The presented thesis deals with the development of microregion Rakovnicko with regard to the area of tourism. The main objective of the study was to find out what kind of options has the surveyed region for supporting business activities in the field of tourism. The operational objective was to describe the limits of business development in this area. The objectives were obtained through analysis of the state of particular business support tools. The analysis covered the past and the current state of support tools, and the final conclusion was drawn within each of them.

This thesis is dealing with problems of creating products in the tourist destination South Slovácko. In the introductory part there are described theoretical solutions of thesis, first of all essence of the management and marketing of destination, touristic products and product creation. In the second part there are realized analysis, which are focused on evaluate of current destination condition, including analysis of touristic demand and comparison with the biggest competitors. Closing part is dealing with the design of the products, which should make touristic destinations more attractive.

<p>Докторска&nbsp; дисертација &bdquo;Промоција&nbsp; нових&nbsp; туристичких&nbsp; дестинација &ndash;<br />београдских&nbsp; приградских&nbsp; општина&ldquo;&nbsp; односи&nbsp; се&nbsp; на&nbsp; седам&nbsp; суседних&nbsp; општина&nbsp; које окружују&nbsp; централне&nbsp; делове&nbsp; Београда:&nbsp; Барајево,&nbsp; Гроцку,&nbsp; Младеновац,&nbsp; Лазаревац, Обреновац, Сопот и Сурчин.<br />Промоција,&nbsp; у&nbsp; условима&nbsp; све&nbsp; израженије&nbsp; конкуренције&nbsp; на&nbsp; туристичком<br />тржишту,&nbsp; представља&nbsp; незаобилазни&nbsp; инстумент&nbsp; у&nbsp; позиционирању&nbsp; туристичких<br />дестинација&nbsp; у&nbsp; свести&nbsp; туриста.&nbsp; Ова&nbsp; констатација&nbsp; се&nbsp; посебно&nbsp; односи&nbsp; на&nbsp; нове&nbsp; и недовољно&nbsp; познате&nbsp; географске&nbsp; целине&nbsp; које&nbsp; тек&nbsp; треба&nbsp; да&nbsp; валоризују&nbsp; своје&nbsp; садржаје, као што је то случај са београдским приградским општинама(БПО).<br />Уважавајући&nbsp; значај&nbsp; туристичке&nbsp; промоције&nbsp; за&nbsp; излазак&nbsp; нових&nbsp; дестинација&nbsp; на<br />туристичко тржиште, треба јасно нагласити да промоција мора да се посматра само као&nbsp; део&nbsp; ширих&nbsp; активности,&nbsp; односно&nbsp; као&nbsp; битан&nbsp; елеменат&nbsp; управљања&nbsp; дестинацијом, најчешће кроз активности дестинацијских менаџмент организација (ДМО).<br />Применом&nbsp; одговарајућих&nbsp; метода&nbsp; и&nbsp; техника&nbsp; истраживања&nbsp; за&nbsp; потребе<br />докторске&nbsp; дисертације (методе&nbsp; посматрања,&nbsp; методе&nbsp; испитивања,&nbsp; статистичка<br />метода,&nbsp; техника&nbsp; анкетирања,&nbsp; теренско&nbsp; истраживање),&nbsp; утврђено&nbsp; је&nbsp; да&nbsp; БПО<br />располажу&nbsp; са&nbsp; бројним&nbsp; и&nbsp; разноврсним&nbsp; потенцијалима&nbsp; за&nbsp; развој т уризма,&nbsp; да&nbsp; имају&nbsp;&nbsp; формиран&nbsp; туристички&nbsp; производ,&nbsp; али&nbsp; да&nbsp; ипак&nbsp; туристи&nbsp; то&nbsp; подручје&nbsp; углавном&nbsp; не доживљавају као могућа места за одмор, разоноду, рекреацију, односно још&nbsp; увек га не виде као привлачну туристичку дестинацију.<br />Даља&nbsp; истраживања&nbsp; указују&nbsp; да&nbsp; је&nbsp; последњих&nbsp; година&nbsp; приметан&nbsp; одређен<br />напредак&nbsp; по&nbsp; питању&nbsp; туристичке&nbsp; понуде&nbsp; и&nbsp; спровођења&nbsp; промотивних&nbsp; активности, али&nbsp; и&nbsp; да&nbsp; истовремено&nbsp; постоји&nbsp; значајан&nbsp; простор&nbsp; за&nbsp; побољшање&nbsp; постојеће организације &bdquo;туристичке&nbsp; администрације&ldquo;,&nbsp; а&nbsp; самим &nbsp;тим&nbsp; и&nbsp; туристичке&nbsp; промоције на нивоу БПО.