La gestion des ressources en zones protégées et en particulier les zones humides d'importance internationale « zone Ramsar », s'oriente de plus en plus vers une gestion intégrée et globale par bassin versant. Par contre, en Algérie, l'application de ce processus quoi qu'il soit débattu depuis plus d'une décennie, progresse timidement, et l'emphase est toujours mise sur la gestion sectorielle. L'état de dégradation et la menace qui pèse sur le site Ramsar du lac Tonga sont un exemple concret de l'échec de cette gestion. Nous émettons l'hypothèse qu'une telle approche est inefficace et que dans ces conditions, le classement du lac en site Ramsar et son inclusion dans une aire doublement protégée sont tout à fait inutiles. L'approche écosystémique de gestion, déjà largement appliquée et qui fait ses preuves au niveau des zones Ramsar euro-méditerranéennes, est le modèle que nous proposons pour sauver la situation et définir les enjeux majeurs et prioritaires sur le bassin versant. Elle fait également mention des orientations pour l'adoption et la mise en place d'un organisme capable de coordonner les actions d'un schéma d'aménagement et de gestion intégrée du bassin versant du lac Tonga qui tiendrait compte du caractère protégé du territoire et en même temps des impératifs du développement socio-économique de la population riveraine du lac, dans une perspective de développement durable. Cette étude pionnière dans son genre au niveau de la région pourrait être un précurseur pour favoriser la réflexion sur l'adoption d'une démarche intégrée de gestion de la ressource en eau, qui pour une première étape pourrait être effectuée à titre pilote au niveau du bassin versant du Tonga, car l'adoption définitive d'une telle démarche dans le contexte de l'Algérie génère beaucoup d'hésitation, ce qui constitue la principale contrainte quant à sa mise en oeuvre. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Gestion intégrée par bassin versant, Approche écosystémique, Ressource en eau, Zone humide, Atterrissement, Enjeux.

This study examined the impact of Westernization on Tongan cultural values (Collectivism I, Collectivism II, Power Distance, Future Orientation, and Uncertainty Avoidance) related to business. A Tongan version of the Project GLOBE Beta Questionnaire measuring cultural dimensions at the societal level was completed by 222 Tongans from the island groups of Vava’u, Ha’apai, and Niuatoputapu. One-way ANOVA and planned comparison results indicated significant differences for Collectivism II and Uncertainty Avoidance. Scores from Vava’u showed significantly less Collectivism II than Ha’apai, but not Niuatoputapu. Furthermore, scores from Vava’u showed significantly less Uncertainty Avoidance than Ha’apai and Niuatoputapu. No significant differences were found between Ha’apai and Niuatoputapu on any of the cultural dimensions in this study. The results of this study indicate the cultural dimension scores in one of Tonga’s more populated and technologically advanced island groups are beginning to reflect the values of Western culture. Implications for organizations planning to conduct business in Tonga are discussed.

The oral histories utilized by this research reveal the experiences of those who suffered leprosy in five South Pacific nations, Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu. This thesis explores how leprosy and its stigma impacted on the lives of these people, some of whom suffered decades of isolation at various leprosaria including the case of one New Caledonian resident for nearly seventy years. The testimonies of their experiences of diagnosis, removal into isolation, medical treatment and eventual discharge back to their homes implicitly contain descriptions of attitudes of stigma in their communities. This research reveals that where there is openness and knowledge about the minimal risk of leprosy contagion, as occurred in Fiji and Vanuatu from the 1950s, less stigma is attached to the disease. Nevertheless even in these countries, prior to the 1950s and availability of any effective medication, the fear and horror of the physical effects of leprosy was such that the victims were either cast out or chose to move away from their homes. This segregation led to groups of leprosy sufferers banding together to help care for each other. Once the policy of isolation in leprosaria was implemented, advanced cases of leprosy benefited from the better medical facilities and found opportunities for friendships and camaraderie. However, where the conditions at leprosaria were miserable and movements of the residents visibly restricted by fences, as occurred in Samoa and Tonga, there was heightened leprosy stigma. Perceptions of stigma varied from person to person and region to region. Higher levels of stigma were evident in New Caledonia, where leprosaria had been situated at former prison sites and strict isolation enforced, and in Tonga, where the removal of all leprosy sufferers had from the earliest days been associated with biblical strictures asserting that leprosy was a curse and the sufferers unclean. Following the availability of sulphone treatment in the South Pacific in the1950s and the improved medication in the 1980s, leprosy need no longer be physically disfiguring or disabling. Assisted by the generous donations gathered by the Pacific Leprosy Foundation in New Zealand to the medical services at the central leprosy hospital in Fiji, and by direct assistance to leprosy sufferers in the Pacific, the disadvantages that were imposed by leprosy in the past are disappearing and as one contributor to the project said ‘the time of darkness’ is ending.

