A produção de matérias-primas minerais é feita através de tecnologia conhecida mundialmente. No entanto, a crescente competição econômica mundial faz com que este domínio tecnológico não seja, por si só, suficiente para assegurar a sobrevivência das empresas de mineração. É necessário, também, que os métodos de gestão utilizados pela indústria de mineração estejam alinhados com a lógica da competitividade, visando maximizar os resultados econômicos financeiros das organizações como forma de sustentação no cenário globalizado atual. Esta tese está relacionada com a maximização dos resultados passíveis de serem alcançados nas indústrias de mineração, a ser obtida através de uma forma de gestão que integre a tecnologia intrínseca da Engenharia de Minas com a tecnologia de gestão da Engenharia de Produção. Esta integração é realizada através de um Modelo de Gestão Integrada, proposto nesta tese. A construção deste modelo teve como ponto de partida a experiência realizada pelo autor desta tese na mineração de fluorita no final dos anos 90, quando foram implementados alguns conceitos de Engenharia de Produção nesta atividade mineral.A partir desta experiência, sedimentada com a agregação de conceitos teóricos, foram selecionados três outros cenários na indústria de mineração para o desenvolvimento desta tese, nos quais foram utilizadas duas metodologias de pesquisa. Na mineração de calcário e na mineração de ametista, a Pesquisa-Ação foi a metodologia de pesquisa selecionada, enquanto que na mineração de carvão utilizou-se o Estudo de Caso. Na mineração de fluorita, a implementação de melhorias no processo de produção, devido à integração dos dois ramos da Engenharia considerados, resultou na redução dos gastos totais por tonelada de produto final, em função da eliminação de perdas no sistema de produção. A empresa transformou-se em uma organização de aprendizagem. Na mineração de calcário, a disseminação de conhecimentos da Engenharia de Produção através de processos de aprendizagem, propiciou o desenvolvimento de uma visão sistêmica do processo de produção por parte dos colaboradores, bem como a implementação de uma forma de gestão com o objetivo de otimizar o uso da capacidade existente. Neste cenário foi considerado, também, o desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Na mineração de ametista, o modelo de gestão proposto propiciou a realização de melhorias não somente no fluxo de produção, mas tambémna qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores devido à melhoria nas condições de trabalho desta atividade mineral. Na mineração de carvão, este trabalho procurou evidenciar a importância de se desenvolver novos produtos buscando a plena utilização da capacidade instalada. Neste cenário foram abordadas, também, questões relacionadas com o controle do meio ambiente. A análise e o estudo dos quatro cenários resultaram na construção de uma estrutura de mudanças e de um processo de mudanças para o Modelo de Gestão Integrada. A estrutura de mudanças do modelo é suportada pela integração das técnicas de lavra e beneficiamento mineral com as técnicas de gestão bem como pela inovação, que pode ser de produtos, serviços, métodos e mercado e, ainda, na forma de como é feita a gestão na Organização. Ela propicia a obtenção de melhores resultados nas organizações através da maior utilização dos ativos, com a ampliação do mercado, a redução dos custos operacionais e o aumento do lucro.O processo de mudanças do modelo tem início a partir da realização de um diagnóstico situacional para avaliar a sinergia existente na empresa entre os dois ramos da Engenharia considerados e tende a transformar a mesma em uma organização de aprendizagem para assimilação, integração e sedimentação dos conceitos, técnicas e ferramentas de Engenharia de Minas e de Engenharia de Produção. / Mineral raw material production is done through a well known worldwide technology. However, the technological domain seems to be insufficient to cope with the survival of mining industries in view of the increasing world economic competition. In addition, it is necessary that the management methods adopted by the mining industry be aligned with the logic of competitiveness aiming to maximize the financial and economic outcomes of the organizations as a way of supporting themselves in the current globalized scenario. This thesis deals with the maximization of outcomes to be achieved in the mining industries through a form of