Toxoplasma gondii é o agente etiológico da toxoplasmose, podendo causar diferentes formas da doença, entre elas, a toxoplasmose congênita cuja frequência varia significativamente de acordo com o país estudado. Na França, foi estimada em 1-3 casos/1.000 nativivos, enquanto nos EUA cerca de 1/10.000, porém não existem estimativas da prevalência de infecção congênita no Brasil. Toxoplasma gondii possui três linhagens clonais conhecidas como genótipos I, II e III que se relacionam aos três tipos descritos de acordo com a classificação da patogenicidade do parasita em camundongos, estando os três tipos associados a infecções humanas de maior patogenicidade, menor patogenicidade e patogenicidade intermediária, respectivamente. Os três genótipos já foram identificados na América do Norte e Europa, sendo o genótipo II predominante em infecções congênitas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a freqüência dos genótipos I, II e III de T. gondii em 85 amostras de líquido amniótico de gestantes brasileiras com toxoplasmose confirmada e adquirida durante a gestação, todas oriundas de São Paulo. Para tal, foi utilizada a técnica de multiplexnested- PCR-RFLP com amplificação simultânea de quatro fragmentos pertencentes a três genes do parasita: 3-SAG2, 5-SAG2, SAG3 e GRA6 Das 85 amostras iniciais, 76 foram positivas pelo sistema de multiplexnested- PCR (92,7%), tendo sido possível analisar o maior número de amostras no sistema que amplifica a região do gene SAG3 (69,7%), seguido do sistema 3-SAG2 (44,7%), do sistema 5-SAG2 (40,8%), e finalmente do sistema GRA6 (25%). Nas 76 amostras submetidas à genotipagem foram encontrados: 1,3% (1 amostra) do genótipo I; 71,1% (54 amostras) do genótipo II; 6,6% (5 amostras) do genótipo III; e 21% (16 amostras) para as quais não foi possível definir o genótipo parasitário após clivagem enzimática, tendo sido as mesmas submetidas ao sequenciamento. Das 16 amostras, duas não puderam seqüenciadas por falta de DNA remanescente e das 14 analisadas: duas foram definidas como tipo III, apresentando 100% de homologia com o protótipo VEG, e duas foram definidas como tipo II apresentando 100% de homologia com o protótipo ME49. Em 10 amostras foram observadas misturas de duas ou mais bases, em uma ou mais posições nucleotídicas da sequência de DNA do fragmento amplificado, sendo identificadas como recombinantes. Além disso, seis amostras identificadas pela técnica de multiplex-nested-PCR-RFLP como tipo II foram selecionadas aleatoriamente para a confirmação dos resultados e, em quatro das seis amostras, foi observada mistura de bases em outras posições nucleotídicas do fragmento amplificado, regiões estas não analisadas pela RFLP. A técnica de multiplex-nested-PCR seguida de RFLP mostrou-se útil, porém apresenta limitações no que se refere à genotipagem de amostras de líquido amniótico, uma vez que, após sequenciamento, foram reveladas várias recombinações genéticas nos fragmentos amplificados que haviam sido previamente identificados como tipo II. Sendo assim, sugerimos que, a genotipagem de T. gondii, diretamente de amostras biológicas ou após isolamento do parasita deva ser realizada pela amplificação de múltiplos genes de T. gondii e sequenciamento de todos os fragmentos amplificados / Toxoplasma gondii is the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis and may cause different forms of the disease, including congenital toxoplasmosis whose frequency varies significantly according to the country. In France, it was estimated in 1-3 cases/1,000 live births, while in the U.S. it is 1/10.000. The prevalence of congenital infection in Brazil is unknown. Toxoplasma gondii has three clonal lineages known as genotypes I, II and III which are related to the three types described according to the pathogenicity in mice, associated with human infections of high pathogenicity, low pathogenicity and intermediate pathogenicity, respectively. The three genotypes have been identified in North America and Europe, and the genotype II is the predominant one in congenital infections. This study aimed at determining the frequency of genotypes I, II and III of T. gondii in 85 amniotic fluid samples from pregnant women living in Sao Paulo, Brazil who presented with seroconversion to Toxoplasma gondii during gestation. The multiplex-nested- PCR-RFLP was performed using four different markers: 3\'-SAG2, 5\'-SAG2, SAG3 and GRA6. Eighty-five samples were initially included, but only 76 were positive in the multiplex-nested-PCR (92.7%). It was possible to examine the larger number of samples by the SAG3 gene system (69.7%), followed by 3\'-SAG2 gene (44.7%), 5\'-SAG2 gene (40.8%), and finally GRA6 gene (25%). From the 76 samples that were genotyped by the multiplexnested- PCR-RFLP, 1.3% (1 sample) was genotype I; 71.1% (54 