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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Tvorba softwarové podpory metody CCPM v prostředí MS Project / Development of software support for CCPM method in MS Project

Herout, Jan January 2009 (has links)
Project management, to which the thesis "Development of software support for CCPM method in MS Project" aims, is a very important part of everyday life for most present companies. The project management has gone through rapid development, through the second half of last century, during which many new techniques and methods, for planning and managing projects, were developed. One of these methods was critical chain project management method (CCPM), developed by E. M. Goldratt in the mid 80th of last century. At the end of the 20th century the market began to be flooded by software applications which supported project management, thanks to the boom of information and communication technologies. Because the CCPM method is still too young, there is only a very little amount of products aimed at this method. Author of the thesis took as its main objective the development of a software application that would serve to support the project management by CCPM method, and will work as an extension to an existing, widely used product, MS Project. To achieve this objective, few secondary objectives have to be met. The first is to characterize methods for project management with a focus on the critical chain project management method, including the description of the advantages and disadvantages of this method. These objectives will be achieved with the help of literature search, supplemented by knowledge gained by studying the issue at the college. Another secondary objective is to find, analyze and compare existing software used for project management support with CCPM method. For the primary analysis the author mainly uses information supplied by developers of these products, for the deeper analysis is used a model project that examines the behavior of the application in standard situations. For product comparison is made a group of criteria, which can also serve for potential readers as the basis for decision of the choice of suitable application for their needs. The main objective of the work, the development of the application, is based on the requirements set on the basis of information obtained from literature and on the results from testing of existing applications. This application is considered to be the greatest benefit of the thesis. In the end of the thesis the newly developed application is compared with existing products, by testing on a model project and by evaluating with a group of criteria established for evaluation of existing products.
72

Hydrodynamic modelling of fate and transport of natural organic matter and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Lake Ekoln

