Includes Fugitives and refugees in the Peloponnesian War, which is a study based on the third, unpublished part of the author's Thesis (Ph. D.--University of London, 1975). / Summary in Greek. Includes bibliographies and indexes.

Includes Fugitives and refugees in the Peloponnesian War, which is a study based on the third, unpublished part of the author's Thesis (Ph. D.--University of London, 1975). / Summary in Greek. Includes bibliographies and indexes.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, 2016. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-04-27T18:03:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_EmanuelleAlvesMelo.pdf: 1136574 bytes, checksum: b39e5a1ffeb99b265bbf287a8d942393 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2016-04-28T13:33:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_EmanuelleAlvesMelo.pdf: 1136574 bytes, checksum: b39e5a1ffeb99b265bbf287a8d942393 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T13:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_EmanuelleAlvesMelo.pdf: 1136574 bytes, checksum: b39e5a1ffeb99b265bbf287a8d942393 (MD5) / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar como o historiador Tucídides e o biógrafo Plutarco, em suas respectivas obras, História da Guerra do Peloponeso e Vida de Nícias, apresentam o caráter de Nícias, um general ateniense que, devido às suas ações, não foi bem-sucedido na expedição à Sicília. A análise do caráter desse personagem irá concentrar-se nas narrativas de ambos os autores e nos discursos oratórios que Tucídides atribui a Nícias. Dessa forma, para a análise do caráter do referido personagem, faz-se necessária a leitura de duas obras, a Retórica, de Aristóteles, e o diálogo Do Orador, de Cícero, visto que ambos os autores trazem duas concepções diferentes a respeito do caráter do orador: o primeiro defende que o caráter é construído por meio do discurso, enquanto o segundo, por meio da reputação do indivíduo. A partir da leitura de Tucídides e de Plutarco, verifica-se que a prudência é a característica principal de Nícias, porém, há outras que derivam desta, como a desconfiança, a necessidade de segurança e a lentidão para executar uma ação. Portanto, nesta pesquisa, será apresentado como cada um desses autores escreveu acerca do caráter de Nícias, tendo em vista que eles abordaram alguns aspectos de maneira distinta, como a prudência, ou mais detalhada, como a riqueza. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The purpose of this research aims to analyze how Thucydides and Plutarch represent Nicias’ character on their respective works: History of the Peloponnesian War and Life of Nicias. Nicias was an Athenian general, which had a dominant trait of caution and because of his attribute he was not very successful at the expedition to Sicilia. The analysis of Nicias’ character will be concentrated on the narratives of both authors and on the Thucydides’ speeches assigned to Nicias. In order to a correct analysis of aspects from Nicias’ character, the studies of two main works are necessary. These are: Aristotle’s Rhetoric and Cicero’s De Oratore. Both authors introduce two different conceptions about the orator’s character: the first one argues the éthos is conceived through the speeches, and the second one believes that character is the result of the reputation. After reading Thucydides’ and Plutarch’s works, it’s possible to infer that caution is the main character of Nicias, and this feature conceives other attributes as the distrust, the need for security and the delay to act. Therefore, this research expects to present an analysis about how the authors approach Nicias’s character since they have written different lines of analysis mostly about caution or with some details, such as wealth.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 316-335).

This book is a slightly modified version of the author's thesis, presented to the University of London, 1977. / Summary in Greek. Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (p. [225]-231).