management that integrates Mining Engineering intrinsic technology with managing technology from Industrial Engineering. This integration is carried out through an Integrated Management Model proposed. The model was first devised by the author in the fluorspar mining in the late 90’s as some concepts from Industrial Engineering were being implemented. Drawing on the author’s experience, rooted in the aggregation of theoretical concepts, three other sites in the mining industry were chosen as a scenario for the work where two research methods were used. As for limestone and amethyst mining, the Survey-Action method was applied, while Case Study was used for coal mining. For fluorspar mining, the improvement in production based upon the integration of the Engineering areas resulted in a reduction of the total costs per ton for finished product, allowing the elimination of waste in such production system. The company became a learning organization. For limestone mining, the Industrial Engineering knowledge spread through learning steps provided a systemic view of the production process and implemented a management approach aiming to optimize the use of the existing capacity. In this setting, the development of new products was also taken into account. For amethyst mining, the management model provided improvements in the production flow and also improved the employee’s life quality due to better working conditions. In the last case study, coal mining, this work attempted to emphasize the importance of developing new products by using the company’s full capacity. In addition, issues related to environmental polution control were addressed. The analysis and study of the four scenarios led to the construction of a structure and a process of changes for the Integrated ManagementModel. The model changing structure is supported by the integration of mining and processing techniques with management through the innovation of products, services, methods and market. It provides better outcomes with the expansion of market share, operational costs reduction and higher profitability. The model changing process starts by a situational diagnostic to access the existing synergy between the two areas of Engineering previously mentioned and tends to transform the same into a learning organization to assimilate, integrate and consolidate the concepts, techniques and tools from Mining Engineering and Industrial Engineering.

Halten organiska kolföreningar ökar i svenska ytvatten till följd av bland annat klimatförändringar och förändrad markanvändning i avrinningsområdet. Organiskt kol bidrar till färg, smak och lukt på vattnet och fungerar även som substrat för akvatiska mikroorganismer. Ungefär hälften av svenskt dricksvatten produceras idag från ytvatten. Det är av stor vikt att det organiska kolet, och då särskilt den bionedbrytbara lösta kolfraktionen, BDOC, renas bort från dricksvatten då dessa kolföreningar annars kan utgöra en fara för dricksvattensäkerheten. Vid Lovö vattenreningsverk i Stockholm testas nu en ny jonbytesbaserad reningsprocess i pilotskala för att förbättra vattenreningen av ytvatten med förhöjda halter organiska kolföreningar. För att undersöka och utvärdera den nya reningsprocessen togs vattenprover på ingående råvatten och därefter mellan varje steg i den jonbytesbaserade reningsprocessen. För jämförelse genomfördes samma provtagning i den fullskaliga, konventionella reningsprocessen, en process som idag producerar dricksvatten till konsumenter i norra delen av Stockholm. Proverna inkuberades i mörker i 20° C under cirka tre veckor. Under tiden utfördes mätningar och prover togs för analys. De parametrar som analyserades var syrgaskonsumtion, förändringar i bakteriehalt och halten totalt organiskt kol (TOC), samtliga med målet att kvantifiera den mikrobiella tillväxtpotentialen och innehållet av BDOC. Analyserna visade att det nya processteget i pilotanläggningen, som baseras på suspenderade anjonbytare, har potential att rena bort delar av den bionedbrytbara fraktionen av TOC. Det efterföljande, desinficerande, ozoneringssteget oxiderar därefter delar av kvarvarande TOC till mer bionedbrytbar form. Det allra sista reningssteget, ett granulerat aktivt kolfilter var ej i drift under projektet. Detta steg har dock i andra studier visats rena bionedbrytbart kol effektivt, varför den sammantagna bedömningen är att den nya reningsmetoden har god potential för rening av bionedbrytbara kolföreningar.