samples) were genotype II; 6,6% (5 samples) were genotype III, and 21% (16 samples) could not be identified by RFLP and were therefore sequenced. Sequencing analysis revealed: two genotype II samples, presenting with 100% of homology with the ME49 prototype, and two were genotype III showing 100% of homology with the VEG prototype. Ten samples presented with mixture of two or more nucleotide bases in one or more nucleotide positions of the total amplified DNA sequence, so they were classified as recombinant. In addition, six samples identified by the multiplex-nested-PCR-RFLP as type II were randomly selected to confirm the results, and in four of the six samples, we observed a mixture of nucleotide bases in positions that were not analyzed by the RFLP. The technique of multiplex-nested-PCR-RFLP has proved to be useful, however, it is limited when amniotic fluid samples genotyping is concerned because after sequencing, several genetic recombinations were evidenced in samples that had been previously identified as genotype II. Therefore, we suggest that the genotyping of T. gondii, directly from biological samples or after isolation of the parasite should be performed using different targets to amplify multiple T. gondii genes followed by sequencing of all amplified fragments

Para avaliar se a dinâmica da infecção toxoplásmica em gatos infectados pelo VIF é diferente daquela que ocorre em gatos não infectados por esse retrovírus, gatos adultos infectados pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina (VIF) clade B assintomáticos (n=7) (Grupo I: VIF+TOXO+), e gatos sem a infecção viral (n=7) (Grupo III: VIF-TOXO+) foram inoculados pela via oral com cistos de Toxoplasma gondii cepa P. Os animais foram avaliados por meio do exame clínico, mensuração de anticorpos IgM e IgG anti-T. gondii pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta, eliminação e quantificação de oocistos pela técnica de flutuação em solução de sacarose, leucograma, e as subpopulações de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ foram mensuradas por meio da citometria de fluxo. Outros dois grupos de gatos, um apenas infectado com o VIF (n=7) (Grupo II: VIF+TOXO-) e outro não infectado com nenhum dos agentes (n=3) (Grupo IV: VIF-TOXO-), constituíram os grupos controle. O período de eliminação de oocistos e a quantidade de oocistos eliminados foram semelhantes entre os Grupos I e III, respectivamente p=1,00 e p=0,201. O período de soroconversão e a duração dos títulos de IgM e IgG também foram semelhantes, respectivamente p=0,535; p=0,789 e p=0,674; p=0,123. No entanto, os episódios febris e de apatia foram mais freqüentes entre os gatos co-infectados (Grupo I) do que entre os animais do grupo não infectado com o vírus (Grupo III), embora estes últimos tenham apresentado diarréia mais freqüente e intensa do que os primeiros. Apenas no grupo co-infectado (Grupo I) um animal desenvolveu uveíte anterior unilateral autolimitante. Exclusivamente no grupo de gatos co-infectados (Grupo I), durante todo o período experimental foi observado aumento do número de leucócitos (p=0,047), linfócitos (p=0,029) e linfócitos T CD8+ (p=0,047) em relação aos gatos do grupo infectado apenas com o T. gondii (Grupo III). O grupo de gatos infectados somente com o VIF (Grupo II) apresentou diminuição quantitativa de linfócitos T CD4+ (p=0,031) em comparação ao grupo controle não infectado com nenhum dos agentes (Grupo IV), evidenciando a ação do vírus em destruir progressivamente essa subpopulação de linfócitos. A relação de linfócitos CD4/CD8 entre os Grupos I e II, infectados pelo VIF, e os Grupos III e IV, não infectados pelo vírus, foi alterada (p<0,001 e p=0,002 respectivamente), observando-se que a infecção toxoplásmica não teve influência sobre esse parâmetro. O aumento dos linfócitos T CD8+ nos gatos co-infectados e a diminuição de linfócitos T CD4+ causada pela infecção pelo VIF podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de manifestações clínicas mais graves nos gatos infectados por ambos os agentes infecciosos. / Asymptomatic adult cats (n=7) infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) clade B (Group I: FIV+TOXO+) and normal non-infected cats (n=7) (Group III: FIV-TOXO+) were inoculated, orally with cysts of Toxoplasma gondii strain P, in order to evaluate if there is a difference in dynamics of toxoplasmic infection between cats infected with FIV and naive-FIV cats. The animals were assessed by means of physical exam, T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies by indirect immunofluorescent reaction, shedding and quantification of oocysts using sugar centrifugation, leucogram and CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes subsets using cytometry. Others two groups of cats, one of them only infected