<br />Имајући&nbsp; у&nbsp; виду&nbsp; резултате&nbsp; истраживања,&nbsp; у&nbsp; овој&nbsp; докторској&nbsp; тези&nbsp; се&nbsp; предлаже<br />конкретан&nbsp; нови&nbsp; модел&nbsp; управљања&nbsp; Београдом&nbsp; као&nbsp; туристичком&nbsp; дестинацијом<br />(обухватајући и БПО као саставни део града&nbsp; Београда). Предложени&nbsp; модел&nbsp; уважава примере добре праксе из иностранства, али и све специфичности постојећег начина организовања&nbsp; туризма,&nbsp; спровођења&nbsp; туристичке&nbsp; промоције&nbsp; као&nbsp; и&nbsp; садашњег&nbsp; обима&nbsp; и квалитета&nbsp; туристичке&nbsp; понуде&nbsp; посматраног&nbsp; подручја.&nbsp; Посебно&nbsp; се&nbsp; истиче&nbsp; значај&nbsp; и неопходност&nbsp; професионализације&nbsp; и&nbsp; деполитизације&nbsp; тела&nbsp; задужених&nbsp; за&nbsp; промоцију&nbsp; и управљање&nbsp; дестинацијама (локалне&nbsp; ТО&nbsp; и&nbsp; градска&nbsp; ДМО)&nbsp; и&nbsp; укључивање&nbsp; приватног<br />сектора&nbsp; кроз&nbsp; јавно-приватно&nbsp; партнерство,&nbsp; као&nbsp; основних&nbsp; принципа&nbsp; на&nbsp; којима&nbsp; би&nbsp; се се заснивале будуће активности.</p> / <p>Doktorska&nbsp; disertacija &bdquo;Promocija&nbsp; novih&nbsp; turističkih&nbsp; destinacija &ndash;<br />beogradskih&nbsp; prigradskih&nbsp; opština&ldquo;&nbsp; odnosi&nbsp; se&nbsp; na&nbsp; sedam&nbsp; susednih&nbsp; opština&nbsp; koje okružuju&nbsp; centralne&nbsp; delove&nbsp; Beograda:&nbsp; Barajevo,&nbsp; Grocku,&nbsp; Mladenovac,&nbsp; Lazarevac, Obrenovac, Sopot i Surčin.<br />Promocija,&nbsp; u&nbsp; uslovima&nbsp; sve&nbsp; izraženije&nbsp; konkurencije&nbsp; na&nbsp; turističkom<br />tržištu,&nbsp; predstavlja&nbsp; nezaobilazni&nbsp; instument&nbsp; u&nbsp; pozicioniranju&nbsp; turističkih<br />destinacija&nbsp; u&nbsp; svesti&nbsp; turista.&nbsp; Ova&nbsp; konstatacija&nbsp; se&nbsp; posebno&nbsp; odnosi&nbsp; na&nbsp; nove&nbsp; i nedovoljno&nbsp; poznate&nbsp; geografske&nbsp; celine&nbsp; koje&nbsp; tek&nbsp; treba&nbsp; da&nbsp; valorizuju&nbsp; svoje&nbsp; sadržaje, kao što je to slučaj sa beogradskim prigradskim opštinama(BPO).<br />Uvažavajući&nbsp; značaj&nbsp; turističke&nbsp; promocije&nbsp; za&nbsp; izlazak&nbsp; novih&nbsp; destinacija&nbsp; na<br />turističko tržište, treba jasno naglasiti da promocija mora da se posmatra samo kao&nbsp; deo&nbsp; širih&nbsp; aktivnosti,&nbsp; odnosno&nbsp; kao&nbsp; bitan&nbsp; elemenat&nbsp; upravljanja&nbsp; destinacijom, najčešće kroz aktivnosti destinacijskih menadžment organizacija (DMO).<br />Primenom&nbsp; odgovarajućih&nbsp; metoda&nbsp; i&nbsp; tehnika&nbsp; istraživanja&nbsp; za&nbsp; potrebe<br />doktorske&nbsp; disertacije (metode&nbsp; posmatranja,&nbsp; metode&nbsp; ispitivanja,&nbsp; statistička<br />metoda,&nbsp; tehnika&nbsp; anketiranja,&nbsp; terensko&nbsp; istraživanje),&nbsp; utvrđeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; BPO<br />raspolažu&nbsp; sa&nbsp; brojnim&nbsp; i&nbsp; raznovrsnim&nbsp; potencijalima&nbsp; za&nbsp; razvoj t urizma,&nbsp; da&nbsp; imaju&nbsp;&nbsp; formiran&nbsp; turistički&nbsp; proizvod,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; da&nbsp; ipak&nbsp; turisti&nbsp; to&nbsp; područje&nbsp; uglavnom&nbsp; ne doživljavaju kao moguća mesta za odmor, razonodu, rekreaciju, odnosno još&nbsp; uvek ga ne vide kao privlačnu turističku destinaciju.<br />Dalja&nbsp; istraživanja&nbsp; ukazuju&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; poslednjih&nbsp; godina&nbsp; primetan&nbsp; određen<br />napredak&nbsp; po&nbsp; pitanju&nbsp; turističke&nbsp; ponude&nbsp; i&nbsp; sprovođenja&nbsp; promotivnih&nbsp; aktivnosti, ali&nbsp; i&nbsp; da&nbsp; istovremeno&nbsp; postoji&nbsp; značajan&nbsp; prostor&nbsp; za&nbsp; poboljšanje&nbsp; postojeće organizacije &bdquo;turističke&nbsp; administracije&ldquo;,&nbsp; a&nbsp; samim &nbsp;tim&nbsp; i&nbsp; turističke&nbsp; promocije na nivou BPO.