Ekman, Frida January 2021 (has links)
Societies are facing great challenges with obtaining a good quality and quantity of drinking water in the context of climate change. Increases in natural organic matter (NOM) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been observed in lakes and drinking water the past years, which is of great concern for water treatment plants in Sweden. It is therefore vital to increase the knowledge regarding the distribution of these substances in the environment. The main objective of this project was therefore to further develop a hydrodynamic model for lake Ekoln by including transportation and degradation of NOM. This was to be done by calibrating the model in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and Water colour (Colour). A second objective was to investigate the requirements to successfully model PFAS in Ekoln for future studies. The study was done using the model MIKE 3 FM, developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) The two variables TOC and Colour, were calibrated separately for the period of February 2017 to September 2018. For TOC the within-lake processes were decay and sedimentation. These were described using a reference decay constant for 20 °C (k0), that was scaled using the Arrhenius temperature coefficient (θ), and sedimentation was represented by a settling velocity (vsm). For Colour the included process was photooxidation. This process was described using a maximum photooxidation rate (kphoto) that was scaled using the Monod relation including parameters for minimum photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) necessary for photooxidation to occur (Imin) and a PAR half saturation constant (I1/2). The calibration of TOC resulted in the following best fit parameters for k0  of 0.001 d-1, θ of 1.07 and vsm of 0.001 md-1. The calibration of Colour resulted in the following best fit parameters for kphoto of 0.0125 d-1, Imin of 0 µmol photons m-2s-1 and I1/2 of 4 µmol photons m-2s-1. Overall it can be concluded that the chosen processes managed to capture the seasonal variations of TOC and Colour, and the calibrated parameter values are in line with similar studies. The assumption of not including autochthonous input proved to be the biggest source of error in the calibration of TOC but proved to have a minor influence on the calibration of Colour. To achieve a more realistic representation of photooxidation in the vertical profile, for the simulation of Colour, more processes should be considered to be added in the model in future studies. The results presented in this study contributes with increased knowledge of carbon budgets in lakes and can be used to predict water quality hazards connected to climate change and extreme events. The limited access to PFAS data for Ekoln, constrained the study of PFAS and only two sources could therefore be studied: The sewage treatment plant Kungsängsverket and precipitation. The results showed that the simulated concentrations of PFAS in Ekoln only accounted for 40 % of the observed concentrations. It could further be concluded that the contribution from precipitation is negligible. For future studies it is judged to be vital to include Fyrisån as a PFAS source, and to look into processes that influence PFAS distribution, such as sedimentation and adsorption to organic matter. / Samhällen står idag inför stora utmaningar vad gäller att tillhandahålla god kvalitet och kvantitet av dricksvatten under rådande klimatförändringar. De senaste åren har det observerats ökande halter av naturligt organiskt material (NOM) och per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS) i sjöar och dricksvatten, vilket är bekymmersamt för Sveriges vattenreningsverk. Det är därför av största vikt att öka kunskapen om dessa ämnens distribution i miljön. Huvudsyftet med denna studie var därför att vidareutveckla en hydrodynamisk modell för sjön Ekoln så att den även inkluderar transporten och nedbrytningen av NOM. Detta utfördes genom att kalibrera modellen för totalt organisk kol (TOC) och Vattenfärg (Färg). Ett andra syfte var att undersöka vilka förutsättningar som krävs för att kunna modellera PFAS på ett korrekt sätt i Ekoln. Studien utfördes i modellverktyget MIKE 3 FM, utvecklat av DHI.  De två variablerna TOC och Färg kalibrerades separat för perioden februari 2017 – september 2018. Processerna som valdes att påverka TOC var nedbrytning och sedimentation. Dessa processer beskrevs med hjälp av en referens-nedbrytningskonstant för 20 °C (k0), vilken anpassades med hjälp av Arrhenius temperaturkoefficient (θ) och sedimentation beskrevs med hjälp av en sedimentationshastighet (vsm). Färg påverkades endast av processen fotooxidation vilken beskrevs med en maximal hastighet för fotooxidation  (kphoto) som anpassades med hjälp av Monods relation. Anpassningen skedde med hjälp av parametern för minimal fotosyntetiskt aktivt ljus (PAR) för att fotooxidation ska ske (Imin) samt en PAR halv mättnads konstant (I1/2) .  Kalibreringen resulterade i värden för k0 av 0.001 d-1, θ av 1.07 och vsm av 0.001 md-1. Kalibreringen för Färg resulterade i värden för kphoto av 0.0125 d-1, Imin av 0 µmol fotoner m-2s-1 och I1/2 av 4 µmol fotoner m-2s-1. Det kan konstateras att de valda processerna lyckas med att beskriva säsongsvariationerna av både TOC och Färg och att de kalibrerade parametervärdena stämmer överens med litteraturen. Antagandet om att inte inkludera autoktont tillförsel av organiskt material (NOM från ytvatten), visade sig vara den största felkällan i simulering av TOC, men visade sig ha en mycket liten påverkan på simuleringen av Färg. För en mer realistisk bild av fotooxidations spridning i djupled, för simuleringen av Färg, bör fler processer övervägas att inkluderas i modellen för framtida studier.  Studien av PFAS var begränsad av tillgången till data, vilket medförde att endast två källor av PFAS till Ekoln analyserades: reningsverket Kungsängsverket och nederbörd. Resultaten visade att den simulerade koncentrationen av PFAS endast motsvarade 40 % av den observerade. Vidare kunde det konstateras att tillförsel av PFAS från regn kan antas vara försumbar. För framtida studier av PFAS i Ekoln bedöms det vara avgörande att inkludera Fyrisån som en källa, samt att vidare undersöka processer som påverkar transporten av PFAS så som sedimentation och adsorption till organiskt material.
73

Změny koncentrací organického uhlíku v povrchových vodách v pramenných oblastech / Changes of organic carbon in surface waters in headwater areas

Špringerová, Pavla January 2019 (has links)
Diploma thesis is focused on changes of organic carbon (OC) in surface waters in headwater areas. Thesis is in its theoretical part focused on the literature study of currently published research results of the issue. The important part is finding the possible causes of OC variability, especially landcover and soil environment. The practical part is devoted to research in experimental basins of KFGG, namely in the upper Vydra, Blanice and Rolava. The aim of this work is to clarify the relationships between organic matter concentrations and discharge rates regarding to hydrological extremes. Furthermore, the influence of river basin size and various landcover and variability of concentrations and relationship with other indicators of biogeochemism is studied. The relationship between OC and discharge rate is positive and in most river basins strong or very strong. The weakest relationship was monitored on the profiles with the highest proportion of peatlands in the river basin. In these catchments, the highest average concentrations of OC were determined in autumn, in catchments with the lower proportion of peatlands it is in summer. Analysis of rainfall-runoff events confirmed the positive relationship of OC and discharge. The lag time of the maximum OC concentration beyond the maximum discharge...
74