with FIV (n=7) (Group II: FIV+TOXO-) and other non-infected (n=3) (Group IV: FIV-TOXO-) composed the control groups. The shedding and quantification of oocysts were not different between the Groups I and III, respectively p=1,00 and p=0,201. The serum convertion and the period that during of values of IgM and IgG antibodies were not different, respectively p=0,535; p=0,789 and p=0,674; p=0,123. However, fever and letargy were more frequent between cats co-infected (Group I) than the group not infected with FIV (Group III), although the latter one had presented more frequently intense diarrhea than formers. Just one cat dually infected (Group I) presented autolimitant unilateral anterior uveitis. Only cats co-infected (Group I), during all period of the experiment, presented increase in number of leukocytes (p=0,047), lymphocytes (p=0,029) and CD8+ T lymphocytes subset (p=0,047) comparing to the cats only infected with T. gondii (Group III). Only in the group FIV-infected (Group II) was observed decrease in numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes subset (p=0,031) compared to the not infected any microrganism (Group IV), showing the virus action to destroy this lymphocyte subset slowly. The CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio was different between the Groups I and II, FIV-infected, from Groups III and IV, FIV-naive cats, (p<0,001 e p=0,002 respectively) showing that toxoplasmic infection did not alter this parameter. The increase number of CD8+ T lymphocyte, in dually infected cats, associated with loss of CD4+ T lymphocyte caused by FIV, can contribute for the development of more severe clinical signs in cats dually infected.

Toxoplasma gondii est un protozoaire zoonotique ubiquiste capable d’infecter tous les homéothermes dont l’homme. Un contraste géographique marqué a été relevé à l’échelle globale concernant la diversité génétique et la pathogénicité chez l’homme des souches de ce parasite. Un nombre croissant d’études montre l’importance de considérer l’influence du facteur souche parasitaire dans l’étude de l’épidémiologie de la toxoplasmose humaine. Cependant, les données de diversité génétique demeurent très limitées pour de larges régions du monde dont l’Asie et l’Afrique. Egalement, les déterminants de la structure spatiale des populations de T. gondii dans le monde demeurent mal compris. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’influence des échanges humains sur l’évolution des populations du parasite en Afrique, et plus particulièrement au Sénégal. Nos résultats soutiennent un rôle important des rongeurs invasifs qui accompagnent les échanges humains dans l’introduction de souches au niveau des zones portuaires du pays par voie maritime.Nos résultats suggèrent également un rôle de la souris invasive Mus musculus domesticus dans la contre-sélection de la lignée clonale Africa 1, la lignée prédominante de T. gondii en Afrique de l’Ouest. Ces nouveaux éléments éclairent sur une partie des mécanismes qui régissent le fonctionnement des populations de T. gondii. D’autres études réalisées dans différents contextes épidémiologiques, alliées à des études expérimentales, seront nécessaires pour donner une juste mesure de l’influence de ces interactions hôtes-parasites sur l’épidémiologie de la toxoplasmose. / Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic protozoan capable of infecting all homeotherms including humans. A marked geographical contrast has been noted at the global scale concerning the genetic diversity and pathogenicity in humans of strains of this parasite. A growing number of studies show the importance of considering the influence of strain factor in the study of the epidemiology of human toxoplasmosis. However, genetic diversity data remain very limited for large regions of the world including Asia and Africa. Also, the determinants of the spatial structure of T. gondii populations worldwide remain poorly understood. During this work, we were interested in the influence of human exchanges on the evolution of parasite populations in Africa, and more particularly in Senegal. Our results support an important role of invasive rodents that accompany human exchanges in the introduction of strains at the port areas of the country through maritime trade. Our results also suggest a role of the invasive mouse Mus musculus domesticus in the counterselection of the clonal lineage Africa 1, the predominant lineage of T. gondii in West Africa. These new elements shed light on some of the mechanisms that shape T. gondii populations. Further studies in different epidemiological situations, combined with experimental studies, will be needed to accurately measure the influence of these host parasite interactions on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis.

