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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

台灣地區課徵地方所得稅可行性之研究 / The research of local income tax in Taiwan

鄭閔介, Jenq, Miin-Jieh Unknown Date (has links)
一.研究目的與方法 隨經濟的發展與進步,地方公共支出日益擴大,而地方稅收成長率又趕不上公共支出擴張的速度,地方財政日趨困難。在自有財源不足情況下,長年皆有賴上級政府補助。然隨國家各項重大建設實施,社會福利政策推動,中央政府財政亦感困難。為使地方各項政事能順利推展,地方政府應努力朝財政自主性方向解決問題。本文目的係基於地方政府自關財源的理念,對地方所得稅作一介紹,並對我國考量是否可引進該課稅制度作一初步評析,以為地方縣市開拓一可行之新財源,以部分紓解地方財務的困境。 本研究方法,首先以地方所得稅的理論基礎作一文獻上的整理及此稅課徵所應考慮的問題。繼而介紹美、日、韓等國課徵地方所得稅的制度,並比較世界各國課徵的現況,以為國內實施此稅之參考,並根據目前國內地方財政環境及稅務行政上的問題加以討論,分析我國實施地方所得稅之可行性。最後以試擬之地方所得稅制度,針對民國 83 及 84 年的稅基資料預估各縣市課徵得的稅收。 二.研究發現 (一)地方所得稅的理論依據 1.受益原則-- 因地方政府提供公共資源及設施,使個人之勞力與資本能夠發展其專長、獲取所得。再者,對非居民者之受益課稅。對在本地工作,而非居住於本地之工作者,由於目前僅有財產稅之課徵,無須繳納稅賦,造成使用公共資源卻不負擔成本的情況。故地方所得稅對居民及非居民在本地所賺取的所得者課以所得稅,使受益與付費能夠相互配合。 2.分散稅源-- 地方所得稅可分散稅源而降低其他地方稅的稅率,避免因過份依賴單一稅所形成的扭曲,並使地方稅制結構趨於效率及公平。另外,配合財產稅之下,提供地方政府穩定的收入來源。 (二)各國地方所得稅制度及其比較 各國地方所得稅制度設計規定不一,其特色可歸納如下: 1.地方個人所得稅-- 地方政府課徵地方所得稅時,其稅基往往採用中央所得稅的課徵資料,如課稅所得、分類所得或應納稅負等,顯示為降低稽徵成本,往往以中央之課稅資料,加以稍微修改。設計制度時,有些國家(如日本、韓國)會加入具有受益觀念的定額部分,使受益之居民分擔行政經費。使地方所得稅包括定額部分及所得部分,可收定額收穩定高及所得稅收彈性大的長處。 2.地方公司所得稅-- 各個國家的規定大多類似。除了根據應益關係對所屬行政區內的公司課徵定額部分的稅(如日本、韓國)外,一般規定,以其公司在當地所產生的營業所得,依照營業類別或所得高低,課以不同的稅率,亦或對所有公司採用一致的稅率。 (三)制度可行性分析 1.依據憲法第十章,財政收支劃分法第七條,省、縣自治法第十七條、十八條及第四十七條及尚待審議的地方稅法通則草案,已給予地方政府課徵地方所得稅適當的法源基礎。若中央制定稅法通則,以為省縣立法之依據,再經過省縣(市)議會議決即可實施。 2.地方所得稅徵收包括以個人及營利事業為對象。在稅基可行方向上,地方個人所得稅方面可採我國扣繳綜合所得稅之扣繳所得或綜合所得淨額方式課徵:地方營利事業所得稅可用每年營利事業所得額為可分配之稅基,以營利事業於各地之營業額做為分配稅基的基礎。 (四)稅收估計 根據地方所得稅試擬之制度,對 83、84 年度北、高及全省 21 縣市做稅收估計,綜合以下二點發現: 1.地方所得稅的徵收,縣市本身的所得稅基影響其可徵得的稅收甚大。 2.由稅收估計的結果顯示,地方所得稅課徵,各縣市每年可徵得稅收數額變動不大,可帶給地方政府穩定的課稅收入。 三、建議事項 建立一切實可行的「地方所得稅」制度,藉此充裕地方財源,增加地方財政的自主性,歸列以下幾點建議: (一)已由行政院會通過的「地方稅法通則草案」,應盡速由立法院審議以為縣市課徵地方所得稅之法令依據。 (二)為防止各縣市若自主獨立課徵,稅率規定不一,使各地居民間稅負上的差距不同,造成人口搬遷或移動,可考慮全國採取一致性的租稅課徵辦法,由中央政府加以規範,便於全國政事的推行。 (三)地方營利事業所得稅基於稅務行政的考量,可取用每年營利事業所得額做為可分配稅基,以營利事業於各地分公司之營業額為稅基分攤的基礎,乘以一比例稅率,為各縣市地方政府的稅收。 (四)地方個人所得稅,地方縣市參照我國綜合所得稅申報書,以綜合所得淨額未稅基課徵比例或累進稅;另外,基於所得稅即時徵繳的基本精神,亦可於給付所得時所填具的扣繳憑單藉以課徵單一稅率,列為縣市稅收。
2

