本文為探討天津市政府所轄各區縣之地方效率，並找出影響該地方效率之因素為何，首先針對有關天津政府效率之評估指標、財政分權程度之衡量及天津政府效率相關政策之文獻進行回顧，同時整理天津市所轄各區縣可能影響效率相關因素之發展現況，藉以取得適當變數，接著本研究將設計實證模型並進行假設，包含各項資料蒐集與整理，在利用資料包絡分析法(DEA)加以評估獲得天津市所轄各區縣之地方政府效率值後，並以TOBIT迴歸模型衡量相關因素對其效率之影響情況。 最後，本研究發現，對於天津市政府所轄各區縣之地方政府效率影響，其中以物價上漲程度、時間趨勢變數均屬負向變數。而財政分權程度、地方政府規模、經濟發展程度、開放程度則均為正向變數。而財政分權程度、地方政府規模均非屬單調性變數，表達該變數所影響效率狀態將非必然為單向相關，當程度或規模有所變化，其影響也可能將隨之化作反向影響。另外，就天津市所轄各區縣在2008至2010年政府效率之表現，以和平、河東、河西、南開、河北、北辰、濱海新區等7區有較高之政府效率，可期未來將更有突出發展。

Submitted by CESAR HIDEKI YAMAMOTO (yamamoto.cesar@gmail.com) on 2011-09-19T14:36:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Demanda_Bebidas_Alcoolicas_final.pdf: 826531 bytes, checksum: e1d50b76171bed6aff19a63a9009d69e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-09-19T14:49:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Demanda_Bebidas_Alcoolicas_final.pdf: 826531 bytes, checksum: e1d50b76171bed6aff19a63a9009d69e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-09-19T14:49:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Demanda_Bebidas_Alcoolicas_final.pdf: 826531 bytes, checksum: e1d50b76171bed6aff19a63a9009d69e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-09-19T14:54:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Demanda_Bebidas_Alcoolicas_final.pdf: 826531 bytes, checksum: e1d50b76171bed6aff19a63a9009d69e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-19 / The alcoholic beverage demand has been a topic of interest for a long time and many empirical economic researches can be found in the international literature, however there is a lack of studies concerning Brazilian market. This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of this market, analyzing the pattern of at-home alcoholic beverage consumption in Brazil using microdata from the “Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008/2009”. Demand equations for beer, wine, sugarcane spirit and other spirits are estimated. Since the POF 2008/2009 investigates household consumption only during one week, the estimation methods should include special treatment to the fact that many families can report zero consumption level. The potential bias due to this problem is overcome using Heckit and Tobit models for double-log and semi-log specifications, respectively. It is also estimated an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) directly from the sample of families with non-zero consumption – without the correction for the problem of zero consumption – to compare their results with the two previous models and to test the Consumer Theory‟s restrictions. The socio-demographic characteristics are more important in the decision process of purchasing than the definition of the quantity purchased. Beer and wine consumer families are similar: in general, or they live at urban centers, or there are few members in the family, or the household head is more educated. However, the greater presence of elderly has negative impact for beer, but positive for wine. On the other hand, sugarcane spirit is more present in families living in rural centers, or in the household where there are more members or whose head of family has less study. The presence of more women in the family or whose family head is female reduces the likelihood of alcoholic beverages demand, except for wine. All own-price elasticities estimated are negative, but their magnitudes depend on the specifications of the models. On the other hand, for the cross-price elasticities, the signs and magnitudes depend on the specification chosen. It was also identified a non-linear effect of income over beer and wine consumption and the conclusion is that the income increase has a positive effect on total pure alcohol demand approaching the Brazilian consumption pattern to the Western Europe countries. / A demanda por bebida alcoólica é um tema de interesse há muitos anos e diversos estudos econômicos empíricos podem ser encontrados na literatura internacional, porém existem muito poucos estudos para o mercado brasileiro. Assim sendo, este trabalho pretende contribuir para o melhor conhecimento deste mercado, analisando o consumo domiciliar de bebidas alcoólicas no Brasil a partir dos microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008/2009 (POF 2008/2009). São estimadas equações de demanda por cerveja, vinho, aguardente de cana e outros destilados. Uma vez que a POF 2008/2009 investiga o consumo familiar apenas para a semana de realização da entrevista, os métodos de estimação devem incluir tratamento especial para o fato de muitas famílias relatarem um nível de consumo igual a zero. O potencial viés decorrente desse problema é tratado utilizando os modelos Heckit e Tobit para especificações em duplo-log e semi-log, respectivamente. Também é estimado um Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) diretamente a partir da amostra de famílias com consumo não nulo – desconsiderando o problema de consumo zero – para comparar seus resultados com os dois modelos anteriores e também testar as restrições impostas pela Teoria do Consumidor. As características sócio-demográficas são mais importantes no processo de decisão de aquisição do que na definição da quantidade adquirida. Os domicílios consumidores de cerveja e vinho são similares: em geral estão em centros urbanos, têm menos moradores e o chefe da família tem mais escolaridade, mas a maior presença de idosos tem efeito negativo para cerveja e positivo para vinho. Por outro lado, a aguardente está mais presente em domicílios rurais, com maior presença de adultos e cujo chefe de família tem menos estudo. Domicílios cujo chefe é uma mulher e/ou com maior presença de mulheres apresentam menor probabilidade de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, com exceção do vinho. Todas as elasticidades-preço próprias encontradas são negativas, porém suas magnitudes dependem das especificações dos modelos. Já para as elasticidades cruzadas, os sinais e magnitudes dependem da especificação escolhida. Identificou-se também uma não linearidade no efeito da renda sobre o consumo de cerveja e vinho e concluiu-se que um aumento na renda tem efeito positivo sobre a demanda total de puro álcool, aproximando o padrão de consumo brasileiro ao consumo dos países da Europa Ocidental.