No description available.

Dans la cellule hôte, Toxoplasma gondii se développe dans une vacuole parasitophore (VP) caractérisée par un réseau de nanotubes membranaires (RNM) dont la composition, le mécanisme de formation et la fonction sont obscures. Quelques protéines GRA, dont GRA2 et GRA6, sont sécrétées dans la VP à partir des granules denses puis ciblées au RNM. Cette localisation s'accorde avec l'hélice alpha-hydrophobe de GRA6 et les hélices alpha-amphipathiques de GRA2. Avant et après sécrétion dans la VP, les protéines GRA sont partiellement solubles. Le phénotype de parasites délétés de leur(s) gène(s) GRA2 et/ou GRA6 révèle que ces 2 protéines sont indispensables à la formation du RNM. J'ai montré 1) qu'avant leur insertion dans les membranes de la VP, la solubilité des protéines GRA est préservée grâce à des interactions hydrophobes avec peut être, des micelles de l'espace vacuolaire ; 2) que GRA12, une nouvelle protéine du RNM, n'interagit pas avec GRA2 dans ces membranes. 3) que l'adressage spécifique de GRA6 au RNM est déterminé par son domaine N-terminal hydrophile. 4) J'ai montré que GRA2 recombinante a une affinité pour le phosphatidyl inositol (4, 5) diphosphate avec lequel elle interagit via ses hélices alpha-amphipathiques. GRA2 déforme des liposomes de courbure membranaire importante pour générer de courts tubules membranaires. La tubulation est accentuée par GRA6 qui s'associe aux liposomes, quelque soit leur diamètre. Ces résultats valident le rôle direct de GRA2 et GRA6 dans la formation du RNM et laissent envisager un modèle de sa formation, dans lequel GRA6 favoriserait l'assemblage de vésicules lipidiques que GRA2 fusionnerait en tubules membranaires. / Within the host cell, Toxoplasma gondii multiplies in a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) characterized by a membranous nanotubular network (MNN). Its components, the mechanism of its formation and its function remain unknown. A few GRA proteins, including GRA2 and GRA6, are secreted from the dense granules into the PV and are targeted to the MNN. This location is in agreement with the hydrophobic alpha-helix predicted in GRA6 and with the GRA2 amphipatic alpha-helices. However, before and after their secretion in the PV, the GRA proteins are partially soluble. The phenotypic analysis of parasites deleted from their GRA2 and/or GRA6 gene(s) had shown that both these proteins are indispensable for MNN formation. During my thesis, I showed that before their insertion into the PV membranes, the GRA proteins solubility is preserved by establishing hydrophobic interactions, likely with micelles in the PV space. I also showed that GRA12, a novel MNN-associated protein, does not interact with GRA2 within these membranes. Using GRA6 as a model of study, I contributed to demonstrate that the GRA6 specific targeting to the MNN relies on its N-terminal hydrophilic domain. I demonstrated that recombinant GRA2 recognizes inositol (4, 5) biphosphate with which it interacts via its amphipatic alpha-helices. GRA2 deforms liposomes of steep membrane curvature into short membranous tubules. The tubulation is increased by GRA6 which associates with liposomes independently of their diameter. These results validate the direct role of both GRA2 and GRA6 in MNN formation and led us to propose a model in which GRA6 would tether vesicles, the fusion of which would be induced by GRA2.