Utveckling av administrativa reklamationshanteringsprocesser : En fallstudie om effektivisering hos eftermarknadsavdelningen på ett tillverkande företag / Developing Administrative Handling of Warranty Claims

Enerbäck, Hanna, Jägsell, Amanda January 2021 (has links)
Studiens syfte var att öka kunskapen om effektiva administrativa reklamationshanteringsprocesser. För att uppfylla syftet kunde det brytas ned i två frågeställningar: 1. Vilka faktorer påverkar effektivitet i administrativa reklamationshanteringsprocesser? 2. Hur bör administrativa reklamationer av defekta produkter hanteras? För att möjliggöra besvarande av studiens frågeställningar och därmed uppfylla studiens syfte genomfördes en fallstudie, som bestod av observationer och intervjuer. Vid observationerna var observatörerna deltagande och renodlade. Intervjuerna hade en låg grad av strukturering och låg grad av standardisering. Insamlad empiri granskades för att sedan jämföras med redan befintlig teori. Genom studien kunde slutaster kring effektiv reklamationshantering dras. Det identifierades tre områden där förbättringsmöjligheter fanns. Dessa innefattade utnyttjande av systemstöd som stöder verksamheten, effektivt arbete med returns management för att minska antalet inkomna reklamationer samt arbetet med ständiga förbättringar för att fortsatt vara konkurrenskraftiga. Studien bidrog inte till nya teorier, men genom analys stärktes uttalanden och teorier från tidigare forskning. Genom studien har medvetenheten om administrativa reklamationshanteringsprocesser ökat, och genom detta underbyggt redan befintlig forskning. Studiens empiriska bidrag var identifiering av faktorer som påverkar effektivitet inom dessa processer. Genom identifierade åtgärder kunde sedan reklamationshanteringsprocesser gynnsamt utformas.
75

Управление системой производственного планирования промышленного предприятия : магистерская диссертация / Management of production planning and control systems

Шмелева, К. В., Shmeleva, K. V. January 2021 (has links)
Работа посвящена эмпирическому исследованию проблемам повышения эффективности деятельности промышленных предприятий. Считается, что ключевым направлением развития любого предприятия является его производственное планирование. С учетом тенденций и особенностей современного рынка, предполагается, что наиболее перспективным решением является внедрение гибридной системы производственного планирования, которая объединяет в себе элементы наиболее результативных методологий. В работе разработан методический подход к управлению производственным планированием на предприятии, базирующийся на самодиагностике состояния системы оперативного планирования и алгоритме по выбору вида производственного планирования, в основе которого лежит оценка функционирования системы с помощью показателей эффективности предприятия, имеющих как прямое, так и косвенное влияние, что позволит повысить эффективность управления и изменить состав и приоритеты основных ресурсов предприятия. / The research is devoted to an empirical study of the problems of improving the efficiency of industrial enterprises. It is hypothesized that the key direction of development of any enterprise is its production planning. Taking into account the trends and features of the modern market, it is assumed that the most promising solution is the introduction of a hybrid production planning system that combines elements of the most effective methodologies. There is developed a methodological approach to the management of production planning at the enterprise. It is based on 2 steps: the first step is self-diagnosis of the state of the operational planning system and the second on algorithm for choosing the type of production planning, which is based on the assessment of the system functioning using the enterprise performance indicators that have both direct and indirect influence, which will increase the management efficiency and change the composition and priorities of the main resources of the enterprise.
76

Processflödesanalys av tillverkningsprocessen i syfte att minska leveranstiden / Process flow analysis of the manufacturing process in order to reduce delivery time