<br />Imajući&nbsp; u&nbsp; vidu&nbsp; rezultate&nbsp; istraživanja,&nbsp; u&nbsp; ovoj&nbsp; doktorskoj&nbsp; tezi&nbsp; se&nbsp; predlaže<br />konkretan&nbsp; novi&nbsp; model&nbsp; upravljanja&nbsp; Beogradom&nbsp; kao&nbsp; turističkom&nbsp; destinacijom<br />(obuhvatajući i BPO kao sastavni deo grada&nbsp; Beograda). Predloženi&nbsp; model&nbsp; uvažava primere dobre prakse iz inostranstva, ali i sve specifičnosti postojećeg načina organizovanja&nbsp; turizma,&nbsp; sprovođenja&nbsp; turističke&nbsp; promocije&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; sadašnjeg&nbsp; obima&nbsp; i kvaliteta&nbsp; turističke&nbsp; ponude&nbsp; posmatranog&nbsp; područja.&nbsp; Posebno&nbsp; se&nbsp; ističe&nbsp; značaj&nbsp; i neophodnost&nbsp; profesionalizacije&nbsp; i&nbsp; depolitizacije&nbsp; tela&nbsp; zaduženih&nbsp; za&nbsp; promociju&nbsp; i upravljanje&nbsp; destinacijama (lokalne&nbsp; TO&nbsp; i&nbsp; gradska&nbsp; DMO)&nbsp; i&nbsp; uključivanje&nbsp; privatnog<br />sektora&nbsp; kroz&nbsp; javno-privatno&nbsp; partnerstvo,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; osnovnih&nbsp; principa&nbsp; na&nbsp; kojima&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se se zasnivale buduće aktivnosti.</p> / <p>The doctorial dissertation &quot;The promotion of new tourist destinations - Belgrade suburban municipalities&quot; refers to the seven neighboring municipalities that surround the central parts of Belgrade: Barajevo, Grocka, Mladenovac, Lazarevac, Obrenovac, Sopot and Surčin.</p><p>The promotion in conditions of strong competition in the tourism market, is an indispensable instrument in the positioning of tourist destinations in the minds of tourists. This statement especially applies to the new and insufficiently known geographical units which are yet to valorize their contents, as is the case with the Belgrade suburban municipalities (BSM).</p><p>Recognizing the importance of tourism promotion forthe entry of new destinations on the tourist market, it should be clear, that&nbsp; promotion must be seen only as part of broader activities or as an essential element of destination management, mainlythrough the activities of destination management organizations (DMO).</p><p>By applying appropriate research methods and techniques for the purpose of a doctoral dissertation (observation methods, test methods, statistical methods, survey techniques, field work), it has been found out, that BSM have numerous and varied potentials for tourism development, that they have formed a tourism product, but generally tourists do not see this area as possible places for rest, leisure, recreation, andstill do not see it as an attractive tourist destination.</p><p>The further researches indicate that in recent years there has been some progress, in &nbsp;terms of tourist offer and the implementation of promotional activities, but at the same&nbsp;time there is considerable scope for improving theexisting organization &quot;tourist&nbsp;administration&quot;, and therefore tourism promotion atthe level of BSM.</p><p>Having in mind the results of research, in this doctoral thesis it is proposed a&nbsp;concrete new management model Belgrade as a touristdestination (including the BSM as&nbsp;part of the City of Belgrade). The proposed model takes into account the examples of&nbsp;good &nbsp;practice from abroad, and all the peculiarities of the existing ways of organizing&nbsp;tourism, the implementation of tourism promotion aswell as the current volume and&nbsp;quality of tourist offer of the observed area. The&nbsp; importance and necessity of&nbsp;professionalisation and depolitisation of the body&nbsp; responsible for the promotion and&nbsp;destination management (local TO and urban DMO), and the involvement of the private&nbsp;sector through public-private partnerships, as wellas the basic principles on which it is&nbsp;premised future activities.</p>