Toxoplasma gondii est un eucaryote unicellulaire appartenant au phylum des Apicomplexes. Ce parasite intracellulaire obligatoire est la cause d’une pathologie sévère pour les fœtus des femmes enceintes primo-infectées ainsi que pour les personnes immunodéprimées. Son cycle de vie est complexe et comporte plusieurs étapes de prolifération et différenciation. Le stade tachyzoïte est responsable de la phase aigüe de la maladie chez les humains. Le tachyzoïte exprime des facteurs d'invasion et de virulence cruciaux pour sa survie et le détournement de la cellule hôte. L'expression de ces facteurs de virulence est hautement régulée pour permettre leur adressage correct dans des organites spécifiques appelés rhoptries et micronèmes. Cependant, peu d'informations sont connues sur les acteurs contrôlant l'expression de ces gènes de virulence. Les ApiAP2 appartiennent à une famille conservée de facteur de transcription (FT) et jouent un rôle important dans la régulation de la transcription des gènes chez les parasites apicomplexes. Des études menées au laboratoire ont révélés la capacité du FT TgAP2XI-5 à se fixer sur des promoteurs de gènes transcriptionnellement actifs durant les phases S/M du cycle cellulaire. Ce moment correspond au pic d’expression les gènes de rhoptrie et de micronème. Cependant, l'expression de TgAP2XI-5 est constitutive durant le cycle cellulaire chez le tachyzoïte. Dans le but de comprendre comment sa fonction dépendante du cycle cellulaire est régulée, nous avons identifié des potentiels partenaires d'interactions dont TgAP2X-5, un autre FT ApiAP2 dont l’expression est régulée durant les phases S/M du cycle. L'utilisation d'un système d'expression inductible ainsi que des expériences de séquençage des ARN nous ont permis de démontrer que la perte d'expression de TgAP2X-5 induit une diminution du nombre de transcrits codant pour les protéines de rhoptrie et de micronème. Alors que la perte d'expression de TgAP2X-5 n'influence pas de manière significative l'invasion et la croissance du parasite, nous observons une perte totale de virulence de la souche parasitaire in vivo. Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu, nous nous sommes demandés si la fixation de TgAP2XI-5 sur ces promoteurs cible est conservée en absence de TgAP2X-5. Par des expériences de ChIP-chip, nous avons montrés que l'absence de TgAP2X-5 conduit à une incapacité de fixation de TgAP2XI-5 sur des promoteurs de gènes de rhoptrie. L'ajout d'une copie du gène TgAP2X-5 sous son propre promoteur dans la souche mutante est capable de restaurer l'expression des protéines de rhoptrie préalablement affectée. Toutes ces expériences montrent pour la première fois une coopération des FT APiAP2 dans la régulation des gènes chez les Apicomplexes. / Toxoplasma gondii is a unicellular eukaryote belonging to the Apicomplexa phylum. It is an obligate intracellular parasite of critical importance to primarily infected pregnant women and immunosuppressed patient. Its life cycle is complex, with multiple proliferation and differentiation steps, of which tachyzoite proliferation is the most relevant to pathogenesis in humans. Tachyzoites express invasion and virulence factors that are crucial for their survival and the manipulation of host cell functions. Expression of these virulence factors is tightly regulated permitting their correct targeting in specific organelles named rhoptry and microneme. However, little is known about the factors controlling the expression of genes encoding the virulence factors. ApiAP2 are a family of conserved transcription factors (TF) that play an important role in regulating gene expression in apicomplexan parasites. Previous studies had revealed the ability of one of these TFs, TgAP2XI-5, to bind to transcriptionally active promoters of genes expressed during the S/M phase such as rhoptry and micronemes genes. However, expression of TgAP2XI-5 is constitutive during the tachyzoite cell cycle. To better understand how its function is regulated, we identified proteins interacting with TgAP2XI-5 including a cell cycle regulated ApiAP2 TF, TgAP2X-5. Using an inducible knock-down strategy and RNA-Seq, we demonstrate that the level of expression of number of rhoptry and microneme transcripts is affected by the disruption of TgAP2X-5 expression. While TgAP2X-5 disruption has mild effect on parasite growth and invasion, it leads to the strain avirulence in mice. To better understand the molecular mechanisms at stake, we investigated the binding of TgAP2XI-5 at promoters in the TgAP2X-5 mutant in a genome-wide assay. We show that disruption of TgAP2X-5 expression leads to defects in TgAP2XI-5 binding to multiple rhoptry gene promoters. Complementation of the TgAP2X-5 mutant restores the expression of rhoptry proteins previously affected. This is the first evidence of a cooperative action of ApiAP2 TF in Apicomplexa.

