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The use of process mapping as base for further improvements in a production line Can lead time be shortened and throughput increased by using process mapping?Lindhe-Rahr, Robert, Simonsson, David January 2012 (has links)
This report shows the value of knowing your processes inside a company. The methods used in to do this have been first of all through process mapping and for in depth study, process cards were used to measure the process time and total lead time. This showed the location of bottlenecks and overall process capacity. With the data collected, suggestion on how to decrease storage, throughput time and total lead time is given.The study has been conducted at Intelbras in San Jose, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Intelbras is a telecommunication company which produces telephones, security cameras and switchboards. Two production processes is studied, the Telefone Sem fio, SFL, which produce cordless telephones and Central, CAL, which produce switchboards.Through simulation this paper shows improvement suggestions on how to better handle the flow of material by introducing sequencing into the production and FIFO in the storage handling, everything in order to decrease total lead time and increasing throughput time.Process mapping has proved to be a great tool in order to understand how a production process works and integrates with other departments. In supplement of process cards, valuable data is collected and used for analysing further improvements such as making a balancing program and calculating where and how big buffers is needed at different processes. / Program: Industriell ekonomi - arbetsorganisation och ledarskap
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An exploratory study of manufacturing data and its potential for continuous process improvements from a production economical perspectiveTodorovac, Kennan, Wiking, Nils January 2021 (has links)
Background: Continues improvements in production are essential in order to compete on the market. However, to be an active competitor on the market, companies need to know their strengths and weaknesses, and improve and develop their production continually. Today process industries generate enormous volumes of data and data are considered a valuable source for companies to find new ways to boost their operations' productivity and profitability. Data Mining (DM) is the process of discovering useful patterns and trends in large data sets. Several authors have pointed out data mining as a good data analysis process for manufacturing due to the large amount of data generated and collected from production processes. In manufacturing, DM has two primary goals, descriptive with the focus on discovering patterns to describe the data and predictive where a model is used to determine future values of important variables. Objectives: The objective of this study was to get a deeper understanding of how collected data from production can lead to insights regarding potential production economic improvementsby following the CRISP-DM methodology. In particular to the chosen production line if there were any differences in replenishment durations when it comes to different procedures. Duration in this study is the time the line is halted during a material replenishment. The procedures in question are single-replenishment versus double-replenishment. Further investigated was if there were any differences in the replenishment duration when it comes to which shift team and at what shift time the replenishment procedures were made. Methods: In this study the CRISP-DM methodology was used for structuring the collected data from the case company. The data was primarily historical data from a continues production process. To verify the objective of the study, three hypotheses derived from the objective was tested by using a t test and Bonferroni test. Results: The result showed that the duration of a double-replenishment is lower compared to two single-replenishments. Further results showed that there is a significant difference in the single-replenishment duration between the different shift times and different working teams. The interpretation of the result is that in the short term there is a possibility that implementingdouble replenishments can reduce the throughput time and possibility also the lead time. Conclusions: This study could contribute with knowledge for others who seek a way to use data to detect information or deeper knowledge about a continuous production process. The findings in this study could be specifically interesting for cable manufacturers and, in general, for continuous process manufacturers. Further conclusions are that time-based competition is one way for increasing the competitive advantage in the market. By using manufacturing generated data, it is possible to analyse and find valuable information that can contribute to continuous process improvements and increase the competitive advantage.
