A mathematical model of blood coagulation under defined flow conditions, initiated and modulated by spatially discrete regions of surface bound tissue factor (TF) and thrombomodulin (TM), respectively, is presented. The model incorporates fluid phase and surface-associated reactions of the extrinsic, intrinsic, and common pathways, as well as three inhibitory pathways. The spatially heterogeneous model is formulated by finite element method, and an effective prothrombotic zone, which quantifies the spatial propagation of thrombin generation is defined. Characteristic features of coagulation are simulated under physiologic conditions, and the behavior of the system in response to perturbations in TF and TM surface densities, TF site dimensions, and wall shear rate is explored. The major findings of these studies include: (i) The model system responds in an 'all-or-none', threshold-like manner to changes in model parameters. (ii) It was found that prothrombotic effects may extend significantly beyond the dimensions of the spatially discrete site of TF expression in both axial and radial directions. (iii) The relationship between the length of the effective prothrombotic zone and the interval distance between tandem sites of TF expression dictate the net response of the system. Additive prothrombotic effects of sub-clinical lesions as well as suppressive antithrombotic effects of intervening TM-containing regions were observed. Secondly, the computational model is applied to calculate an individualized, systems-based metric of clotting potential for 210 pre-menopausal women in the Leiden Thrombophilia Study (LETS). The simulated variable was found to be a highly predictive parameter for deep venous thrombosis risk.

A Trombomodulina é um marcador endotelial da doença aterosclerótica, e seu uso como preditor da doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP) deve ser comprovada. Avaliou-se 41 pacientes com claudicação intermitente e 40 com isquemia crítica. A Trombomodulina plasmática (TMp) foi quantificada em todos os pacientes, através de método imunoenzimático (ELISA). As hipóteses de normalidade e de homogeneidade de variância foram provadas, respectivamente, pelos testes de Shapiro-Wilk e de Levene. A comparação da TMp entre ambos os grupos foi realizada empregando-se o teste t de Student. A utilização de pacientes com Claudicação Intermitente e com Isquemia Crítica é interessante como modelo de estudo e deve ser empregado para avaliar diferentes marcadores de prognóstico da DAOP. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante nos níveis de TMp nos grupos, não permitindo utilizar-se a TMp para avaliar o prognóstico da doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP) / Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial marker of arterosclerotic disease and its use as a predictor of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) must be proven. Forty-one patients having intermittent claudication and forty having critical ischemia were evaluated. Plasmatic Thrombomodulin (TMp) was quantified in all patients using the immunoenzymatic method (ELISA). The hypotheses of normality and variance homogeneity were proven, respectively, using the Wilk-Shapiro and Levene Tests. The comparison of the TMp between both groups was carried out using the Student-T Test. The utilization of patients with Intermittent Claudication and Critical Ischemia is interesting as a study model and should be used to evaluate different prognostic markers of PAD. No statistically significant difference was observed in the TMp levels between the groups, thus not permitting the use of TMp to evaluate the prognostics of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Modelos humanizados de porco são muito importantes para pesquisa biomédica e desenvolvimento de novas drogas e tratamentos. Além de ser um melhor modelo para doenças humanas do que animais de menor porte devido sua maior semelhança fisiológica, anatômica, de metabolismo e tempo de vida, o modelo suíno ainda permite suprimento ilimitado de órgãos para transplante. Apesar dessas vantagens, a expressão gênica inconsistente de animais transgênicos tornam a criação e avaliação desses animais muito dispendiosas, imprevisível e não permite a comparação de resultados de animais diferentes de maneira apropriada. Nesse estudo descrevemos uma nova técnica utilizando o promoter endógeno para a geração de um protocolo de substituição de genes com padrão clonal (transplante clonal de genes) sem clonagem de células, preservando a expressão genética e sua regulação intactas. Esse protocolo é reprodutível e pode ser aplicado para mais de um alvo genético, permitindo geração rápida de linhas transgênicas de animais (14-20 dias) com potencial de se tornar o novo padrão para geração de animais transgênicos de grande porte Suínos / Humanized pig models are very important for biomedical research, and drugs and treatment development. Not only it is a better model for diseases than smaller animals because of its closer physiology, anatomy, metabolism and life span, it also may provide unlimited organs for transplantation. In spite of all this advantages, inconsistent gene expression in transgenic animals make its generation and evaluation expensive, unpredictable and do not allow proper outcome comparison between different animals. In this report we describe a reproducible technique utilizing the endogenous promoter for generation of a clonal pattern gene replacement protocol (clonal gene transplant) without cell cloning, maintaining the normal gene expression and its regulation. This protocol is reproducible and applicable to more than one gene target, allowing fast generation of transgenic animals cell lines (as low as 14-20 days) and could become the new standard for transgenic large animal generation

Islet transplantation has emerged as a promising cell-based therapy for the treatment of diabetes, but its clinical efficacy remains limited by deleterious host responses that underlie islet destruction. In this dissertation, we describe the assembly of cell surface-supported thin films that confer molecular-level control over the composition and biophysicochemical properties of the islet surface with implications for improving islet engraftment. Specifically, the process of layer-by-layer (LbL) polymer self assembly was employed to generate nanothin films of diverse architecture with tunable properties directly on the extracellular surface of individual islets. Importantly, these studies are the first to report in vivo survival and function of nanoencapsulated cells, and have helped establish a conceptual framework for translating the diverse applications of LbL films to cellular interfaces. Additionally, through proper design of film constituents, coatings displaying ligands and bioorthogonally reactive handles may be generated, providing a modular strategy for incorporating exogenously derived regulators of host responses alongside native constituents of the islet surface. Towards this end, a strategy was developed to tether thrombomodulin to the islet surface in a site-specific manner, thereby facilitating local generation of the powerful anti-inflammatory agent, activated protein C. Collectively, this work offers novel biomolecular strategies for cell surface engineering with broad biomedical and biotechnological applications in cell-based therapeutics and beyond.