Les parasites apicomplexes sont ubiquitaires et ont une forte incidence en médecine humaine et vétérinaire. Certains de ces parasites, comme Plasmodium falciparum, l’agent du paludisme, ou Toxoplasma gondii, l’agent de la toxoplasmose, posent des problèmes de santé publique. Les thérapies existantes montrent parfois une efficacité limitée, une forte toxicité et entraînent des résistances, d’où la nécessité de nouvelles approches plus spécifiques. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé deux approches d’inhibition des apicomplexes : -la synthèse de biphénylimidazoazines à large spectre efficaces au micromolaire sur cinq parasites apicomplexes différents in vitro. -la synthèse d’imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines ciblant spécifiquement une protéine kinase (CDPK1) de T. gondii et efficaces au submicromolaire sur le parasite in vitro. Une diminution de plus de 90 % de la charge parasitaire chez la souris et une innocuité à court terme font de ces imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines de bons candidats thérapeutiques. / Apicomplexan parasites are ubiquitous and have a strong incidence in veterinary and human medicine. Some of them, like Plasmodium falciparum, causing malaria, or Toxoplasma gondii, causing toxoplasmosis, are matter of public health concern. The existing therapies may have limited efficiency, high toxicity, and may lead to resistance, highlighting the necessity of new more specific approaches. In this context, we have developed two approaches to inhibit Apicomplexa: -the synthesis of biphenylimidazoazines with broad-spectrum and efficient at the micromolar range on five different apicomplexan parasites in vitro. -the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines specifically targeting a kinase protein (CDPK1) of T. gondii and efficient at the submicromolar range on the parasite in vitro. More than 90% diminution of parasite burden in mice and short term safety make these imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines good therapeutic candidates.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA10MA077.pdf: 251261 bytes, checksum: 659afb14e9609405d069749d1029eb68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-09 / This study evaluated the prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in sheeps in the municipality of Lages, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and identified possible risk factors for infection. Blood samples of 360 animals from 13 properties were collected by puncturing of the jugular vein, stored in sterile tubes and carried to the Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases CAV / UDESC, for later processing. Each creator answered a questionnaire with data of the propertie and each individual animal for identification of risk factors for infection. Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) where serum samples were considered positive at dilutions &#8805;1:64 and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were used to detect IgG anti Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. 100% of properties were found positive animals. By IFA, 205 (56.94%) sheeps had antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and by ELISA, 153 (42.50%) sheeps were positive. Considering the serological techniques and statistical analysis, were risk factors by ELISA: the age, the water source and the animal category; and by IFA, the racial type. It has been found sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 82% and Kappa of 0.7 between the ELISA and the IFA (1:64), considered good, allowing to indicate the ELISA as technique adjusted for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii in the ovina species / Com os objetivos de estimar a prevalência de ovinos portadores de Toxoplasma gondii no município de Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil, e de identificar possíveis fatores de risco para a infecção, foi coletado sangue por punção da veia jugular externa de 360 animais, de 13 propriedades, armazenado em tubos estéreis e transportado ao Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias CAV/UDESC, para posterior processamento. Cada criador respondeu a um questionário com dados da propriedade e individuais de cada animal para permitir a identificação dos fatores de risco da infecção. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) utilizando como ponto de corte a titulação 1:64 e do Ensaio Imunoenzimático Indireto (ELISA). Em 100% das propriedades foram encontrados animais positivos. Pela RIFI, 205 (56,94%) ovinos apresentaram anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii e pelo ELISA, 153 (42,50%). Considerando-se as técnicas sorológicas e a análise estatística, foram fatores de risco pelo ELISA: a idade, a fonte de água e a categoria animal; e pela RIFI, o tipo racial. Foi constatada sensibilidade de 61%, especificidade de 82% e concordância Kappa de 0,7 entre o ELISA e a RIFI (1:64), considerada boa, permitindo indicar o ELISA como técnica adequada para o diagnóstico de Toxoplasma gondii na espécie ovina