Freshwater bodies have been long observed to become browner within the northern hemisphere. This brownification, has made drinking water production difficult, since increased organic content in freshwaters requires higher dosages of chemicals during water treatment.  Changes in land use through increased industrial forestry, decreased sulphur deposition from reduced industrial emissions, changing patterns of hydrological and meteorological parameters resulting from climate change, including recently highlighted increase in iron concentrations have been proposed to explain brownification. Drained peat bogs are man-made source of brownifying substances, capable of causing brownification in the rivers and lakes where the water ends up. This research is aimed at investigating dissolved organic matter, total organic carbon, iron, phosphorous, nitrogen and colour in bog ditches draining into the Storån River and Lake Bolmen in southern Sweden, in order to answer these research questions: (1) What are the differences in the level of water quality parameters, pH, conductivity, temperature, DOM, TOC, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, Fe and colour, between bog ditches and Storån River? And what could be the outcome of Colour absorbance comparison, between bog ditches, Storån and lake Bolmen as a single control sample? (2) Is there any association among the different water quality parameters, pH, conductivity, temperature, DOM, TOC, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, Fe and colour within the bog ditch water? Water samples from bog ditches and their corresponding Storån River locations, were used in the analysis. DOM and flow showed significant differences, after statistical test for difference. Conductivity, DOM, total nitrogen and total phosphorous exhibited significant correlations with pH.  TOC also had a correlation with DOM., while colour correlated and depended strongly on Fe, within the bog ditches. Therefore, the bog ditch has behaved to contribute some amount of the brownification, found in Southern Swedish Lakes and Rivers. This knowledge might be useful in future, for more studies and control of Swedish fresh water brownification.

Due to the current increase in lake water total organic carbon (LW-TOC), many studies have investigated the long-term dynamics using lake sediments. However, these have mainly been focused on Sweden’s south and south-central parts. Thus, this study aimed to investigate how LW-TOC concentrations in northern freshwater systems have changed over the recent few centuries and what effect potential trends or patterns may have on mercury (Hg). A multi-proxy study was conducted that included geochemical characteristics, inferred LW-TOC, chlorophyll a, and land-use observations acting as a supplement to modern land-use changes. The results show that LW-TOC concentrations display tendencies to a decreasing trend in the deepest part of the sediment, which could be related to traditional land-use activities. This is followed by a more rapid decrease reaching equally low LW-TOC concentrations as in southern and south-central Sweden, here suggested being caused by catchment disturbances superimposed by acid deposition. During the recent decades, LW-TOC displayed increasing concentrations, possibly due to the combined effect of the reduction of the abovementioned factors, but also likely to be superimposed by an increase in temperature similar to what has been shown for Canadian lakes. These results align broadly with lakes in southern and south-central Sweden, although with potentially different forcings in the earliest part of the sediment. This contemporary increase in LW-TOC is accompanied by an increase in Hg in two lakes, with both LW-TOC and Chl-a show possible relations.

The U.S. Navy has been confronted with budget cuts and constraints during recent years. This reduction in budget compels the U.S. Navy to limit the number of manpower and personnel to control costs. Reducing the total ownership cost (TOC) has become a major topic of interest for the Navy as plans are made for current and future fleets. According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO, 2003), manpower is the most influential component of determining the life cycle cost of a ship. The vast majority of the TOC is comprised of operating and support (O&S) costs which account for approximately 65 percent of the TOC. Manpower and personnel costs account for approximately 50 percent of O&S costs. This research focused on tradeoff analysis and cost estimation between manpower and new technology implementation. Utilizing concepts from System Dynamics Modeling (SDM), System Dynamics Causal Loop diagrams (CLD) were built to identify major factors when implementing new technology, and then stocks and flows diagrams were developed to estimate manpower cost associated with new technology implementation. The SDM base model reflected an 18 months period for technology implementation, and then compared different technology implementation for different scenarios. This model had been tested by the public data from Department of the Navy (DoN) Budget estimates. The objective of this research was to develop a SDM to estimate manpower cost and technology tradeoff analysis associated with different technology implementations. This research will assist Navy decision makers and program managers when objectively considering the impacts of iii technology selection on manpower and associated TOC, and will provide managers with a better understanding of hidden costs associated with new technology adoption. Recommendations were made for future study in manpower cost estimation of ship systems. In future studies, one particular type of data should be located to test the model for a specific manpower configuration.