Modelos humanizados de porco são muito importantes para pesquisa biomédica e desenvolvimento de novas drogas e tratamentos. Além de ser um melhor modelo para doenças humanas do que animais de menor porte devido sua maior semelhança fisiológica, anatômica, de metabolismo e tempo de vida, o modelo suíno ainda permite suprimento ilimitado de órgãos para transplante. Apesar dessas vantagens, a expressão gênica inconsistente de animais transgênicos tornam a criação e avaliação desses animais muito dispendiosas, imprevisível e não permite a comparação de resultados de animais diferentes de maneira apropriada. Nesse estudo descrevemos uma nova técnica utilizando o promoter endógeno para a geração de um protocolo de substituição de genes com padrão clonal (transplante clonal de genes) sem clonagem de células, preservando a expressão genética e sua regulação intactas. Esse protocolo é reprodutível e pode ser aplicado para mais de um alvo genético, permitindo geração rápida de linhas transgênicas de animais (14-20 dias) com potencial de se tornar o novo padrão para geração de animais transgênicos de grande porte Suínos / Humanized pig models are very important for biomedical research, and drugs and treatment development. Not only it is a better model for diseases than smaller animals because of its closer physiology, anatomy, metabolism and life span, it also may provide unlimited organs for transplantation. In spite of all this advantages, inconsistent gene expression in transgenic animals make its generation and evaluation expensive, unpredictable and do not allow proper outcome comparison between different animals. In this report we describe a reproducible technique utilizing the endogenous promoter for generation of a clonal pattern gene replacement protocol (clonal gene transplant) without cell cloning, maintaining the normal gene expression and its regulation. This protocol is reproducible and applicable to more than one gene target, allowing fast generation of transgenic animals cell lines (as low as 14-20 days) and could become the new standard for transgenic large animal generation

A Trombomodulina é um marcador endotelial da doença aterosclerótica, e seu uso como preditor da doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP) deve ser comprovada. Avaliou-se 41 pacientes com claudicação intermitente e 40 com isquemia crítica. A Trombomodulina plasmática (TMp) foi quantificada em todos os pacientes, através de método imunoenzimático (ELISA). As hipóteses de normalidade e de homogeneidade de variância foram provadas, respectivamente, pelos testes de Shapiro-Wilk e de Levene. A comparação da TMp entre ambos os grupos foi realizada empregando-se o teste t de Student. A utilização de pacientes com Claudicação Intermitente e com Isquemia Crítica é interessante como modelo de estudo e deve ser empregado para avaliar diferentes marcadores de prognóstico da DAOP. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante nos níveis de TMp nos grupos, não permitindo utilizar-se a TMp para avaliar o prognóstico da doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP) / Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial marker of arterosclerotic disease and its use as a predictor of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) must be proven. Forty-one patients having intermittent claudication and forty having critical ischemia were evaluated. Plasmatic Thrombomodulin (TMp) was quantified in all patients using the immunoenzymatic method (ELISA). The hypotheses of normality and variance homogeneity were proven, respectively, using the Wilk-Shapiro and Levene Tests. The comparison of the TMp between both groups was carried out using the Student-T Test. The utilization of patients with Intermittent Claudication and Critical Ischemia is interesting as a study model and should be used to evaluate different prognostic markers of PAD. No statistically significant difference was observed in the TMp levels between the groups, thus not permitting the use of TMp to evaluate the prognostics of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Les tests de coagulation actuellement disponibles en médecine vétérinaire ne parviennent pas à détecter l’état hypercoagulable de manière fiable. Les tests usuels de l’hémostase (ex : PT, PTT, antithrombine, D-dimères, etc.) n’évaluent malheureusement qu’une infime portion de la coagulation sanguine. Les tests globaux de l’hémostase, incluant la thromboélastographie et la génération de thrombine, permettent une évaluation plus complète de l’hémostase, incluant l’équilibre entre les facteurs procoagulants et anticoagulants. Ceux-ci comportent cependant encore certaines lacunes quant à leur performance diagnostique. L’étude présentée dans ce