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA13MA101.pdf: 699148 bytes, checksum: 49c5f8f78753d18ac0c7b049d5052f86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Toxoplasmosis is a widely-distributed zoonosis that can infect warm-blooded animals, including birds and humans. Chickens, as well as other birds, can be considered indicators of environmental contamination. Toxoplasma gondii has a distinct clonal populational structure of three lineages (I, II and III) with high recombination, resulting in wide genotypic diversity in Brazil. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of T. gondii genotyping regard the relationship between genotypes and distinct clinical signs in hosts. This study aimed to isolate and characterize T. gondii isolates from chickens (Gallus gallus) naturally infected in the state of Santa Catarina. Serum samples from 133 fowls raised in free-range conditions were analyzed by Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA &#8805; 1:16) to detect IgG antibodies to T. gondii. Brain and heart tissues from 30 seropositives (IFA) chickens were used to isolate the parasite (bioassay in mice). The isolates were subjected to genotypic characterization by PCR-RFLP using 12 genetic markers (SAG1, 5 -3 SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3). The results were classified according to the genotypes present in ToxoDB (http://toxodb.org/toxo/). Among 133 chicken serum samples analyzed, 84 (63.16%) were positive, with antibody titers ranging from 1:16 to 1:1024. Eleven isolates were obtained in the assay (Ck 3, Ck 32, Ck 35, Ck 56, Ck 63, Ck 89, Ck 102, Ck 103, Ck 125, Ck 127 and Ck 128). Genotyping revealed six genotypes, three of them were classified as #26, #53 and #120 and three were not previously described, denominated NEO 1, NEO 2 e NEO 3. In two isolates it was not possible to amplify all markers, but the 18S rRNA PCR-RFLP was performed for differentiation of other apicomplexans (Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp.) and it was confirmed as T. gondii. The present study confirms the high genetic diversity of the parasite observed in Brazil and this is the first mapping of genotypes obtained from naturally infected chickens in the state of Santa Catarina / A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose de ampla distribuição geográfica, que acomete animais homeotérmicos, incluindo as aves e o ser humano. Galinhas, assim como outras aves, são consideradas indicadoras de contaminação ambiental. Toxoplasma gondii possui uma estrutura populacional altamente clonal, constituída por três linhagens, designadas I, II e III com alta frequência de recombinação, o que resulta na grande diversidade genotípica observada no Brasil. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado a importância da genotipagem dos isolados de T. gondii considerando a relação de diferentes genótipos com as distintas patologias observadas nos hospedeiros. A realização do presente trabalho teve como objetivo isolar e caracterizar genotipicamente T. gondii de galinhas (Gallus gallus) naturalmente infectadas do estado de Santa Catarina. Soros de 133 aves criadas extensivamente foram analisados pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI &#8805;1:16) para detecção de anticorpos IgG contra T. gondii. Para o isolamento do parasito (bioensaio em camundongos) foram utilizados coração e cérebro de 30 aves soropositivas na RIFI. Os isolados obtidos foram submetidos à caracterização genotípica por meio da PCR-RFLP utilizando 12 marcadores genéticos (SAG1, 5 -3 SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico e CS3). Os resultados obtidos foram classificados de acordo com os genótipos presentes no ToxoDB (http://toxodb.org/toxo/). Das 133 amostras de soros de galinhas analisadas, 84 (63,16%) foram positivas, com títulos de anticorpos variando de 1:16 a 1:1024. No bioensaio foram obtidos 11 isolados (Ck 3, Ck 32, Ck 35, Ck 56, Ck 63, Ck 89, Ck 102, Ck 103, Ck 125, Ck 127 e Ck 128). Pela análise genotípica revelou-se a presença de seis genótipos, três dos quais classificados como #26, #53 e #120 e três não descritos anteriormente, denominados NEO 1, NEO 2 e NEO 3. Em dois isolados não foi possível amplificar todos os marcadores, entretanto foi realizada a 18S rDNA PCR-RFLP, para diferenciar de outros apicomplexas (Neospora spp. e Sarcocystis spp.), e que confirmou estes como T. gondii. O presente trabalho ratifica a ampla diversidade genética do parasito verificada no Brasil sendo este o primeiro mapeamento dos genótipos do protozoário, a partir de galinhas naturalmente infectadas, que ocorrem no estado de Santa Catarina