The thesis is focused on the analysis of selected ethical aspects in the book of Tobit. In the first part of the thesis explains the concept of ethics. In its second part individual ethical aspects of the book are explained. The third part tries to answer, what selected church documents and theological texts focused on ethics say about particular aspects analysed in the second part. At the end, particular events of the book of Tobit as ethical example for our lives and impact of Old Testament texts on present ethics are propounded to consider.

The thesis examines the influence of the tax deduction by reason of granting the donation on the taxpayers' behavior. The examination is working with Household Expenditure Survey (2004, 2005) of Czech Statistical Office and with author's own questionnaire survey (2007). In the first part the regression of demographical and economic characteristics on the amount of donation and its probability is run. There are the internal opinions of informant according to the filled questionnaire described in the second part. The regression was processed using Logit, Probit and Tobit models; the following section consists of frequency analysis.

La presente investigación busca determinar el efecto de un aumento en el nivel de ingresos sobre la demanda por educación superior de los hogares peruanos diferenciado por estratos socioeconómicos. El análisis se divide en dos etapas, la primera consiste en estimar los determinantes del gasto en educación implementando una metodología TOBIT con el fin de evidenciar qué factor tiene un mayor efecto; posteriormente al contar con la información de que el gasto del hogar es el determinante decisivo, tal y como se menciona en la literatura, se analizaron las elasticidades ingreso de la demanda por educación por distintos grupos de ingreso. La investigación concluye que el gasto en el hogar es el factor que tiene mayor efecto en asignar gasto a la educación; asimismo, se evidencia que a medida va aumentando el nivel de ingresos, mayor es la elasticidad ingreso; sin embargo, al llegar a cierto punto de ingresos, esta va a empezar a disminuir. / This research project aims to determine the effect of an increase in the level of income on the demand for higher education in Peruvian households, differentiated by socioeconomic strata. The analysis is divided into two parts. First, a TOBIT methodology is applied to estimates the determinants of spending on education in order to show which factor has a greater effect. Afterwards, having the information that household spending is the decisive determinant, as mentioned in the literature, the income elasticities of the demand for education by different income groups were analyzed. The results concludes that household spending is the factor that has the greatest effect on allocating spending to education. Likewise, it is evidenced that as the level of income increases, the income elasticity increases too. However, upon reaching a certain point of income level, this will begin to decrease. / Trabajo de investigación

La presenten investigación busca determinar el efecto del nivel educativo de los jefes del hogar sobre la seguridad alimentaria de los hogares peruanos. El análisis se realiza a través del modelo Tobit con el fin de evidenciar cuales son los factores y en que cantidad; es decir, busca determinar si el impacto del nivel educativo de los padres es positivo o negativo, junto a otros determinantes dentro del hogar, y cuánta es la probabilidad de ocurrencia de que un hogar cuente con seguridad alimentaria. La investigación concluye que un hogar cuente con seguridad alimentaria, medida como el gasto alimentario del hogar, si los jefes del hogar tienen un nivel educativo más alto junto con mayores ingresos. / This research project aims to determine the effect of the educational level of household heads on the food security of Peruvian households. The analysis is carried out through the TOBIT model in order to show which are the factors and in what quantity. That is, aims to determine whether the impact of the parent’s educational level is positive or negative, together with other determinants within the household has food security. The research concludes that a household has food security, measured as the household’s food expenditure, if the heads of the household have a higher educational level along with higher income. / Trabajo de investigación

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