Swedavia är ett statligt ägt bolag som äger och driver tio flygplatser i Sverige, varav Stockholm Arlanda Airport är en. Flygplatsen har ett miljötillstånd där ett utredningsvillkor kallat U4 finns. Prövotidsutredningen syftar främst till att utvärdera reningseffekten hos dagvattenanläggningarna vid flygplatsen, med slutgiltiga villkor om utsläpp av bl.a. organiska föreningar och näringsämnen. När det under vintertid bildas snö- och isbeläggningar på flygplanen och banorna riskerar det att delvis påverka den aerodynamiska förmågan men också orsaka otillräcklig friktion mellan flygplansdäcken och marken. För att förhindra att olyckor sker eller att plan inte lyfter används framför allt kaliumformiat och propylenglykol som av-isning och halkbekämpningsmedel. Följden av att använda dessa blir förhöjda halter löst TOC (Total Organic Carbon) i dagvattnet och det kan leda till syrefria förhållanden i recipienten, vilket i detta fall är Märstaån. Swedavia har, med det primära syftet att rena dagvattnet på av-isning-och halkbekämpningsmedel, anlagt flera dagvattenanläggningar på flygplatsområdet. Dessa består av dammar som genom biologisk nedbrytning och sedimentering ska rena vattnet med avseende på TOC. Enligt ett prövotidsvillkor som uppkom i samband med miljödomen för flygplatsen ska slutgiltiga halter bestämmas och den potentiella reningseffektiviteten av dagvattnet ska undersökas. Reningseffektiviteten har dock visat sig vara svår att fastställa då dammarna kontinuerligt fylls på med vatten och att vattnet leds förbi dammarna via bypass-funktion vid för stora vattenflöden. Då reningseffektiviteten i dammarna fortfarande inte är fastställd är denna studies syfte att utvärdera reningseffekten och om den kan förbättras. Ett inkubationsförsök för nedbrytning gjordes med en experimentuppställning där vattenprover från Arlanda inkuberades i 3 olika temperaturer (5°C, 10°C och 23°C) med kategorierna låg/hög TOC-halt och med/utan tillsats av makronäringsämnena fosfor och kväve (N och P), enligt Redfield förhållandet 106:16:1. Försöket pågick i 33 dagar och kontinuerliga vattenprover togs för att sedan analysera TOC-halten. Resultatet visade att näringstillsats, enligt Redfieldförhållandet, inte hade någon statistisk signifikant påverkan på nedbrytningshastigheten vid 5°C och 10°C. Det fanns dock en statistisk signifikant skillnad vid 23°C, vilket tyder på att näringstillsats är gynnsamt för nedbrytningen vid högre temperaturer. Vid jämförelser mellan nedbrytningshastigheterna vid olika temperaturer fanns det en statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan proverna, förutom för kategorin med hög initialhalt utan näring. Vid låg initialhalt och en temperatur på 5°C, 10°C och 23°C kunde en reduktion av TOC på 65-73%, 83-86% samt 80-90% för respektive temperatur observeras efter en inkubationstid på 33 dagar. För proverna som startade med hög initialhalt i temperaturerna 5°C, 10°C reducerades TOC med 4-42% och 11-16%, och för 23°C skiljde sig nedbrytningen mellan kategorierna näringstillsats/ingen näringstillsats. Utan näring ökade TOC-halten med 38% och med näring reducerades den med 88 % efter 33 inkubationsdagar. En ökning av halten tyder på felkällor i metoden. Nedbrytningshastigheten och tiden för 100% nedbrytning vid låg och hög initialhalt för olika förutsättningar för hela perioden var mellan 0.34-1.02 mg/l respektive 8.45-11.47 mg/l TOC per dag samt 30-47 respektive 39-84 dagar. Efter en vecka var spannet mellan nedbrytningshastigheter för låga och höga initialhalter 1.63-6.98 mg/l respektive 33.21-83.28 mg/l TOC per dag och reningskapacitetenefter en vecka var 33-100% respektive 30-81%. De förbättringar som kan föreslås, baserat på resultatet i studien, är att se över möjligheten att ha ett kostnadseffektivt uppvärmt system, eventuellt genom att nyttja spillvärme på flygplatsen. Vid uppvärmning kan ett alternativ vara att tillföra näringsrikt avloppsvatten, för att upprätthålla en effektiv nedbrytning. Om detta inte är möjligt bör man överväga möjligheten att introducera ett ytterligare reningssteg, som ett biofilter som reducerar TOC-halten innan vattnet lagras i dammarna. Mer studier krävs dock för att kunna dra välgrundade slutsatser från arbetet, eftersom det i studien uppkommit osäkerheter i resultatet. / Swedavia is a state-owned company that owns and operates ten airports in Sweden, of which Stockholm Arlanda Airport is one. The airport has an environmental permit where an investigation condition called U4 exists. The investigation condition primarily aims to evaluate the treatment of stormwater at the airport, with final conditions regarding emissions of e.g. organic compounds and nutrients. Snow and ice deposits form on airplanes and runways during winter, this affects the aerodynamic ability of the airplanes and cause insufficient friction between the airplane tires and the ground. To prevent crashes or planes not taking off, anti-icing