Technology is dominant and intensively evolved in our lives today, as technology is being used on several aspects of our daily lives like smart phones, tv and several other technological gadgets which are very important tools in marketing. New technological innovations are being invented which help to open up and create new opportunities to people. Virtual reality technology (VR) is one of the new and unique electronic technologies that has emerged in recent years. VR has been helping to transfer some aspects from our real life (RL) to virtual reality (VR), in other word virtual world. This research presents a qualitative study of the role of VR technology in the marketing of tourist destinations. The research has examined the conditions for Swedish destinations to use VR technology for marketing purposes, and how VR technology could in that case be used in municipal destination companies in Sweden. Also, it explores some of the pros and cons of using VR technology in advertising marketing within tourist destinations. This research’s results demonstrated positive feelings among the majority of the participants regarding the use of VR technology as future marketing tool. However, the participants expressed that is challenging to use VR at the present time due to financial factors and lack of knowledge around the VR field. Furthermore, most respondents highlighted the great potential opportunities that could be accessed through the application of VR technology. They pointed out that VR technology could attract more visitors to the destinations by the virtual experience which could lead to arousing interest in the tourist destination. / Tekniken är dominerande och intensivt utvecklad i våra liv idag, eftersom tekniken används i flera aspekter av vårt dagliga liv som smarta telefoner, tv och flera andra tekniska prylar som är mycket viktiga verktyg i marknadsföring. Nya tekniska innovationer uppfinns som bidrar till att öppna upp och skapa nya möjligheter för människor. Virtual reality-teknik (VR) är en av de nya och unika elektroniska teknologier som har dykt upp de senaste åren. VR har hjälpt till att överföra vissa aspekter från vårt verkliga liv (RL) till virtuell verklighet (VR), med andra ord virtuell värld. Denna forskning presenterar en kvalitativ studie om VR-teknikens roll i turistdestinations marknadsföring. Forskningen har undersökt förutsättningarna för svenska destinationer att använda VR-teknik i marknadsföringssyfte, och hur VR-teknik i så fall skulle kunna användas i kommunala destinationsföretag i Sverige. Dessutom utforskar den några av fördelarna och nackdelarna med att använda VR-teknik i reklammarknadsföring inom turistdestinationer. Resultaten av denna forskning visade på positiva känslor hos majoriteten av respondenterna angående användningen av VR-teknik som framtida marknadsföringsverktyg. respondenterna uttryckte dock att det är utmanande att använda VR-tekniker för närvarande på grund av ekonomiska faktorer och bristande kunskap kring VR-tekniker. Dessutom lyfte respondenterna flesta svarande fram de stora potentiella möjligheter som kan nås genom tillämpning av VR-teknik. Respondenterna påpekade att VR-teknik skulle kunna locka fler besökare till destinationerna genom den virtuella upplevelsen som kunde leda till att väcka intresse för turistdestinationer.