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Flödesanalys hos Anders Karhner ABGustafsson, Marcus, Ferm, Robert January 2006 (has links)
Denna rapport har utförts hos Anders Krahner AB i Skillingaryd som ingår i koncernen Proton Group AB. År 2005 omsatte Proton Group 920 mkr med 730 anställda medan Anders Krahner omsatte 160 mkr med 90 anställda. Anders Krahners kunder finns främst inom fordonsindustrin. Syftet med rapporten är att studera om möjlighet finns att optimera produktionsflödet för två artiklar i befintliga lokaler. Genom att studera vad som påverkar genomloppstiden för artiklarna negativt kunna ge förslag på hur detta kan förbättras. Frågan är om detta kan ske i dagens lokaler eller är nybyggnation enda sättet att effektivisera produktionsflödet. Studien har skett från råvarulager till det att slutartikeln levereras till kund. All data i rapporten är hämtad ur Anders Krahners MPS system och baseras på ett års underlag. Ur dessa data har genomsnittstiderna för processtider och lagertider beräknats. Likaså har de planerade tiderna för operationerna erhållits ur MPS systemet. För att få förståelse för materialflödet i produktionen har layoutflödesscheman skapats. Genom analys av dessa har de totala interntransportsträckorna beräknats. I resultatet framgår det att de planerade operationstiderna stämmer väl överens med de verkliga tiderna. Detta visar på att operationerna fungerar väl ur ett tidsperspektiv, dock finns det vissa kvalitetsbrister. Det som påverkar genomloppstiden mest i negativ riktning är tiden för råvaru- och mellanlager. Ytterligare en bidragande orsak till den långa genomloppstiden är de komplicerade interntransporterna. Vidare orsaker till den komplexa interntransporten är att närhet mellan olika operationsmoment saknas idag. En del av de operationer som utförs för att färdigställa artiklarna sker på legoproduktion. Dessa tillverkningsmoment skapar en del av de komplicerade interntransporterna. För att skapa närhet mellan de olika operationerna har nya layouter skapats i den befintliga lokalen. En del av de operationer som sker på outsourcing har tagits hem för att ske i egen regi. Detta för att erhålla större kontroll över det totala flödet och öka kvalitén. Den skillnad som uppstår mellan layouterna i den befintliga lokalen jämfört med ny anses vara små då det finns potential i den nuvarande. / This report has been performed at Anders Krahner AB in Skillingaryd which is a part of Proton Group AB. Year 2005 Proton Group had a turnover of 920 smkr with 730 employees while Anders Krahners turnover was 160 smkr with 90 employees. Anders Krahners customers are mostly within the automobile industry. The aim of this report is to study the possibility to optimize the production flow for two articles in the existing premises. By studying the factors that have a negative impact on the throughput time give proposal of how this can overcome. The question is if this can be done in existing premises or if a new premise is required. The study has been made from raw material stock until the delivery of the end product to the customer. All the facts have been required from Anders Krahners MPS system and are based on one year’s basis. The average time for the processes and the stock has been calculated from this data. The planed times for the operations has also been collected from their MPS system. To gain an understanding for the production a layout flowchart has been made. Throughout analysis of these the total internal transport stretch has been calculated. It is shown in the result that the planed operation times equal the actual operation times quite well. This interpret that the operations works well out of a time perspective, but there is a lack of quality at the products. A thing that influences the throughput time negative is the time for raw material- and middle material stock. More reasons to the complex internal transport today are the lack of nearness between operations. A part of the operations that are made in the process in completing the articles are made external. These operations create some of the complicated internal logistics. To create the wanted nearness between the operations new layouts have been created in the existing premises. Some of the operations that are made external before have been suggested to be made in house. Due to this a greater control over the entire flow is received and higher product quality. The main difference between the suggested layout in the existing premises and a new one is considered to be small.
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Flödesanalys hos Anders Karhner ABGustafsson, Marcus, Ferm, Robert January 2006 (has links)
<p>Denna rapport har utförts hos Anders Krahner AB i Skillingaryd som ingår i koncernen Proton Group AB. År 2005 omsatte Proton Group 920 mkr med 730 anställda medan Anders Krahner omsatte 160 mkr med 90 anställda. Anders Krahners kunder finns främst inom fordonsindustrin.</p><p>Syftet med rapporten är att studera om möjlighet finns att optimera produktionsflödet för två artiklar i befintliga lokaler. Genom att studera vad som påverkar genomloppstiden för artiklarna negativt kunna ge förslag på hur detta kan förbättras. Frågan är om detta kan ske i dagens lokaler eller är nybyggnation enda sättet att effektivisera produktionsflödet. Studien har skett från råvarulager till det att slutartikeln levereras till kund.</p><p>All data i rapporten är hämtad ur Anders Krahners MPS system och baseras på ett års underlag. Ur dessa data har genomsnittstiderna för processtider och lagertider beräknats. Likaså har de planerade tiderna för operationerna erhållits ur MPS systemet. För att få förståelse för materialflödet i produktionen har layoutflödesscheman skapats. Genom analys av dessa har de totala interntransportsträckorna beräknats.