus are at the increasing return of scale stage, implying that the surplus of capacity cause the waste of resources. Finally, compared with the performance evaluation held by Ministry of Finance, the empirical results in this study show that although the classification of Local Tax Bureaus has been adopt for many years, Bureaus’ performance evaluation results might be misjudged in the unsuitable group. Based on the above empirical results, this research attempts to propose the following policy suggestions: 1. It is recommended to adjust the phase of manpower and budget to the optimum scale for the best using of resources and to reduce inefficiency of excess capacity. 2. Enhancing horizontal communication among government agencies may improve the efficiency of Local Tax Bureaus. 3. If possible, it is recommended to evaluate Local Tax Bureaus without classification. If not, a mechanism of re-rating according to the scale change of Local Tax Bureaus may be needed. 4. It is proposed that Local Tax Bureaus of Group A can take lesson from those of Group B with better pure technical efficiency to learn from. 5. It is suggested that government authorities have to exclude the effect of external factors to improve the reliability and validity of performance evaluation. At the end of year 2010, several counties will be restructured in municipalities. The classification of Local Tax Bureaus for performance assessment must be changed. The reallocation of resources caused by restructuring may be used in future studies.