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA15MA162.pdf: 1204122 bytes, checksum: bb07dc111fc5313d7cb30cd42644c105 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / An obligatory intracellular parasite of warm-blooded animals, Toxoplasma gondii is widely distributed around the world, and only in the feline species it performs sexual reproduction. In sheep it brings economic losses, mainly due to abortion. Contamination ways are from oocysts in water or food, tissue and visceral cysts, by tachyzoites in fluids and congenitally. The most important parasite transmission occurs through raw meat consumption, so we used a lamb, naturally infected with antibody titer of 1: 256 as measured by IFA test. This animal was slaughtered according to the law and after slaughter brain, diaphragm, liver and heart samples were collected for histopathology and PCR, and it was collected approximately 50g of shoulder, rib and leg cuts and 16g of heart was an "in natura " collection (T0), for bioassay in mice and PCR. After the first collection, the carcass was kept cooling down, remaining whole in the cooling chamber at 7°C for 24 hours, along with the heart. After this period, a second test was performed (T1), as previously described and the cuts were divided and they went to freezing at -10°C, samples were taken with 12 hours (T2), 60h (T3) and 120h (T4) at this temperature. In each treatment period, the collected samples went through peptic digestion and were inoculated in two mice per sample, the rest of the digestion was used for PCR. The mice were sacrificed at eight weeks and their organs like lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and skeletal muscle tissue sample from the thigh were collected for histopathology, since the brain was collected for PCR and "squash" technique. Blood of mice was collected to perform the IFA test. PCR of samples derived from the sheep, the brain and rib cut sample "in natura" (T0) were positive, as in the PCR of the mice brain, only the inoculated animal with shoulder cutting sample "in natura" (T0) was positive. After completion of the PCR, positive samples were sequenced, which showed over 97% identity with T. gondii. In "squash" technique the mice inoculated with the ribs cutting after cooling at 7°C for 24 hours (T1) presented brain cyst. IFA in mice serum, an animal inoculated with the rib cut "in natura" (T0) and one with rib after cooling at 7°C for 24 hours (T1) presented titration 1:64, the others were negative. In histopathological examination of sheep and mice organs, only the inoculated mice with the rib cut after cooling at 7°C for 24 hours (T1) presented cysts, which were present in the heart, lung and muscle tissue of the thigh. The lamb consumption "in natura" and after cooling is capable of transmission to those who consume. Therefore, only the cooling down of commercial cuts of this kind does not undermine the parasite / Parasito intracelular obrigatório de animais homeotérmicos, o Toxoplasma gondii esta distribuído amplamente pelo mundo, e somente nos Felídeos realiza a reprodução sexuada. Nos ovinos causa prejuízos econômicos, principalmente devido ao aborto. As formas de contaminação são por oocistos em água ou alimentos, cistos teciduais em vísceras e tecidos, por taquizoítos em fluidos e congenitamente. A transmissão do parasito pelo consumo de carne crua é umas das mais importantes, sendo assim, utilizou-se um cordeiro, infectado naturalmente, com titulação de anticorpos de 1:256, avaliada pelo teste de RIFI. Este animal foi abatido conforme a legislação e após abate foram coletadas amostras de cérebro, diafragma, fígado e coração para exame histopatológico e para PCR, e coletado aproximadamente 50g dos cortes da paleta, costela e pernil e 16g do coração sendo esta a coleta in natura (T0), para realização do bioensaio em camundongos e PCR. Após a primeira coleta, a carcaça foi encaminhada a refrigeração, permanecendo inteira na câmara de resfriamento a 7°C por 24h, juntamente com o coração. Após este período, nova coleta foi realizada (T1), assim como descrito e foram divididos os cortes e estes passaram para o congelamento a -10°C, e as coletas foram realizadas com 12h (T2), 60h (T3) e 120h (T4) nesta temperatura. Em cada tempo de tratamento, as amostras coletadas passaram pela digestão péptica e inoculadas em dois camundongos por amostra, o restante da digestão, era utilizada para PCR. Os camundongos foram eutanasiados com oito semanas e seus órgãos como pulmão, coração, fígado, baço, rins e amostra de tecido muscular esquelético da coxa foram coletados para histopatológico, já o cérebro era coletado para PCR e para técnica de squash . Sangue dos camundongos foram coletados para realização do teste de RIFI. Na PCR das amostras oriundas do ovino, o cérebro e amostra do corte da costela in natura (T0) foram positivas, já na PCR do cérebro dos camundongos, somente o animal inoculado com amostra do corte da paleta in natura (T0) foi positivo. Após a realização da PCR, as amostras positivas foram sequenciadas, que demonstrou mais de 97% de identidade com o T. gondii. Na técnica do squash , o camundongo inoculado com o corte da costela após o resfriamento a 7°C por 24h (T1) apresentou cisto cerebral. Na RIFI do soro dos camundongos, um animal inoculado com o corte da costela in natura (T0) e um com a costela após o resfriamento a 7°C por 24h (T1) apresentaram titulação 1:64, os demais negativos. No exame histopatológico dos órgãos do ovino e dos camundongos, somente o camundongo inoculado com o corte da costela após o resfriamento a 7°C por 24h (T1) apresentou cisto, sendo estes presentes no coração, pulmão e tecido muscular da coxa. O consumo de carne ovina, in natura e após o resfriamento é passível de transmissão para quem a consumir. Portanto, somente o resfriamento de cortes comerciais desta espécie não inviabiliza o parasito