M. Tech. (Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Faculty of Human Sciences) Vaal University of Technology. / Tourism is regarded as a global phenomenon in the 21st Century and is the world’s largest and fastest growing industry. Many countries globally look at tourism as a key driver for economic growth and rescue to their economic slumber (Brida, Lanzilotta, Moreno & Santiñaque 2018:62). In South Africa, tourism contributed immensely to total employment and economic activity in the country and the government sees this industry as a great resource, the country’s strategy for expansion and a possible vehicle to take South Africa into a new economic trajectory. The National Department of Tourism developed the National Tourism Sector Strategy (NTSS 2016-2026) to facilitate the growth of this industry. As a result, direct tourism performance is measured on an ongoing basis against the goals set for South Africa of which two of the performance measures are length of stay and direct spend (NTSS 2019). These two are important because if visitors stay for longer periods at a destination, their spending increases as they partake in more tourism activities and pay for accommodation. This in turn increases the value attached to tourism as an engine for economic growth (SA Tourism 2007:59). Tourists’ spending and length of stay are therefore very important variables in the tourism industry as they contribute immensely to the economic value of tourism to specific destinations (Wong, Fong, & Law, 2016:958; Wang, Fong, Law & Fang 2018:472; Montañoa, Rossellób & Sansób 2019:112). Length of stay and average spend per day by tourists are fluctuating for South Africa as a tourism destination (SAT 2009-2018). The growth of both these variables has also been small over a period of ten years. These fluctuations and slow growth exert pressure on the tourism industry (SAT 2005-2018) and therefore annually form part of the strategic objectives of the National Department of Tourism (NTSS 2019). An in-depth analysis of these two variables is lacking and understanding the factors influencing these two variables within a South African context is of paramount importance to improving the economic value of tourism to the country. Although the factors influencing the two variables have been widely researched, these cannot be stereotyped to all destinations as they are destination specific (Barros & Machado 2010:693; Gemara & Correiab 2018:56) and these have not been analysed in the context of South Africa as a tourism destination. Though fluctuating patterns and slow growth on tourists’ length of stay and spending in South Africa is evident and is a cause of concern, the real problem here is lack of in-depth information on factors which influence these two key variables from a South African perspective. Even though South African Tourism have placed length of stay and spending of tourists as key strategic variables that need to be closely monitored and improved it needs action from the South African context. Once these factors are known, only then can South African Tourism be able to condition them positively for the benefit of the country’s economy. This research therefore sought to explore the factors influencing the stay duration and spending behaviour of international air tourists to South Africa and how these factors can be developed to increase tourists’ length of stay and spending in South Africa. Hence the aim of this research was to identify and analyse factors that influence length of stay and spending behaviour of international tourists reaching South Africa by air and in both cases, attention was given to the intrinsic and extrinsic contributing factors. Literature was reviewed on tourists’ travel behaviour by means of an in-depth discussion of travel motivations in general and travel motivations to South Africa specifically, tourists’ decision-making process, type of holiday decisions tourists makes, and the factors that influence these tourists’ decisions. The composition of the total tourism product was also analysed as this has an influence on tourists’ travel behaviour. This was followed by a comprehensive analysis of literature concerning tourists’ spending behaviour and visitors’ length of stay, which form the pith of this study. The analysis focused on the definition of concepts such as tourists’ length of stay and spending behaviour, the importance of length of stay and spending behaviour of tourists in tourism, how tourism spending is measured, how tourism expenditure data is gathered, what constitutes tourism spending/expenditure and lastly the factors which influence tourists’ length of stay and spending behaviour. A quantitative paradigm in the form of a sample survey was used in conducting this research. This research follows a cross-sectional design (exploratory and descriptive in nature at the same time) which involves the collection of data on more than one case and at a single point in time. The target population of this study comprised international tourists who visited South Africa by air. These visitors were accessed at one of the top tourist attractions in Cape Town (one of the most popular cities for international tourists) namely Table Mountain Cable Way. Table Mountain was selected as a data collection hub as it enjoys the lion’s share of South Africa’s international tourist arrivals. According to the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Company (TMACC2014:11), Table Mountain was named Africa’s leading tourist attraction in the World Travel Awards 2014 which makes it possible to pull many international tourists to the country of South Africa. Guided by