Salazar Diaz, Frank, Pakdaman, Hannaneh Hanna January 2021 (has links)
LKAB Mekaniska i Kiruna, Sverige är en ståltillverkare som bland annat producerar avropsartikeln lingenomföring till moderbolaget LKAB. Målet med detta examensarbete är att minska på leveranstiden för sistnämnda artikel. För att åstadkomma detta undersöktes produktionsflödet i affärssystemet Monitor. Därtill genomfördes en litteraturstudie och intervjuer hölls med avdelningschefer och operatörer från LKAB Mekaniska. Utifrån detta identifierades tre faktorer som påverkar leveranstiden negativt. Dessa är kötiderna mellan operationerna, den bristfälliga planeringen som skedde vid skär- och maskinavdelningen, samt begränsningarna som höll upp produktionen i maskinavdelningen Vi hävdar att leveranstiden minskar om följande åtgärder genomförs: eliminera kötiderna mellan tillverkningsprocesserna, öka beläggningen och kapaciteten på tillverkningsmaskinen, implementera ett kanbansystem, ändra ordningsföljden i tillverkningsprocessen och slutligen införa ett säkerhetslager med färdigsvarvade stänger. / LKAB Mekaniska in Kiruna, Sweden is a steel-manufacturer that, among other things, produces lingenomföring for its parent company LKAB. The aim of this thesis is to decrease the delivery time of the aforementioned product. In order to achieve this, production flow in the business system Monitor ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) was examined. In addition to this a literature study was conducted and interviews were held with department heads and machine operators from LKAB Mekaniska. Based on data collected, three factors were identified as negatively affecting the delivery time. These are queue times between operations, inadequate planning for the cutting and machinery department, as well as the limitations that kept the production back in the machinery department. We claim that the delivery time decreases if the following measures are realized: eliminate queue times between stages in the manufacturing process, increase personnel capacity related to the manufacturing machine, implement a kanban system, change the order of the manufacturing process and lastly to introduce a storage of ready-turned bars.
77

Application of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rock–Eval Analysis for the Evaluation of Middle Eastern Petroleum Source Rock

Muktadir, Golam, Amro, Moh`d, Kummer, Nicolai, Freese, Carsten, Abid, Khizar 12 July 2024 (has links)
In this study, collected samples of nine different wells from the Middle East are used for various geochemical analyses to determine the hydrocarbon generation potential. The determination is carried out following the grain density, specific surface area, XRD, and Rock–Eval pyrolysis analyses. Four different types of kerogen are plotted based on the Rock–Eval analysis result. Kerogen type I usually has high hydrogen index (e.g., HI > 700) and low oxygen index, which is considered oil-bearing. Kerogen Type II has hydrogen index between type I and type II and oxygen index higher than type I (e.g., 350 < HI < 700) and is also considered to have oil-bearing potential. Kerogen type III has a lower hydrogen index (e.g., HI < 350) and is considered to have a primarily gas-generating potential with terrigenous organic matter origination. Kerogen type IV has a very low hydrogen index and higher oxygen index (compared with other types of kerogen), which is considered the inert organic matter. The kerogen quality of the analyzed samples can be considered as very good to fair; the TOC content ranges from 1.64 to 8.37 wt% with most of them containing between 2 and 4 wt%. The grain density of these examined samples is in the range of 2.3–2.63 g/cc. The TOC and density of the samples have an inversely proportional relationship whereas the TOC and the specific surface area (BET) has a positive correlation. The specific surface area (BET) of the examined samples is in the range of 1.97–9.94 m2/g. The examined samples are dominated by clay, primarily kaolinite and muscovite. Additionally, few samples have a higher proportion of quartz and calcite. The examined samples from the Middle East contain kerogen type III and IV. Only two samples (JF2-760 and SQ1-1340) contain type I and type II kerogen. Considering Tmax and Hydrogen Index (HI), all of the samples are considered immature to early mature. Rock–Eval (S2) and TOC plotting indicate that most of the samples have very poor source rock potential only with an exception of one (JF2-760), which has a fair-to-good source rock potential.
78

Συνθήκες ιζηματογένεσης και παλαιογεωγραφική εξέλιξη των ιζημάτων της τομής Μακρυλιά στη λεκάνη της Ιεράπετρας στην Κρήτη