agents such as mono propylene glycol and potassium formate are being used. The consequence of using these agents is increased levels of dissolved organic material in the stormwater and in the worst case this can lead to oxygen depletion in the recipient, which in this case is Märstaån. Swedavia has, with the primary purpose of purifying stormwater, built several stormwater facilities in the airport area. These consist of ponds that through biological decomposition depletes the water of the dissolved organic material. According to the trial period investigation, the final conditions for the storm water should be decided and the potential TOC-removal efficiency from the storm water needs to be evaluated. However, it has been hard to establish how well the ponds reduction of TOC work since water continuously fills up the ponds and because water sometimes gets bypassed when there are high flows. Since the reduction of TOC in the ponds is still not determined, the the purpose of this study was to evaluate the TOC-removal efficiency and whether it can be improved. Experimental incubations for degradation of TOC where conducted with water samples from Arlanda, incubated at 3 different temperatures (5°C, 10°C and 23°C) with the categories low/high TOC content and with/without addition of nutrients, according to the Redfield ratio 106:16:1. The experiment lasted 33 days and continuous water samples were taken to then analyze the TOC content. The result showed that nutrient addition according to the Redfield ratio had no statistically significant influence on the degradation, except at 23°C, which suggests that nutrient addition is beneficial at higher temperatures. When comparing the degradation rates at different temperatures, there was a statistically significant difference between the samples, except for the high initial content category without added nutrients. At a low initial content and a temperature of 5°C, 10°C and 23°C, a TOC-reduction of 65-73%, 83-86% and 80-90% was observed for the respective temperature after 33 days of incubation. For the samples that started with a high initial content in the temperatures 5°C, 10°C, a TOC removal of 4-42% and 11-16% was observed and for 23°C, the TOC-removal differed between the the samples without and with addition of nutrients. Without added nutrient, the TOC content increased by 38% and with added nutrient, it was reduced by 88 % after 33 days of incubation. An increase in the TOC content indicates sources of error in the method. The degradation rate and time to 100% degradation at low and high initial content for different conditions and the entire test period was between 0.34-1.02 mg/l respectively 8.45-11.47 mg/l TOC per day and 30-47 and 39-84 days respectively. After a week the range of degradation rates for low and high initial concentrations was 1.63-6.98 mg/l respectively 33.21-83.28 mg/l TOC per day and the TOC-removal capacity after one week was 33-100% respectively 30-83%. The improvements suggested, based on the results of the study, is to investigate the possibility of having a cost-effective heated pond system, possibly if there is waste heat to use from the airport. When heating, an alternative may be to add nutrient-rich wastewater, to maintain efficient degradation. If this is not possible, consideration should be given to the possibility of introducing an additional step for TOC-removal, such as a biofilter that reduces the TOC content before the water is stored in the ponds. However, more studies are required to draw well-founded conclusions from the study, as there were uncertainties in the results.

Den här studien undersöker identifieringen och minskningen av flaskhalsar iproduktionsprocesser genom simulering, med hjälp av en fallstudie på Företag X.Fokus ligger på diskret händelsesimulering (DES) som ett strategiskt verktyg för attförbättra tillverkningseffektiviteten genom att exakt lokalisera och åtgärdaproduktionsflaskhalsar. Genom omfattande simuleringsstudier identifierade studienkritiska flaskhalsar som betydligt påverkar produktionslinjens genomströmning ochoperationella effektivitet. Studien använder både primär- och sekundärdata, ochintegrerar verkliga operationella mätvärden med simuleringsmodeller för att ge enrealistisk bedömning av produktionsdynamiken. Resultaten betonar effektiviteten avDES inte bara i att identifiera den exakta platsen och processen hosproduktionsflaskhalsarna, men också i att föreslå och utvärdera potentiella åtgärderför att lindra dessa flaskhalsar. Rekommendationer för processförbättringar hosFöretag X och vidare forskning diskuteras, vilket understryker vikten av kontinuerliganpassning och teknologisk integration i tillverkningssystem för att möta dynamiskamarknadskrav och stärka konkurrensfördelen. Studien illustrerar hur avanceradesimuleringsmetoder kan vara en avgörande komponent i strategiskt beslutsfattandeinom industriell operationshantering.