previous similar studies, the sample size for this study was predetermined at 800 respondents of which 720 were completed without error signifying a response rate of 90%. A non-probability sampling technique namely convenience sampling was chosen for this survey as no list was available on who would be visiting the Table Mountain Arial Cable Way. The 800 international tourists were therefore purposively (only international visitors) and conveniently recruited depending on their willingness to participate in the research project; thus, a non-probability sampling technique was followed. Through the researcher distributing the questionnaire in person and using own judgement, a diverse range of nationalities, age groups and gender was included in the sample for it to be a close representation of all the visitors to South Africa as well as of the phenomenon under investigation. The questionnaire was designed and used to obtain detailed data on travel motivations, spending patterns and length of stay of the international air tourist market to South Africa. The questionnaire was designed from previous studies related to the above key variables and this added to the content validity of the questionnaire. A pre-test study was conducted by means of 10 survey questionnaires administered to academic experts at a University who had travelled abroad, and this added to the face validity of the questionnaire. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 for Windows was used to analyse the data and data gathered was presented by means of frequency tables and analytically described, subjected to exploratory factor analysis, one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA), t-tests, and Spearman’s rank order correlation analysis to establish the relationships between variables. Based on the empirical findings of this research project it is concluded that more males than females participated in this research and on average the age of the participants is 41 years, mostly married people and mainly staying in hotels and lodges. A variety of nationalities participated in this research but most of the respondents were from USA, UK followed by a huge margin from Germany, Netherlands and Australia, a profile which matches that of typical visitors to South Africa and were holders of a degree or diploma, followed by those with a postgraduate qualification with the majority being professionals followed by those in managerial positions. Most of the respondents to the study were first-time visitors to South Africa, travelling in a group of 3 or less people, and the average number of people in the travel group was 4 people and the average number of previous visits to South Africa was 1.68 times. Many of the respondents to this study travelled to South Africa mainly for holiday/leisure mostly to enjoy the natural attractions of South Africa since they placed high importance on appreciation of natural resources, enjoyment of beautiful scenery and sightseeing of tourist spots as important travel motivators. Most of the respondents to this study stayed on average 16.42 days which is higher than the annual average length of stay of international tourists. This information is very important from a marketing perspective as it helps in the profiling of tourists, targeting, tourism product development and positioning. Of importance as well is the fact that that the bigger the travel group the higher their spending will be. The most important aspects directly and significantly influencing length of stay were time constraints, the location of South Africa and financial constraints. It can be concluded that length of stay, availability of time to shop and respondents’ experience as a tourist directly and significantly contributes to visitor spending while interaction with the locals does not. The main travel motivations of international tourists to South Africa were Relaxation and Novelty, Social motivations, Cultural and heritage motivations, Personal Motivations and Destination motivations, of which Relaxation and Novelty and Cultural and Heritage motivations were rated high as travel motivations of tourists to South Africa. The main factors influencing length of stay of the respondents to this study were Personal experience, Access attributes, Destination attributes and Personal constraints. Of these factors, personal constraints and destination attributes ranked the highest as influencers of tourists’ length of stay. The respondents’ length of stay was least influenced by access attributes. The main factors influencing tourist spending patterns as determined by the factor analysis were: “Access and opportunity”, “Time availability” and “External influences”. Tourists’ spending was to a larger extent influenced by time availability followed by access and opportunity but least affected by external influences. The recommendations to increase length of stay and spending of inbound air tourists to South Africa made in this study are specific to South Africa as they were derived from a deep exploration of factors that influence air tourists’ length of stay and spending behaviour to South Africa. If South African Tourism, tourism industry associations and business owners implement these recommendations, this will improve both stay duration and spending of inbound air tourists to South Africa which has been fluctuating and showing slow growth. The recommendations most importantly add to literature that was lacking from a South African perspective on how length of stay and spending can be positively influenced for inbound air tourists to South Africa. The recommendations are as follows: South African Tourism, various