由稽徵效率觀點檢視我國稅務行政組織-以臺北市國稅局與臺北市稅捐稽徵處為例 / An examination of Taiwan’s tax administrative organization from the viewpoint of tax-collection efficiency: the cases of Taipei national tax administration and Taipei revenue service

廖浩學, Liao, Hao Hsueh Unknown Date (has links)
在財政適足的原則下,尋求公平與效率間的平衡點,一直是租稅制度所探討的重點,而針對租稅結構的討論更是焦點所在,可是對於稅務行政組織的檢討卻相對不受重視,惟一國租稅制度主要係由該國租稅結構與稅務行政組織所構成,所以不僅是租稅結構會影響國家整體資源的配置,稅務行政組織的調整亦是。觀察我國稅務機構之形成,諸多興革,每為遷就現實環境需要,暫行從權,欠缺具長期性、整體性與前瞻性之規劃,使得整個組織架構不甚協調。目前各級政府財政狀況日益惡化,行政效率亦履遭詬病,政府再造或是行政組織重整已成各界關注的焦點,因此本文先藉由相關文獻研究歸納採行稅務行政一元化或二元化之優缺點並與實務觀察作比較分析,再利用資料包絡分析法(DEA)從效率面著手,以臺北市稅務稽徵組織(臺北市國稅局與臺北市稅捐稽徵處)為樣本,除可瞭解稅務行政機關之效率表現外,亦可藉由實證數據佐證,重新評估現行稅務行政組織架構之妥適性。本文依據相關文獻研究及實證分析結果作以下結論:一、整體而言,臺北市稅捐稽徵處在總技術效率、純技術效率及規模效率的表現與穩定度,均不若臺北市國稅局,顯示無效率的原因除了資源運用的無效率外,未在最適規模下經營,亦是主要原因。二、就近十年來的變化觀察,2003年以後,臺北市稅捐稽徵處雖然在純技術效率表現上能與臺北市國稅局並駕其驅,但其規模效率之表現卻更形惡化,致總技術效率與臺北市國稅局相較仍有相當差距。三、推論原因,應為2003年後加值型與非加值型營業稅由國稅局收回自徵,地方稅捐稽徵單位雖然在資源使用上已作調適,但為達便民之效,仍維持原先各稽徵所的設置,造成規模不當,致無法在最適規模下從事稽徵工作。四、採行稅務行政一元化體制可收簡政便民、經濟節約、人員運用調度靈活且不影響地方財政自主等優點,佐以稽徵效率之實證數據,檢視我國現行稅務行政二元化的組織體系實有重行評估回復一元化體制之必要性。五、對民眾而言,政府係一體的組織,任何政府再造或組織調整工作,應有更大格局作通盤的考慮,才能真正運用有限資源並提升行政效率。基於提升稅務稽徵效率,避免稅務行政人力與資源配置的浪費,本文建議採取稅務行政一元化之組織體系,將地方稅委由國稅局代徵,地方稅務人力移撥至國稅局,或者整併為內地稅務局,統理內地稅之稽徵,藉由資源重組、整合的方式,讓有限的資源可以獲得更靈活的調度與運用。另為減少阻力,代徵經費可以視地方財政狀況從輕或是免除,以提高地方政府或議會同意的意願、降低合併阻力。
3

我國地方稅捐稽徵機關稽徵績效之研究-三階段資料包絡分析法之應用 / A study of efficiency of the local tax bureaus in Taiwan:an application of three- stage data envelopment analysis.