This dissertation reports the investigation and combination of optimization methodologies and the result of implementing them within a production environment. A literature survey was conducted on the optimization methodologies Lean Manufacturing and theory of constraints (TOC). A number of production optimization methodologies were studied and considered for application to the case study organisation. Due to the small size and relative simplicity of the operation, these methodologies had to be simplified and combined into a more relevant form. A refractory manufacturer was used as a case study for the investigation into the optimization of the dry batch plant. Lean Manufacturing and TOC are optimization methodologies that could be employed to optimize the dry batch plant. Tools from these methodologies were used to investigate problems identified within the production process that were causing the batching plant to perform non-optimally. A time and motion study was conducted and a process flow chart was created to understand the production process. Wasteful activities were identified using a value stream map and a flow process chart was used to visualise the movement within the production process. A 5-Why analysis was conducted to determine the root causes. An optimization plan was created to eliminate the wasteful activities and the operational measures, that is throughput, inventory and operating expense, were used as to determine what the effect the optimization plan would have on the wasteful activities (Lean Manufacturing) found within the batching plant and the organisation. The results of the combined effect of the optimization plan are discussed focusing on the improvements in the operational measures and the increase in profit from sales. Future research is suggested to improve the benchmarking of the optimization plan and any future improvements that the organisation might implement. / MSc (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This dissertation reports the investigation and combination of optimization methodologies and the result of implementing them within a production environment. A literature survey was conducted on the optimization methodologies Lean Manufacturing and theory of constraints (TOC). A number of production optimization methodologies were studied and considered for application to the case study organisation. Due to the small size and relative simplicity of the operation, these methodologies had to be simplified and combined into a more relevant form. A refractory manufacturer was used as a case study for the investigation into the optimization of the dry batch plant. Lean Manufacturing and TOC are optimization methodologies that could be employed to optimize the dry batch plant. Tools from these methodologies were used to investigate problems identified within the production process that were causing the batching plant to perform non-optimally. A time and motion study was conducted and a process flow chart was created to understand the production process. Wasteful activities were identified using a value stream map and a flow process chart was used to visualise the movement within the production process. A 5-Why analysis was conducted to determine the root causes. An optimization plan was created to eliminate the wasteful activities and the operational measures, that is throughput, inventory and operating expense, were used as to determine what the effect the optimization plan would have on the wasteful activities (Lean Manufacturing) found within the batching plant and the organisation. The results of the combined effect of the optimization plan are discussed focusing on the improvements in the operational measures and the increase in profit from sales. Future research is suggested to improve the benchmarking of the optimization plan and any future improvements that the organisation might implement. / MSc (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

L'évaluation des modifications des caractéristiques d'un système dynamique non-stationnaire est étudiée suivant les modifications des paramètres modaux. Pour cela, nous étudions en premier l'obtention de ces paramètres, à l'aide des méthodes d'identification à partir des réponses vibratoires mesurées. Trois méthodes d'identification sont étudiées: la méthode de Décomposition Orthogonale Propre (POD), la méthode de Décomposition en Valeurs Singulières (SVD) et la méthode de Décomposition Orthogonale Régularisée (SOD). Ensuite, trois étapes sont considérées pour suivre les changements de masse des systèmes non-stationnaires à partir des variations des paramètres modaux: la localisation de l'instant du changement (étape 1), la détection de la position du changement (étape 2) et la quantification de la valeur du changement (étape 3). Pour l'étape 1, la transformée en ondelettes (TO) qui est une analyse temps-fréquence est appliquée. Ensuite, trois méthodes de détection de la position du changement de la masse sont développées dans l'étape 2. Enfin, la variation relative des fréquences propres est utilisée pour la quantification de la variation relative de la masse dans l'étape 3. Toutes ces méthodes ont été testées numériquement. De plus une maquette simplifiée de bâtiment a été instrumentée sous excitations de choc. Ces essais ont permis de valider les méthodes développées dans cette thèse