industry associations (FEDHASA, ASATA, GHASA, RASA, SATSA), tour operators and travel agents, individual tourism and hospitality business companies that offer tourism products and services to inbound air tourists should take into consideration that length of stay is inhibited by personal constraints. It is thus important to offer value for money to the tourists. Continuous creative marketing strategies should be employed to attract long staying tourists to this country. South African Tourism, tourism business owners and industry associations should utilise new approaches and strategies that provides information about diverse range of attractions, spending opportunities and facilitate easy access as these are important to tourists who stay longer. Tourists’ personal experiences have a significant influence on tourists’ decisions to stay for longer periods hence South African Tourism and respective industry associations should offer thorough training to tourism and hospitality product/service providers and employees to enhance quality interaction with the visitors as this has a significant influence on the tourists’ decisions to stay longer in South Africa. Tourists that have been to South Africa before were influenced by personal experiences to stay for longer periods while the older and higher educated tourists were less influenced by the length of stay factors owing to their experience and confidence of what they want from a holiday in South Africa. South African Tourism, industry associations and tourism business owners should therefore target repeat visitors and the old, educated tourist market as they tend to stay for longer periods thus adding to the economic returns through their prolonged spending. Tourists that travel in larger groups are influenced by personal constraints, namely time and money; hence creating opportunities for value packages by tourism business owners in conjunction with wholesale and retail travel companies will ensure that this market stays longer in South Africa. Since destination attributes have proven to significantly influence length of stay of international tourists to South Africa, South Africa Tourism needs to create awareness on tourism opportunities that are not fully realised. This will increase tourists’ knowledge of the wide variety of activities and attractions to see in South Africa; hence they will budget long enough time to enjoy these products. Since spending patterns of tourists are influenced by time availability, if tourists stay longer, they will have enough time to shop and to experience destination products and services; hence their spending will rise. It is important to improve the environment related to Access and opportunity, Time availability and External influences as these factors influence how much tourists spend in the destination visited. The most important aspect to give attention to in order increase tourists’ spending is time availability. Opportunities should be created for tourists to spend money, which should be communicated on various platforms. South African Businesses that offer shopping opportunities (especially in shopping malls) should extend shopping hours late in the evening to allow tourists time to shop but safety and security should be geared up. Most of the tours do not always offer ample time for shopping and this should be communicated to the tour operators as it will also assist the local economy to grow.

The work considers the problem of seasonality in the ski resorts of the Sverdlovsk region. In this work you see the concept and the problem of seasonality, additional services and attractivity of the the ski resorts in the Sverdlovsk region. The work considers the way of making the ski resorts in the Sverdlovsk region year-round tourist destination. Ski resorts in the Sverdlovsk region analyzed by the presented in the article criteria, but a special place is given to additional services. / Объектом работы выступают горнолыжные комплексы Свердловской области. Предметом исследования является анализ функционирования горнолыжных комплексов в течении круглого года. Цель – определение действующего статуса, привлекательности, значимости и перспективы развития горнолыжных комплексов Свердловской области как круглогодичного ресурса.

Pictures are often used when marketing a tourist destination. Photographs of a place, a destination, are used to convince customers and stimulate daydreaming in order to turn a potential customer into a real customer. For some people the photographic representations of a place is the only one they experience. With this in mind, it is reasonable to question how representations of places and geographical imaginations are being (re)produced when marketing a destination by using photographs. This paper aims to study how representations of place and people are used when marketing a tourist destination via travel commercial. The study was conducted by analysing images used for marketing tourist destinations located outside Europe, with a focus on photographs portraying people. The pictures included in this study were found in five travel catalogues for the Swedish market. The sample was narrowed down and reduced to three pictures, which were analysed by using a semiotic image analysis. The study aim to answer the following questions: When marketing a tourist destination how are people in the tourism advertising being presented? In what way can the images that are being used for tourism advertising generate stereotypes about places/people? The study indicates that, according to the included sample, the people portrayed in tourism advertising are being presented in a stereotypical manner.