Μόφορης, Λεωνίδας 11 October 2013 (has links)
Η λεπτομερής ιζηματολογική ανάλυση των αποθέσεων της τομής Μακρυλιά, έδειξε την ύπαρξη τουλάχιστον 5 κύκλων ιζηματογένεσης με αυξανόμενο προς τα πάνω κοκκομετρικό μέγεθος που αναπτύχτηκαν σε ένα περιβάλλον υφαλοκρηπίδας. Η κύρια λιθολογία είναι αμμούχος πηλός και τα ιζήματα μεταφέρθηκαν ως ομογενές αιώρημα. Το ποσοστό του ανθρακικού ασβεστίου είναι χαμηλό και τείνει αυξανόμενο προς τα πιο αδρομερή κλάσματα. Το ποσοστό του οργανικού υλικού έδειξε την παρουσία αρκετών δειγμάτων με αυξημένο οργανικό υλικό προτείνοντας την ύπαρξη εν δυνάμει μητρικών πετρωμάτων για την γένεση υδρογονανθράκων. Η σχέση μεταξύ του ανθρακικού ασβεστίου και οργανικού υλικού είναι κύρια αρνητική προτείνοντας ανοξικές συνθήκες. Η βιοστρωματογραφική ανάλυση έδειξε Πλειοκαινική ηλικία των ιζημάτων που αποτέθηκαν σε εναλλασσόμενες οξικές – ανοξικές συνθήκες. Από τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα και περνώντας υπόψη τα υπάρχοντα αποτελέσματα των ιζημάτων που περιβάλλουν την περιοχή μελέτης φαίνεται πως οι μελετηθείσες αποθέσεις συγκεντρώθηκαν σε μια ρηχή με ήσυχα νερά ενδο-ορεινή λεκάνη στα περιθώρια της κύριας λεκάνης της Ιεράπετρας. / Detailed sedimentological analysis, in Makrylia cross-section deposits, showed at least five coarsening-upward cycles developed in a shelf environment. The main lithology is sandy silt and sediments transported as homogenous suspension in a low energy environment that deposited in a shallow water basin. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is low and tends to increase to the coarse-grained clasts. Organic carbon (TOC) ratio showed the presence of many high content samples in TOC suggesting potential hydrocarbon source rocks. There is mostly a negative relation between CaCO3 and TOC introducing generally anoxic conditions. Biostratigraphy analysis showed a Pliocene age for the studied deposits in alternating conditions with oxic- anoxic events. According to the above results and taking into account previous results from the surrounding sediments it seems that studied deposits accumulated in a shallow, low energy, intra-mountain basin at the margins of the main Ierapetra basin.
79

Närsaltsdosering till luftad damm : en åtgärd för ökad TOC-reduktion hos Skoghalls Bruk luftade damm / Dosage of nutrient to an aerated lagoon : a measure to a higher TOC-reducation to the aerated lagoon of Skoghall Mill