</p><p>I resultatet framgår det att de planerade operationstiderna stämmer väl överens med de verkliga tiderna. Detta visar på att operationerna fungerar väl ur ett tidsperspektiv, dock finns det vissa kvalitetsbrister. Det som påverkar genomloppstiden mest i negativ riktning är tiden för råvaru- och mellanlager. Ytterligare en bidragande orsak till den långa genomloppstiden är de komplicerade interntransporterna. Vidare orsaker till den komplexa interntransporten är att närhet mellan olika operationsmoment saknas idag. En del av de operationer som utförs för att färdigställa artiklarna sker på legoproduktion. Dessa tillverkningsmoment skapar en del av de komplicerade interntransporterna.</p><p>För att skapa närhet mellan de olika operationerna har nya layouter skapats i den befintliga lokalen. En del av de operationer som sker på outsourcing har tagits hem för att ske i egen regi. Detta för att erhålla större kontroll över det totala flödet och öka kvalitén. Den skillnad som uppstår mellan layouterna i den befintliga lokalen jämfört med ny anses vara små då det finns potential i den nuvarande.</p> / <p>This report has been performed at Anders Krahner AB in Skillingaryd which is a part of Proton Group AB. Year 2005 Proton Group had a turnover of 920 smkr with 730 employees while Anders Krahners turnover was 160 smkr with 90 employees. Anders Krahners customers are mostly within the automobile industry.</p><p>The aim of this report is to study the possibility to optimize the production flow for two articles in the existing premises. By studying the factors that have a negative impact on the throughput time give proposal of how this can overcome. The question is if this can be done in existing premises or if a new premise is required. The study has been made from raw material stock until the delivery of the end product to the customer.</p><p>All the facts have been required from Anders Krahners MPS system and are based on one year’s basis. The average time for the processes and the stock has been calculated from this data. The planed times for the operations has also been collected from their MPS system. To gain an understanding for the production a layout flowchart has been made. Throughout analysis of these the total internal transport stretch has been calculated.</p><p>It is shown in the result that the planed operation times equal the actual operation times quite well. This interpret that the operations works well out of a time perspective, but there is a lack of quality at the products. A thing that influences the throughput time negative is the time for raw material- and middle material stock. More reasons to the complex internal transport today are the lack of nearness between operations. A part of the operations that are made in the process in completing the articles are made external. These operations create some of the complicated internal logistics.</p><p>To create the wanted nearness between the operations new layouts have been created in the existing premises. Some of the operations that are made external before have been suggested to be made in house. Due to this a greater control over the entire flow is received and higher product quality. The main difference between the suggested layout in the existing premises and a new one is considered to be small.</p>
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Funktionsorienterad kontra flödesorienterad produktionslayout : -Produktionskapacitetseffekter vid layoutförändring vid fabrikstillverkning av bostäderFredin, Annie, Hammar, Erica January 2017 (has links)
Sammanfattning Dagens industriföretag strävar ständigt efter en ökad effektivitet samtidigt som de vill hållanere kostnaderna för att öka sin konkurrenskraft (Sörqvist, 2013). För att minska kostnaderoch förbättra produktionssystem är det därför viktigt att ha en väl planeradproduktionslayout (Chittratanawat och Noble, 1999). Två olika produktionslayouter ärfunktionsorienterad produktionslayout och flödesorienterad produktionslayout. För att mätaoch analysera en process i en produktionslayout kan genomloppstid användas (Lin, 2008).De variabler som utgör genomloppstid i denna studie är ställtid, bearbetningstid, PIA-lageroch transporttid. Syftet med denna studie är att analysera hur egenskaper för enproduktionsprocess påverkar vilken produktionslayout som är att föredra. Ett specifikt syfteär att analysera hur genomloppstid påverkas vid förändring av produktionslayout. I denna studie har en fallstudie genomförts för att studera en befintlig produktionslayout somkan ställas mot en annan tänkbar produktionslayout genom simulering för att analyseraeffekten av layoutförändringen. BoKlok valdes som fallföretag eftersom de uppfyllde dennastudies två kriterier; ha en viss grad av flödesorienterad produktionslayout och funktionsorienterad produktionslayout samt minst en identifierad flaskhals i produktionen.För att simulera resultatet av layoutförändringen användes Monte Carlo-simulering eftersom det är ett användbart verktyg för simulering av komplexa system. Resultatet av mätningarna i nulägesanalysen visar att PIA-lager står för 99,14 % av dentotala genomloppstiden för den utvalda processen och att layoutförändringen resulterar i attden totala genomloppstiden minskar med 99,51 %. Om man bortser från PIA-lager minskargenomloppstiden för den utvalda processen med 45,25 %. En annan positiv effekt somdenna studie visar är att 380 fler ytterväggar kan tillverkas per år, givet att tillverkningensker i ett konstant flöde. Detta innebär en procentuell ökning med 82,61 % avproduktionseffekten. Denna