Nos livros 6 e 7 das Histórias, Tucídides narra a expedição de Atenas à Sicília, que terminaria com a desastrosa derrota ateniense diante dos siracusanos e seus aliados. O relato engloba desde a assembleia em Atenas na qual os preparativos são discutidos até a derrota final do exército ateniense. Nota-se o destaque que a personagem Nícias, um dos generais atenienses que comandavam a expedição, tem no relato, pois muitas das suas ações e dos seus discursos são destacados pelo narrador. O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar a construção da personagem ao longo da narrativa e compreender o motivo do seu destaque. Para isso, utilizamos o instrumental da Narratologia, enfatizando o nível da narrativa (narradores primário e secundário) e as diferenças ou semelhanças entre a focalização primária representada pelo narrador primário (que relata a história principal) e a focalização secundária representada por Nícias. Depois de fazer a comparação entre os narradores, pode-se perceber que um narrador valida as informações transmitidas pelo outro, ou seja, as palavras e ações de Nícias ratificam o relato primário e vice-versa. Além disso, funcionam como um fio condutor no efeito interno no relato, proporcionando ao narrador primário a continuidade na sequência lógica do relato, ou seja, a derrota ateniense na Sicília. A caracterização da personagem Nícias é definida pelo seu modo de ação caracterizado como inação e o medo que demonstra diante da opinião pública desde o livro 6 e se intensifica no livro 7. Nícias, tal como retratado por Tucídides, desempenha uma função proléptica, pois, desde o início, o seu comportamento e os seus discursos já sinalizavam a sua dificuldade diante da liderança do exército. A importância de Nícias está no fato de que é por meio da sua focalização que o narrador indica a mudança da sorte ateniense, ao longo dos dois livros, ante a derrota do exército ateniense. A comparação entre o teor dos discursos de Nícias a medida em que a situação ateniense vai se tornando cada vez mais prejudicada, acompanha e intensifica o desânimo representado pela narrativa primária, corroborando assim com o objetivo do narrador primário de narrar, mais do que a expedição, a derrota. / In books 6 and 7 of Histories, Thucydides recounts the expedition of Athenas to Sicily, which would end after the disastrous Athenian defeat before the Siracusans and their allies. The report includes from the assembly in Athens in which the preparations are discussed until the final defeat of the Athenian army in Sicily. It is noteworthy the prominence that the character Nícias, one of the Athenian generals who commanded the expedition, has in the story, since many of his actions and his speeches are highlighted by the narrator. The objective of the dissertation is to investigate the character\'s presentation throughout the narrative of the books 6 and 7 and to understand the reason for its prominence in the narrative. For this, we use the Narratological instruments, emphasizing the narrative level (primary and secondary narrators) and the differences or similarities between the primary focalizer represented by the primary narrator (which reports the main story) and the secondary represented by Nícias. After comparing the narrators, it can be seen that one narrator validates the information transmitted by the other, that is, the words and actions of Nícias ratify the primary narrative and vice versa. Nícias also has the function as a guiding thread in the internal in the narrative, providing the primary narrator with continuity in the logical sequence of the account, that is, the Athenian defeat in Sicily. The construction of the character Nícias, his mode of action characterized as inaction and the fear he proves before public opinion define the performance of the Athenian general since book 6 and intensifies in the book 7. Nícias, as portrayed by Thucydides, plays a proleptic function, since from the beginning his behavior and his speeches already signaled his difficulty before the leadership of the army. The importance of Nícias lies in the fact that it is through his focalization that the narrator indicates the change in Athenian fortunes over the two books of the defeat of the Athenian army. The comparison between the content of the discourses of Nícias as the Athenian situation becomes increasingly impaired, accompanies and intensifies the discouragement represented by the primary narrative, thus corroborating with the primary narrator\'s purpose of narrating, besides the expedition, the defeat.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Classical Languages and Literature, August 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