胡議文, Hu, Yi Wen Unknown Date (has links)
地方稅捐稽徵機關績效之良窳攸關地方政府庫收,更直接影響地方經濟成長、資源配置效率與所得分配之公平;本文試圖採用能排除外在因素與隨機干擾之三階段產出導向資料包絡分析法(以下簡稱DEA),針對23個地方稅捐稽徵機關2004年迄2008年資料進行管理效率評估,再以隨機邊界分析法(以下簡稱SFA)分離外生因素及隨機干擾以調整各機關產出至相同基準後,再評估排除外在與隨機干擾因素的管理效率。 未考慮外生因素與隨機干擾的DEA效率評估結果顯示,有高達88.7%及82.6%的地方稅捐稽徵機關分別於技術效率及純技術效率上尚有改善空間。第二階段SFA估計結果顯示,土地移轉現值、機關內大專畢業以上員額之比例及員額平均年齡對管理效率皆有正向影響;而總統大選期間及有高鐵停靠站之縣市除對部分產出無顯著影響外,對管理效率之提升亦具優勢;然而,服務轄區土地面積與實徵淨額之效率呈負相關,卻與違章漏稅裁罰效率呈正相關;地方首長選舉期間除為避免清理欠稅招致民怨而降低技術效率外,對其他管理效率則皆呈正相關;又都市計畫面積占稽徵區域比例與地方稅實徵淨額之管理效率呈正相關,卻與欠稅清理效率呈負相關。調整後之DEA結果顯示各項效率值與調整前比較皆存在顯著差異,顯示排除外生因素與隨機干擾影響以避免效率值被錯估確有其必要性;但仍有高達93.05%及68.7%之地方稅捐稽徵機關分別於技術效率及純技術效率上存有改善空間;又多數稽徵機關處於規模報酬遞增階段,即產能過剩而造成資源浪費。另與財政部稽徵業務考核成績比較分析,在規模效率平均值排名方面,除臺南市外,甲組機關排名普遍優於乙組機關;但純技術平均效率值之排名卻有一半以上之甲組機關表現反而不如部分乙組受評單位;顯示甲、乙組之分類歷經多年仍沿襲舊有分組將使各機關未能於適合之群組中受考而錯估其績效。 基於上述實證研究結果,本文提出下列政策性建議: 一、建議逐期分階段調整人力及預算至最適規模,以善加運用資源降低產能過剩情形。 二、建議各機關應引用環保之共乘概念,加強政府機關間橫向溝通、聯繫與合作。 三、若情況允許,建議可不區分甲乙組針對全體地方稅捐稽徵機關進行考核。若人力、時間或其他情況不允許,建議研擬具體方案隨各機關規模改變而有重新分級之機制。 四、建議甲組機關亦可選擇純技術效率較佳之乙組機關作為觀摩學習之對象。 五、建議財政當局可考慮將外在因素之影響納入評核,以提升考核之信度與效度。 最後,臺灣自2010年底起將有部分縣市改制為直轄市,考核編組方式勢將有所變革,有待後續研究者追蹤探討;而改制後所引起之資源重分配亦可作為未來之研究議題。 / The Performance of Local Tax Bureaus is relevant to the revenue of Public Treasury, and even has direct impacts on local economic growth, efficiency of resource allocation and equity of income distribution. This paper attempts to use three-stage out-oriented DEA which can rule out the external factors and the statistical noises to evaluate the efficiency of 23 Local Tax Bureaus in Taiwan during the period of 2004 to 2008. After measuring slack variables of each Bureau in the first stage, the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) model is used to separate the external factors from the statistical noises, and then adjust the output of each Bureau to the same benchmark. Finally, DEA is again used to evaluate the efficiency of 23 Local Tax Bureaus. The DEA efficiency evaluation results in the first stage show that up to 88.7% and 82.6% of the Local Tax Bureaus still have an ample room to improve their technical and pure technical efficiency. In the second stage, the SFA model estimates show that “the present value of land transfer”, “the proportion of post-graduates in the Bureaus” and “the average age of the staff” have positive effects on the efficiency. “The period of Presidential Election” and “the cities or counties that Taiwan High Speed Rail have set station up” have insignificant impact on part of the outputs, but still have the advantages to enhance the efficiency. However, “the expanse of land in service area” has a negative correlation with the efficiency of net taxation, but is positively related to the efficiency with the fine of illegal tax evasion. “The election period of Local County Executive” has a positive correlation with the efficiency except that tax arrears liquidation might reduce technical efficiency. “The ratio of urban-planed area to the tax levy regional” and the efficiency of net taxation are positively correlated, but negatively related to the efficiency of tax arrears liquidation. After excluding external factors and the statistical noises, the third-stage DEA evaluation results are significantly different from those in the first stage, indicating that it is necessary to exclude impacts of external factors and statistical noises in order to avoid the misjudged value of efficiency. There are still as high as 93.05 % and 68.7% of the Local Tax Bureaus have an ample space for improvement respectively on technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency. Most of the Tax Bureaus are at the increasing return of scale stage, implying that the surplus of capacity cause the waste of resources. Finally, compared with the performance evaluation held by Ministry of Finance, the empirical results in this study show that although the classification of Local Tax Bureaus has been adopt for many years, Bureaus’ performance evaluation results might be misjudged in the unsuitable group. Based on the above empirical results, this research attempts to propose the following policy suggestions: 1. It is recommended to adjust the phase of manpower and budget to the optimum scale for the best using of resources and to reduce inefficiency of excess capacity. 2. Enhancing horizontal communication among government agencies may improve the efficiency of Local Tax Bureaus. 3. If possible, it is recommended to evaluate Local Tax Bureaus without classification. If not, a mechanism of re-rating according to the scale change of Local Tax Bureaus may be needed. 4. It is proposed that Local Tax Bureaus of Group A can take lesson from those of Group B with better pure technical efficiency to learn from. 5. It is suggested that government authorities have to exclude the effect of external factors to improve the reliability and validity of performance evaluation. At the end of year 2010, several counties will be restructured in municipalities. The classification of Local Tax Bureaus for performance assessment must be changed. The reallocation of resources caused by restructuring may be used in future studies.
4