studie visar att layoutförändringen har negativ inverkan påbearbetande maskiners utnyttjandegrad. Studien visar att utnyttjandegraden för den maskinsom bearbetar gipsskivor minskar med 96,54 %. En begränsning är att denna studie enbart har studerat en delprocess i produktionen.Layoutförändringen kan ge effekter på andra delar i produktionen som inte har studerats idenna studie. Det är möjligt att det uppstår ledtider i andra delprocesser i produktionen sominte syns genom att analysera den utvalda processen i produktionen. Slutsatsen som kan dras efter att resultatet analyserats är att genomloppstiden för denutvalda delprocessen minskade vid en ökning av flödesorienterad produktionslayouteftersom samtliga fyra variabler som utgör genomloppstid i denna studie minskade. / The industrial companies of today are constantly striving for increased efficiency meanwhiletrying to keep down costs to increase their competitiveness (Sörqvist, 2013). In order todecrease costs and improve manufacturing layouts it is important to have a well-plannedmanufacturing layout (Chittratanawat and Noble, 1999). Two different types ofmanufacturing layouts are the functional manufacturing layout and the cell manufacturinglayout. Throughput time can be used to measure and analyse a process in a manufacturinglayout (Lin, 2008). The variables that make out the throughput time in this study are set-uptime, operating time, WIP inventory and time of transportation. The aim of this study is toanalyze how the characteristics of a production process affect which production layout ispreferable. A specific aim of this study is to analyze how throughput time is affected by achange in the manufacturing layout. In this study a case study has been made to study an existing manufacturing layout that canbe compared to a possible manufacturing layout by simulation, to analyse the effect of achange in the manufacturing layout. BoKlok was chosen as suitable company for the casestudy as the company fulfilled the two criteria of this study; a certain level of functionalmanufacturing layout and cell manufacturing layout and at least one identified bottle neck inthe production. To simulate the result of the manufacturing layout Monte Carlo-simulationwas used, as it is a useful tool for simulation of complex systems. The result of the measures in the current situation analysis shows that the WIP inventorystands for 99,14 % of the total throughput time for the chosen process and that the change inthe layout results in that the total throughput time is decreased by 99,51 %. If the WIPinventory is disregarded the throughput time of the chosen process is decreased by 45,25 %.Another positive effect shown in this study is that 380 more outer walls can be produced peryear given that the manufacturing is in a constant flow. This means an increased percentilein the production effect by 82,61 %. This study shows that the change in the layout has anegative effect on the utilization of the processing machines. The study also shows that theutilization of the machine that processes plasterboards is reduced by 96,54 %. A limitation of this study is that only one sub process in production was studied. The layoutchange can have an effect on other parts of the production that has not been studied in thisstudy. It is possible that lead times emerge in other sub processes of the production, whichwill show by analyzing the chosen process in the production. The conclusion that can be drawn from the analyzed result is that the throughput time for thechosen sub process was decreased by an increased level of cell manufacturing layoutbecause all four variables that make up the throughput time in this study were decreased.
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Optimisation of a pillow production line applying Lean principlesFookes, William January 2010 (has links)
Manufacturing companies throughout the world are interested in reducing the time between a customer placing an order and them receiving the payment for that order. This premise is something that is a central characteristic for the Lean philosophy, and is one of the reasons to apply it. Today manufacturers around the world are embracing Lean techniques in order to reduce waste and increase productivity, and also increase the inventory turns, which reflects in an improvement of cash flow for the company. Nowadays, with all the financial turmoil, every company is looking forward to reduce the inventories, to work with Just in Time supply chains, to develop production systems that reduce the scrap and produce only what is needed, saving space, and freeing up time to work on new design and be at the edge of innovation in order to gain market share and keep improving. This master thesis is focused on implementing the Lean principles in a pillow production line, in order to achieve it, a series of techniques to assess the facility where implemented, which allowed to understand how the facility was working, where is the bottleneck, and to understand the function of it as a system, avoiding to focus on a single point but viewing it as a whole, where each part contributes in a specific and unique way, but where all of them are necessary. Applying Lean principles is a daunting task that takes a long time, a never ending trial and error process, because of this the goal of this study is to develop the bases for a Lean transformation, a schedule for the implementation will be developed and proposed to the company, after analyzing the facility. The study reveals that it is possible to reduce the lead-time of the facility in 60%, and avoid the backorders situation that is present in the company, improving also the service level.