This study presents an analysis of the interactions observed among the West Polynesia islands of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, using concepts of regional systems and trade networks. The connections between these island groups in the period between the 1770s and the 1870s are examined in extensive detail. In particular, this analysis takes the theoretical framework of the world-systems approach of Chase-Dunn and Hall and applies a method involving networks of exchange to this region. These networks include the information network, the bulk products network, the political/ military network and the network of prestige valuables. Archival data show the operation and content of these networks and demonstrate that with the influx of European products in the early colonial period, there was an efflorescence of long-distance exchange in this region. This analysis of networks linking the island groups suggest that Fiji, Tonga and Samoa should be viewed as a regional unit instead of three distinct societies for many subjects of investigation.

Speech recognition threshold (SRT) is an important clinical measure that validates the pure-tone average (PTA), assists in diagnosis and prognosis of hearing and hearing impairment, and helps identify non-organic hearing impairment. Few published, recorded, and standardized materials exist in languages other than English, which results in audiologists testing individuals using materials developed in a non-native language. Research shows that this is problematic, as certain criterion for SRT testing are not met. Thus, performance may reflect test-language deficiency rather than hearing impairment. Currently, there are no known published materials for use in measuring the SRT in individuals whose native language is Tongan. The purpose of this project was to record and develop psychometrically equivalent words in Tongan for measuring the SRT. This study identified 28 trisyllabic words that were relatively homogenous in relation to audibility and psychometric function slope. The intensity of these 28 words was adjusted to equate 50% threshold performance for each word with the mean PTA (5.92 dB HL) for the twenty normally hearing participants. These materials were digitally recorded onto compact disc for distribution and use for SRT testing in Tongan.

The effect of religious bodies upon the economy, landscape and culture of developing countries is a topic that needs further study. Intuitively, mission work in such lands would seems to have some impact but the actual conditions and changes are not carefully defined. This thesis seeks to describe one instance, the effect of the LDS Church upon Tonga. Here the Church is a fairly recent entrant into the land and its effects may readily be seen. The LDS Church was found to play a modest role in the economy and a much greater role in changing landscapes. It is seen as a supporter of the local culture even though Tonga's societal patterns do not always conform to LDS beliefs, especially those about family government.

No description available.