Bonde, Carl January 2006 (has links)
<p>In the process of making carton boards into Skoghall Mill, are great quantities of water being contaminated. This water has to be treated before it is possible to release into the recipient, Kattfjorden. One of the contaminations that is important to extract from the wastewater, is organic carbon (measured as TOC-total organic carbon) because microbiological breakdown can lead to the bottom becomig free of oxygen.</p><p>The wastewater treatment at Skoghall Mill is done through an external wastewater treatment that is located at the factory. The biological treatment (aerated lagoon) is a 140 000 m3 water pool with surface aerator, which is give oxygen to the water. In the lagoon live microorganisms who performs the biggest part of the TOC-reduction.</p><p>One problem with the lagoon is that the treatment of TOC is considerably worse during wintertime than during summertime. The reduction is during wintertime only 40 %, while during summertime it is about 70-80 %. This seasonal variation can to a large extent be explained by, that the water temperature in the lagoon decreases wintertime. The low water temperature does that the biological activity in the lagoon is reduced, which reduces the TOC-reduction. A second reason can also be that the microorganisms do not have enough bioavailable nutrients that is needed for growth of a new biomass.</p><p>In this thesis the need of nutrient has been examined. In two test pools, addings of nutrient were being done, to come to the conclusion of a good dosage of nutrient which would lead to a larger reduction of TOC, without enlarged quantities of nitrogen/phosphorus in the outgoing water. One of the test pools hold a summer temperature (30°C), and the other test pool hold a winter temperature (10°C). The test was performed this way to see if there would be any difference in the need of nutrient between summertime and wintertime.</p><p>The most important conclusion was that a nutrient dosage to the Skoghall aerated lagoon, rise the TOC-reduction wintertime. It was also concluded that it was foremost the nitrogen that contributed to the raised TOC-reduction, and nitrogen is thereby considered to be the growth restraining element wintertime. It seemed like phosphorus had been overdosed during the tests, while enlarged halts of the substance could be seen in the outgoing water, and an optimal dosage of phosphorus could not be done. The recommendation that came as a results from the tests, was that during wintertime add nitrogen and phosphorus according to TOC:N:P-quota 100:0,75:0,10. To the summer pool was no considerable improvement of the TOC-reduction seen, as a result of the nutrient addings. It is also no reason to dosage nutrients in summertime.</p> / <p>Vid tillverkning av kartong och pappersmassa på Skoghalls Bruk förorenas stora mängder vatten, som därmed måste renas före utsläpp till recipienten, Kattfjorden, en vik i Vänern. En av de föroreningar som är viktig att avlägsna ur avloppsvattnet är organiska kolföreningar (TOC-total organic carbon) eftersom det vid mikrobiologisk nedbrytning av TOC åtgår syre vilket kan leda till att sjöbotten blir syrefri.</p><p>Rening av avloppsvatten på Skoghall Bruk sker genom en extern reningsanläggning som är placerad på bruket. Det biologiska reningssteget i reningsanläggningen är en s.k. luftad damm. Detta är en 140 000 m3 stor vattenbassäng med ytluftare som syresätter vattnet. I dammen lever mikroorganismer vilka utför den största delen av TOC-reduktionen i brukets reningsanläggning.</p><p>Ett problem med dammen är att reningen av TOC är betydligt sämre vintertid än sommartid. Reduktionen av det till dammen inkommande TOC, är vintertid endast ca 40 % medan den sommartid ligger kring 70-80 %. Denna årstidsvariation kan till stor del förklaras av att vattentemperaturen i dammen sjunker vintertid. Den låga temperaturen medför att den biologiska aktiviteten i dammen sjunker, vilket hämmar TOC-reduktionen. En annan orsak till en låg TOC-reduktion kan vara att det för mikroorganismerna råder brist på biotillgängliga närsalter (kväve och fosfor) som behövs för tillväxt av ny biomassa.</p><p>I detta examensarbete har det undersökts behovet av närsalter för att höja TOC-reduktionen. I två laborationsdammar (ca 20 l) skedde doseringar av närsalter i syfte att finna en bra doseringskvot som innebar en ökad reduktion av TOC, utan att det blev förhöjda kväve-/fosforhalter i utgående vatten. En av laborationsdammarna höll sommartemperatur (ca 30°C) och en höll vintertemperatur (ca 10°C) vilket gjordes för att undersöka om det var skillnad av närsaltsbehovet mellan sommar och vintertid.</p><p>Den viktigaste slutsatsen av försöken var att en närsaltsdosering till Skoghalls luftade damm höjer TOC-reduktion vintertid. Det konstaterades att det var kvävet som främst bidrog till den ökade TOC-reduktionen och kväve anses därmed vara det tillväxtbegränsande ämnet vintertid. Fosfor tycktes ha överdoserats under försöken, då det sågs förhöjda halter i utgående vatten, och en optimal dosering av fosfor kunde inte avgöras. Den rekommendation som föll ut av de laborativa försöken var att vintertid dosera kväve och fosfor enligt TOC:N:P-kvot 100:0,75:0,10. Till sommardammen sågs inte någon förbättring av TOC-reduktionen till följd av närsaltstillsatserna, vilket innebär att närsaltsdoseringar sommartid är obefogat. Vidare sågs tendenser till att slammets sedimentationsegenskaper, hos framförallt vinterdammen, blev bättre till följd av närsaltsdosering, men brist på mätdata medför att det är svårt att dra slutsatser om det verkligen varit så.</p>
80

Comportamento de sistemas pós-filtros adsorvedores na remoção de compostos orgânicos precursores e subprodutos da desinfecção. / Behavior of post-filter adsorbers in the removal of organic precursors and disinfection byproducts.