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Processflödesanalys av tillverkningsprocessen i syfte att minska leveranstiden / Process flow analysis of the manufacturing process in order to reduce delivery timeSalazar Diaz, Frank, Pakdaman, Hannaneh Hanna January 2021 (has links)
LKAB Mekaniska i Kiruna, Sverige är en ståltillverkare som bland annat producerar avropsartikeln lingenomföring till moderbolaget LKAB. Målet med detta examensarbete är att minska på leveranstiden för sistnämnda artikel. För att åstadkomma detta undersöktes produktionsflödet i affärssystemet Monitor. Därtill genomfördes en litteraturstudie och intervjuer hölls med avdelningschefer och operatörer från LKAB Mekaniska. Utifrån detta identifierades tre faktorer som påverkar leveranstiden negativt. Dessa är kötiderna mellan operationerna, den bristfälliga planeringen som skedde vid skär- och maskinavdelningen, samt begränsningarna som höll upp produktionen i maskinavdelningen Vi hävdar att leveranstiden minskar om följande åtgärder genomförs: eliminera kötiderna mellan tillverkningsprocesserna, öka beläggningen och kapaciteten på tillverkningsmaskinen, implementera ett kanbansystem, ändra ordningsföljden i tillverkningsprocessen och slutligen införa ett säkerhetslager med färdigsvarvade stänger. / LKAB Mekaniska in Kiruna, Sweden is a steel-manufacturer that, among other things, produces lingenomföring for its parent company LKAB. The aim of this thesis is to decrease the delivery time of the aforementioned product. In order to achieve this, production flow in the business system Monitor ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) was examined. In addition to this a literature study was conducted and interviews were held with department heads and machine operators from LKAB Mekaniska. Based on data collected, three factors were identified as negatively affecting the delivery time. These are queue times between operations, inadequate planning for the cutting and machinery department, as well as the limitations that kept the production back in the machinery department. We claim that the delivery time decreases if the following measures are realized: eliminate queue times between stages in the manufacturing process, increase personnel capacity related to the manufacturing machine, implement a kanban system, change the order of the manufacturing process and lastly to introduce a storage of ready-turned bars.
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Effektivare material-och produktionsstyrning för minskad genomloppstid i en process hos ett företag med funktionell layout : En fallstudie på Press Kogyo Sweden AB / Efficient material and production management for reduced throughput time in a process at a manufacturing company with a functional layoutKarlsson, Oscar, Hjalmarsson, Oskar January 2021 (has links)
Bakgrund: Dagens marknader har med tiden tenderat att bli mer globala vilket i sin tur har ökat konkurrensen mellan företag. Detta har inneburit att många industriorganisationer har behövt förändra sig för att vara konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden. Ett koncept som idag genomsyrar många företag är lean vilket bygger på att maximera användandet av sina resurser, eliminera slöserier och skapa en effektivare tillverkning. Genom att arbeta med lean kan företag uppnå snabbare genomloppstider. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att kartlägga Press Kogyos propellerprocess för att kunna identifiera icke-värdeadderande aktiviteter i processen. Vidare kommer studien bidra Press Kogyo med förslag gällande hur en effektivare material- och produktionsstyrning kan reducera genomloppstiden i propellerprocessen. För att studien ska uppnå teoretisk relevans är ytterligare ett syfte med studien att bidra med teori kring hur tillverkande företag, med en funktionell layout, kan reducera de nackdelar som finns med layouten med effektivare material- och produktionsstyrning. Genomförande: Studien har delats upp i tre forskningsfrågor. De två första forskningsfrågorna var specifikt inriktade mot det studerade företaget medan den tredje forskningsfrågan var mer generellt ställd mot tillverkande företag med funktionell layout. Studien har genomförts som en fallstudie och präglats av kvalitativa forskningsmetoder. Empiriska data har samlats in genom intervjuer, observationer samt en fokusgrupp. För första forskningsfrågan skapades processkartor och VSM-kartor. Dessa i samband med diverse intervjuer låg till grund för att identifiera icke-värdeadderande aktiviteter/slöserier i propellerprocessen vilka påverkade genomloppstiden. För forskningsfråga två applicerades teori kring material-och För tillverkande industriföretag kan en reducering av genomloppstid generera diverse fördelar. Några av dessa fördelar är: minskat antal produkter i arbete, bättre kvalité, minskade kostnader, bättre prognoser, ökad flexibilitet samt minskad ledtid gentemot kund. Press Kogyo har under en längre period upplevt