土地稅與地方公共財源選擇之研究 / Study on Land Taxes and the Choice of Revenue for Local Public Goods

陳國智 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究探討包括土地稅之地方租稅結構,在經濟面的最適條件,並論平均地權的理想、土地利用的經濟效率與公平,能否經由我國現行中央和地方租稅的劃分形態下之土地稅制實現,與土地稅制度之改進等問題。 從人口分派至各地的效率觀點,地方稅制之安排,應使個人不論定居於任何行政區,均可獲得相同的「財政淨效益」。如地方公共財具有敵對性,地租單一稅並不能有效內化移民對地方財政之衝擊。另一方面,此一概念也與國民之財政待遇水平公平的條件一致。從總體之經濟效率與公平角度,地方自主之稅制選擇,至少不應擴大地方間財政淨效益的差異。 本研究試以政治成本最小化的模式,分析我國地方政府對土地稅制之選擇,結果未能顯著解釋台灣省各縣(市)在公告地價與公告現值相對調整幅度差異。同時地方財政自主性不足,地方土地稅努力也與其所獲補助顯著負相關。由於土地政策及國民福利有其全國之一致性,而地方財政有其特殊性,設計地方土地稅制應考慮全國之標準及因地制宜。為消除關於土地增值稅租稅性質及稅收歸屬之爭議,本研究建議雙軌課稅制度。 / This study focuses on the economic optimum conditions of local tax structure which includes land tax. Such issues as whether the ideal of Equalization of Land Rights and the efficiency and equity of land use could be realized through the land tax system under the current tax assignment between central and local government in Taiwan, and ways of improving land tax are studied as well. From the viewpoint of distributing total population across jurisdictions efficiently, the arrangement of local tax should make one, regardless of which jurisdiction he resides in, receive the same “net fiscal residuum”(NFC). If local public goods are rival, single local tax to land rent can not effectively internalize the fiscal impact brought by immigrants. On the other hand, equal NFC is consistent with conditions for the horizontal equity of fiscal treatment to citizens. With a view to the entire economic efficiency and equity, the tax choices made by local governments at least should not widen differences of NFC between jurisdictions. In this study, the model of minimum political cost has been used to analyze how local governments in Taiwan choose between types of land taxes. But the result of multiple regression could not explain significantly the discrepancy of relative ratio of adjusting rate of Announced Land Price to adjusting rate of Announced Land Current Value between local governments in Taiwan province. In the meantime, the local fiscal position lacks independence. Local land tax efforts are significantly negative correlation with the received grants. Because it’s necessary for the national consistency of land policy and social welfare, plus the particularity of local finance, the national standard and district discrepancy should be taken into consideration in designing local land tax system. In order to eliminate controversies about the characteristics of Land Value Increment Tax and where the tax revenue belongs to, a parallel tax system is suggested.

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