mémoire propose des modifications à la génération de thrombine conventionnelle dans le but d’identifier un état hypercoagulable chez des chiens malades. Plus précisément, nous avons comparé les effets in vitro de la thrombomoduline et de daltéparine sur la génération de thrombine réalisée chez des chiens sains et des chiens malades, pour démontrer une déficience en anticoagulants endogènes (i.e. protéine C et antithrombine) chez ces derniers. Pour se faire, 10 chiens sains et 10 chiens malades ont été sélectionnés en fonction de leur historique, examen physique et analyses sanguines. Du plasma pauvre en plaquettes a été obtenu pour chaque chien à partir de sang total citraté, aliquoté et congelé à -80 ̊Celsius pendant moins de 18 mois. La génération de thrombine a été mesurée sur le plasma décongelé à l'aide de la méthode Calibrated Automated Thrombogram. Les mesures ont d’abord été réalisées sans anticoagulant, puis avec l’addition de thrombomoduline et de trois concentrations de daltéparine (0,2, 0,4 et 0,6 U/ml). Le potentiel de thrombine endogène (ETP), le temps d’initiation (Lag time), le temps pour l’atteinte du pic (TTPeak) et le pic (Peak) ont été obtenus et analysés à l'aide d'un modèle linéaire mixte (p < 0,05). Aucune différence n’était observée entre les groupes avant l’ajout d’anticoagulants. L’ajout de thrombomoduline et de daltéparine entraînait une diminution significative de l'ETP et du Peak dans les deux groupes. Cependant, l’effet de ces deux anticoagulants étaient significativement moins marqué dans le groupe malade par rapport au groupe sain, à l'exception du Peak aux concentrations de daltéparine les plus élevées (0,4 U/ml et 0,6 U/ml). Cette modification de la génération de thrombine conventionnelle permet donc de mettre en évidence un déficit en anticoagulant endogène chez les chiens malades, chez lesquels la génération de thrombine est moins affectée par l’ajout in vitro de substances anticoagulantes. Par conséquent, effectuer la génération de thrombine avec et sans l'ajout d'anticoagulants exogènes pourrait être bénéfique pour la détection des états d'hypercoagulables chez le chien. / Current coagulation testing in veterinary medicine fails to reliably and consistently identify hypercoagulable states. Traditional coagulation assays (e.g. PT, PTT, antithrombin, D-dimers, etc.) only assess a small portion of the process of coagulation. Global coagulation assays, including thromboelastography and thrombin generation, allow a more complete evaluation of hemostasis, including the balance of procoagulant versus anticoagulant blood components. However, these tests still have shortcomings in terms of their diagnostic utility. The study presented in this thesis investigates modifications to conventional thrombin generation techniques as an attempt to better identify hypercoagulable states in sick dogs. More specifically, we aimed to compare the in vitro effects of thrombomodulin and dalteparin on thrombin generation performed in healthy dogs and dogs presented with illnesses associated with hypercoagulable states. We hypothesized that addition of these agents would demonstrate endogenous anticoagulant deficiencies (i.e. protein C and antithrombin) in sick dogs. Ten healthy dogs and ten sick dogs were selected based on history, physical examination and complete blood work. Platelet-poor plasma was obtained from citrated whole blood, aliquoted and frozen at -80 ̊Celsius for less than 18 months. Thrombin generation was measured on thawed plasma using a Calibrated Automated Thrombogram assay. Measurements were performed without anticoagulant and with the addition of thrombomodulin and dalteparin at three dilutions (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 U/ml). Endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), lag time (Lag time), time to peak (TTPeak) and peak thrombin generation (Peak) were recorded and analyzed using a mixed linear model (p < 0.05). No difference was observed between the groups before the addition of anticoagulants. The addition of thrombomodulin and dalteparin significantly decreased ETP and Peak thrombin generation in both groups. However, the effects of both anticoagulants were significantly less in the diseased group compared to the healthy group, except for Peak at the highest dalteparin concentrations (0.4 U/ ml and 0.6 U/ml). The addition of thrombomodulin and dalteparin to plasma in vitro highlights an endogenous anticoagulant deficiency in this population of sick dogs, by failing to reduce thrombin generation to the same extent as in healthy dogs. Therefore, performing thrombin generation with and without the addition of exogenous anticoagulants might be beneficial for the detection of hypercoagulable states in the dog.