The study interrogates the marginalisation of the Tonga language in the school curriculum of Zimbabwe. It explores the causes of marginalisation and what can be done by the Zimbabwean government to promote the Tonga language in the school curriculum at all levels in the education domain in Zimbabwe. In the study, the researcher uses a mixed method approach where qualitative and quantitative research techniques are used to corroborate data from different data gathering sources. The postmodernist theory is used in this research because of its encouragement of pluralism in society so as to enhance social cohesion. This is so because all languages are equal and they share the same functions and characteristics. There is no superior or inferior language in the eyes of the postmodernists. Participants for this study were drawn from district officials, selected primary and secondary school educators, primary and secondary school heads, all from Binga district of Zimbabwe and three university Tonga language lecturers, all purposefully selected. Focus group discussions, interviews, questionnaires, documents analysis and observations were used to collect data for this study. The data collected was then analysed using qualitative and quantitative analysis for triangulation purposes. The research established that the marginalisation of the Tonga language in Zimbabwe is caused by both exogenous and endogenous factors. The major factor is Zimbabwe‘s lack of a clear language policy exacerbated by attitudes of the different stakeholders which has also facilitated and enhanced the peripherisation of the Tonga language in Zimbabwe. The government of Zimbabwe has a tendency of declaring policies and not implementing them. Consequently, the government reacts to language problems as they arise. The study also reveals the importance of the Tonga language in the school curriculum in Zimbabwe. It also establishes that, for the Tonga language to be promoted there is need for the expeditious training of educators by the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. There is need for the government of Zimbabwe to strengthen their language policy so that the status of Tonga is enhanced and uplifted. A strong language policy will compel different stakeholders to stick to their mandate thereby improving the place of the Tonga language in the school curriculum at all levels of the curriculum in Zimbabwe. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

La zone de subduction des Tonga-Kermadec est le résultat d une évolution géodynamique complexe. L intéraction des mécanismes d ouverture du domaine arrière-arc, de la subduction de la ride oblique de Louisville, de la déchirure de la plaque Pacifique plongeante ou encore d une obliquité de convergence croissante du Nord au Sud de la zone, est à l origine de la segmentation morphotectonique actuelle du système. Une approche couplée de modélisation numérique 3D et de sismotectonique a permis d étudier l état de contrainte d un système convergent induit lors de la subduction d une plaque océanique le long d une marge courbe ou encore, lors de la subduction d un relief océanique. Pour cela, un code numérique en éléments finis thermo-mécanique en 3D (ADELI-3D) a été développé par R. Hassani, puis validé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les résultats soulignent un effet significatif des variations latérales d un système convergent sur les déformations lithosphériques engendrées. (1) Dans le cas de marges à géométrie courbe, une convexité ou concavité vers l océan, induit respectivement un régime compressif ou extensif dans la plaque supérieure et ce, quel que soit le contraste de densité entre la lithosphère et l asthénosphère ou encore la valeur du coefficient de friction interplaque. (2) Les résultats des simulations numériques 3D et de l étude sismotectonique ont mis en évidence le rôle significatif de la subduction d une ride océanique sur l état de contrainte de la plaque supérieure. La subduction d une ride se traduit par la surrection de la marge et un régime compressif au front du relief en subduction. Nos simulations montrent que la distribution des contraintes au sein de la plaque chevauchante est contrôlée par l obliquité de la ride. Dans la plaque chevauchante du système Tonga-Kermadec, une segmentation tectonique et cinématique des zones d arc et d arrière-arc est mise en évidence à travers la résolution de l état de contraintes déduit des mécanismes au foyer. Un régime de contraintes similaire est obtenu dans nos modèles 3D et nous permet de confirmer le rôle significatif de la subduction de la ride de Louisville sur la structuration actuelle du bassin arrière-arc de Lau. (3) L étude de la distribution de la sismicité et des mécanismes au foyer de la plaque plongeante révèle une influence de cette ride sur le comportement profond de la plaque. Un saut de subduction, qui coïncide avec l arrivée de la ride de Louisville dans la fosse est mis en évidence au Nord de la ride de Peggy. Ce saut de subduction s est accompagné d un détachement de la partie profonde du panneau plongeant, souligné par une vaste lacune de sismicité sous le Bassin de Lau. Une étude fine de la distribution de la sismicité de la plaque supérieure a permis d identifier de nouvelles structures tectoniques dans le Nord du système Tonga, à savoir l axe Futuna-Niua Fo ou, interprété comme une ancienne frontière de plaques et l accident intra-arc de Niuatoputapu, impliqués dans la réorganisation globale du système.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1995. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 247-256).