en problematik kring en av deras processer. Problematiken har legat i att de inte vetat om vilka icke- värdeadderade aktiviteter som finns i processen samt hur de påverkar genomloppstiden. produktionsstyrning i syfte att reducera de icke-värdeadderande aktiviteterna/slöserier som identifierats och följaktligen reducera genomloppstider i processen. Gällande forskningsfråga tre genomfördes intervjuer med det studerade företaget och ett annat tillverkande företag med funktionell layout. Författarna ämnade att genom dessa intervjuer besvara hur tillverkande företag med en funktionell layout kan reducera de nackdelar som finns med den layouten med hjälp av effektiv material- och produktionsstyrning. Slutsats: I studien identifierades sju slöserier där väntan ansågs vara det slöseri vilket mest påverkade genomloppstiden i propellerprocessen. För att eliminera alla slöserier och framförallt väntan applicerades teori kring material- och produktionsstyrning med fokus på production activity control (PAC). Den teori vilken användes skapade också en teoretisk modell vilken kan vara en bra grund när företag med funktionell layout vill effektivisera sin planering. Vissa delar av den teoretiska modellen användes också senare i studien där den användes för att reducera de nackdelar vilka kan finnas med en funktionell layout. / Background: Today's markets have over time tended to become more global, which in turn has increased competition between companies. This has meant that many industry organizations have had to change in order to be competitive in the market. A concept that today permeates many companies is the lean practice, which is based on maximizing the use of resources, eliminating waste, and creating more efficient production. By working with lean, companies can achieve faster throughput time. For manufacturing industrial companies, a reduction in throughput time can generate various benefits. Some of these advantages are: reduced number of products in work, better quality, reduced costs, better forecasts, increased flexibility and reduced lead time towards customers.Press Kogyo has for a long period experienced problems with one of their processes. The main problem has been that they do not know what non-value-added activities/waste that can be found in the process and how these activitiesaffect the total throughput time of the process. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to map Press Kogyo's propeller process in order to be able to identify non-value-adding activities in the process. Furthermore, the study will provide Press Kogyo with proposals regarding how more efficient material and production control can reduce the throughput time in the propeller process. In order for the study to achieve theoretical relevance, another purpose of the study is to contribute with theories about how manufacturing companies, with a functional layout, can reduce the disadvantages of the layout with more efficient material and production control. Methodology: The study has been divided into three research questions. The first two research questions were specifically aimed at Press Kogyo, while the third research question was more generally directed at manufacturing companies with a functional layout. The study was conducted as a case study and was characterized by qualitative research methods. Empirical data has been collected through interviews, observations, and a focus group. For the first research question, process maps and VSM maps were created. This together with various interviews created the foundation for identifying non-value-adding activities/waste in the propeller process which affected the throughput time. For research question two, theory of material and production control was applied in order to reduce the non-value-adding activities/waste and consequently reduce throughput time in the process. Regarding research question three, interviews were conducted with Press Kogyo and another manufacturing company with a functional layout. The authors intended to, through these interviews, find answers to how manufacturing companies with a functional layout can reduce the disadvantages of the layout with the help of efficient material and production control. Conclusions: In the study, seven wastes were identified where “wait” was considered to be the waste that affected throughput time the most in the propeller process. To eliminate all waste and specifically the waste “wait”, methods and theories regarding material and production control was applied with a focus on production activity control (PAC). All the different theories that was used also created a theoretical model which can be a good basis for planning when companies with a functional layout want to find ways tostreamline their planning. Some parts of the theoretical model were also used later in the study where it was used to reduce the disadvantages that may exist with a functional layout
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