In this dissertation, I consider Euripides’ tragedies of 415 (Alexandros-Palamedes-Troiades) and 412 (Helen-Andromeda), and books 6-8 of Thucydides’ Histories (on 416/15-411), with attention to particular thematic elements in each text. These include: ritual and religious impiety; infighting and power struggles between the upper-classes; and personal or collective abandonment to erotic impulses. I propose that during the period in question (or when writing about the period in question, in Thucydides’ case), both authors place novel emphasis on the combined effect of all three elements. This novelty expresses itself in two major ways. First, the authors treat religious indecorum, aristocratic jockeying, and erotic impulsivity as a set, with a consistency that exists neither in Euripides’ previous works, nor in Thucydides’ Histories 1-5. Second, both authors develop a particular vocabulary for these religious and socio-political struggles. Thucydides introduces new terms, or prefers alternative definitions for some that he regularly employs. The result is a section of text that is at once consistent with the material that precedes it, yet outstanding for its peculiar thematic and verbal elements. The focused consistency of Euripides’ thematic and verbal choices in his trilogy of 415 supports the argument that the tragedies of this year must be read as an interdependent set, in which the first two works hold the keys to the content and reading of the third. In his works of 412, choice terms signal Euripides’ unique engagement with the mythical tradition; choice themes link Helen and Andromeda while separating them from Euripides’ other works. My aim in considering these innovations is to offer a fresh way into a wide-ranging conversation regarding Euripides’ and Thucydides’ shared historical context and the similarities between their respective texts. A focused perspective calls attention to the exceptionality of the narrative subset in question, the perception of which can be dulled by generalizing, comprehensive approaches. Euripides and Thucydides appear to have shared certain literary sensibilities that set them in close alignment with one another — and apart from their contemporaries — as men whose contributions to the broader literary landscape were remarkable for the precise features of their construction and expression. / 2020-10-08T00:00:00Z

nÃo hà / O historiador grego TucÃdides escreveu a Guerra do Peloponeso porque percebeu que esta guerra seria grande, a maior guerra jà acontecida. A obra marca uma transiÃÃo de tÃcnica narrativa: se, em HerÃdoto, o pai da HistÃria, segundo o orador latino CÃcero, persiste a fÃbula, em TucÃdides hà o rompimento com o mythos, ou seja, a narrativa se constrÃi em termos concretos, pesquisados e analisados previamente (logos). Esse afastamento, contudo, à aparente. De fato, o historiador faz uso da razÃo ao compor sua narrativa, assim como utiliza uma linguagem por vezes âsecaâ e âÃsperaâ e afirma manter-se fiel apenas aos fatos. Como relacionÃ-lo, entÃo, com o mundo da literatura? Devemos analisar a figura do historiador a partir de outro viÃs. Segundo afirma White (1994), o viÃs do modo como uma situaÃÃo histÃrica depende da sutileza e da harmonia entre a estrutura do enredo e o conjunto dos acontecimentos, formando, por meio desse processo, uma operaÃÃo literÃria, criadora de ficÃÃo. O autor pesquisa, compila, analisa, interpreta e, por fim, recria os acontecimentos, reorganiza-os e reconfigura-os, com o intuito de produzir algo concreto, imparcial. A narrativa histÃrica, no entanto, està longe de ser tÃo simplÃria: hà muitas interpretaÃÃes possÃveis, hà muitas intersecÃÃes com outros gÃneros (tais como o Ãpico, o trÃgico e o cÃmico), e com outras Ãreas do conhecimento (a filosofia, a polÃtica, a economia). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho à justamente apontar tais caracterÃsticas no texto, evidenciando o labor artÃstico, o trabalho com a lÃngua grega e a imaginaÃÃo construtiva do historiador grego ao escrever sua obra. / The Greek historian Thucydides wrote his History of the Peloponnesian War because he realized that war would be big, the biggest one ever happened. His work marks a transition of narrative technique: if in Herodotus, the father of History, according to the Latin orator Cicero, the fable persists, in Thucydides there is a break with the mythos, that is, the narrative is constructed by concrete, researched and previously analyzed terms (logos). This removal is, however, seeming. In fact, the historian makes use of reason to make his narrative, as well as he sometimes uses a language âdryâ and âroughâ and he asserts to keep himself stick only to facts. Then how can we relate him to a literary world? We should analyze the picture of the historian from another perspective. Like asserts White (1994), the perspective of how an historical situation depends on the subtlety harmony between the structure of the plot and the group of actions that build, by way of this process, a literary operation, which creates the fiction. The author researches, gathers, analyzes, interprets and, finally, recreates the facts, rearranges and reconfigures them, in order to produce something concrete, impartial. However, the historical is not that simple: there are many possible interpretations, and there are many intersections with other genres (like epic, tragedy and comedy), and with other areas of knowledge (philosophy, politics, economy). Thus, the aim of this work is precisely to point out these characteristic of the text, proving the artistic value, the work with the Greek language and the constructive imagination of the Greek historian when he writes his work.

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