Pereira, Claudia Mota Santos 14 August 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de pós-filtros adsorvedores constituídos de Carvão Ativado Granular (CAG) na remoção de compostos orgânicos precursores e na formação de subprodutos da desinfecção, em particular dos trialometanos (THM) na Estação de Tratamento de Água Alto da Boa Vista (ETA ABV), abastecida por reservatórios de água bruta com elevado grau de eutrofização. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em ETA Piloto composta por tanque de reservação de água filtrada, ozonizador, tanque de reservação de água ozonizada e 4 pós-filtros adsorvedores, sendo duas unidades dotadas de CAG de origem mineral e duas unidades dotadas de CAG de origem vegetal. Os filtros foram operados em paralelo, sendo que duas colunas foram alimentadas com água filtrada da ETA ABV (Filtro F3 CAG de origem mineral e Filtro F4 CAG de origem vegetal) e as outras duas alimentadas com água filtrada e ozonizada (Filtro F1 CAG de origem mineral e Filtro F2 CAG de origem vegetal). A avaliação da remoção de compostos orgânicos precursores e formação de subprodutos da desinfecção foi feita através de análises de carbono orgânico total (COT), UV-254 nm e formação de THM. A análise dos resultados gerados de julho de 2007 a dezembro de 2008 permitiu concluir que 93% do THM é formado nas primeiras 24 horas de contato da amostra com o cloro, simulando a pós cloração e pós alcalinização da ETA ABV. O processo de oxidação por ozônio não foi efetivo na remoção de THM instantâneo, visto que a média dos 38 valores de THM instantâneo para a água filtrada (17,8 ± 5,6 g/L) foi igual a média obtida para o THM instantâneo na água ozonizada. A remoção de THM pelos filtros de CAG foi mais significativa nos primeiros três meses de operação do sistema, apresentando remoção de 80% para os filtros com CAG de origem mineral e 70% para os filtros com CAG de origem vegetal, a partir do quarto mês de operação do sistema a remoção de THM caiu para um valor médio de 34%, o que mostra uma iminente saturação do leito adsorvedor. Os pós-filtros adsorvedores constituídos de CAG de origem mineral apresentaram melhor comportamento com respeito a remoção de THM e COT quando comparado com os pós-filtros dotados de CAG de origem vegetal. / The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the performance of a Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) post-filter adsorbers in the removal of organic precursors and in the formation of disinfection byproducts, especially trihalomethanes (THM) in Alto da Boa Vista Water Treatment Plant (ABV WTP), which takes raw water from a highly eutrophized reservoirs. The tests was conducted on a Pilot WTP composed of filtered water tank, ozonator, ozonized water tank, and four post-filter adsorbers: two units with mineral GAC media and two units with vegetal GAC media. The filters were operated in parallel, with two columns fed with filtered water from ABV WTP (F3 Filter mineral GAC and F4 Filter vegetal GAC) and the other fed with ozonized water (F1 Filter mineral GAC and F2 Filter vegetal GAC). The evaluation of the removal of organic precursors and the formation of disinfection byproducts was made through analysis of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), UV-254 nm and THM formation. The results generated from July 2007 to December 2008 showed that 93% of THM is formed in the first 24 hours of contact with the chlorine in the sample, simulating the post chlorination and post alkalinization of ABV WTP in samples of filtered water, ozonized water, and post-filter adsorbers effluent. Ozone oxidation process was not effective in removing THM. Was found the same instantaneous THM values in the filtered water (17.8 g/L± 5.6 g/L) and in the ozonized water. During the first three months of post-filter adsorber operation, THM removal efficiencies were around 80% for F1 and F3 (mineral GAC media) and around 70% for F2 and F4 (vegetal GAC media). After four months of operation, THM removal efficiencies decreased to 34% average value, thus indicative of GAC saturation. Regarding THM and TOC removal efficacy, the mineral GAC performed better than the vegetal GAC.

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