This diploma thesis deals with effects and consequences of touristification in the spa town of Teplice. The aim of this work is the analysis of current state of Teplice's spa therapy and monitoring of functional changes in the town. The emphasis is placed on activities, relational links and the level of co- operation and attitudes of the main participants in the tourism in the town. An inseparable part is also an opinion poll (investigation) among local residents. The aim of this dissertation is, except for findings and an evaluation of effects of touristification in the area of interest, also the suggestion of steps leading to stabilization and improvement of the situation. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The doctoral thesis is devoted to analyzing the perception of attractiveness of Poland as a tourism space from the perspective of Czech citizens in a broader context of mutual Czech -Polish relations in tourism. The thesis is primarily based on theoretical concepts of geography of tourism and at the same time it also follows other geographical and scientific disciplines. The methodological framework of the thesis benefits from the openness and multi-disciplinary nature of tourism. Part of the thesis was created using traditional methods and techniques applied in geography, among others: questionnaire research among students, structured interviews with employees of travel agencies, semi-structured interviews with representatives of the Polish governmental institutions, and analyses of the Internet and printed sources. Additionally, there were utilized methods and techniques used more frequently in other disciplines, including: Delphi method, SWOT analysis, mystery shopping, analysis of travelogues, Internet sources of information about Poland, and content of textbooks. The empirical part of the thesis serves to realize four main aims. The most important aim of thesis can be considered the identification and evaluation of opinions of selected groups of Czechs on the attractiveness of Poland as a...

Titel: “Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.” Författare: Malin Nyberg Institution: Fakultetsnämnden för ekonomi och design, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU Kurs: Turismvetenskap III – Examensarbete, 15 hp. Handledare: Martin Gren, (Linnéuniversitetet, Fakultetsnämnden för ekonomi och design, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU) Examinator: Stefan Gössling, (Linnéuniversitetet, Fakultetsnämnden för ekonomi och design, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU) Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka på vilket sätt och varför Öland som turistdestination är sårbar inför vädervariationer ur turismaktörernas perspektiv. Studien avser även att belysa på vilket sätt marknadsföring av Öland och medias rapportering om destinationens väderförhållanden är bidragande krafter till väderkänsligheten. Metodik: I undersökningen har en kvalitativ fallstudie använts som forskningsmetod med en induktiv ansats. Informationsinsamling har skett via semi-strukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från fyra turismverksamheter på Öland. Urvalet av fallstudieområde och respondenter har skett genom ett bekvämlighetsurval med hänsyn till access och karaktär av forskningsområdet. Slutsats: De viktigaste betydelserna av forskningsresultatet har bland annat visat att brist på alternativa turismprodukter innebär en stor sårbarhet för turismaktörernas verksamheter vid ogynnsamma väderförhållanden för de huvudsakliga aktiviteterna Forskningsresultaten har även påvisat att fokus på specifika väderattribut i marknadsföringen av destinationen medverkar till destinationens sårbarhet tillsammans med förväntningar om specifika väderförhållanden bland besökare. / Title: “Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.” Author: Malin Nyberg Institution: School of Business and Economics Course: Tourism Studies III – Bachelors Thesis, 15 credits Supervisor: Martin Gren, (Linnaeus University, School of Business and Economics, ELNU) Examiner: Stefan Gössling, (Linnaeus University, School of Business and Economics, ELNU) Purpose: The study aims to examine how and why Öland as a tourist destination is vulnerable to weather variations from tourism operators’ perspective. The study also aims to shed light on how the marketing of Öland and media coverage of the weather conditions of the destination are contributing forces to weather sensitivity. Methodology: The study was conducted with a qualitative case study research method together with an inductive approach. Information has been collected through semi-structured interviews with respondents from four tourism businesses on Öland. The selection of the case study area and respondents have been through a convenience sample with respect to access and the nature of the research. Conclusion: The most important findings of the research results has shown that the lack of alternative tourism products is a major vulnerability for tourism operators in adverse weather conditions for the main activities. Research results have also shown that the focus of the marketing of the destination on specific weather attributes contributing to the destination vulnerability together with expectations on specific weather conditions among visitors.