A próxima geração da Internet aponta para um cenário onde trilhões de pessoas e objetos estarão interconectados e acessíveis a qualquer momento e em qualquer lugar. Um dos pilares desta nova geração é o paradigma conhecido como Internet das Coisas, que tem atraído pesquisas em diferentes domínios, entre eles, saúde, indústria, logística, cidades inteligentes, casas inteligentes e agronegócio. No contexto do agronegócio, a Internet das Coisas tem avançado em aplicações de rastreabilidade das cadeias de suprimentos com produtos de alto valor agregado, por exemplo, a cadeia do vinho. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de aplicações para rastreabilidade dessa cadeia não está suportado por uma arquitetura baseada em Internet das Coisas. Além disso, os sistemas de rastreabilidade das cadeias de suprimentos atuais não contemplam amplamente o paradigma da Internet das Coisas em sua premissa de interconexão entre os agentes da cadeia. Dessa forma, esta tese propõe uma arquitetura em camadas baseada no paradigma de Internet das Coisas para rastreabilidade da cadeia de suprimentos do vinho. Para isso foi realizado o levantamento de requisitos, a identificação dos interessados no sistema (stakeholders) suas preocupações, identificação dos atributos de qualidade e a relevância de cada um deles. De posse de uma arquitetura candidata foi implementado um sistema em um caso real para refinamento dos componentes da arquitetura. A avaliação da arquitetura proposta em diferentes parâmetros mostra sua adequação tanto ao paradigma de Internet das Coisas quanto às necessidades dos stakeholders da cadeia de suprimentos do vinho. Dessa forma é possível afirmar que os sistemas implementados a partir da arquitetura proposta tendem a ser escaláveis, seguros, adaptativos, disponíveis e que suportam a interconexão entre os agentes da cadeia de suprimentos, desde a produção do vinho até o seu descarte. / The next-generation Internet points to a scenario where trillions of objects and people are interconnected and accessible anytime and anywhere. One of the pillars of this new generation is the paradigm known as Internet of Things. This paradigm has attracted research in different domains, including, health, industry, logistics, smart cities, smart homes and agribusiness. In the context of agribusiness, the Internet of Things has advanced in applications of traceability of supply chains with products of high added value, for example, the wine chain. However, the development of applications for traceability in the wine supply chain is not supported by an architecture Internet of Things-based. In addition, current supply chain traceability systems do not broadly address the Internet of Things paradigm in its premise of interconnection among chain agents. Thus, this thesis proposes a layered architecture based on the Internet of Things paradigm for traceability of the wine supply chain. To do this, requirements were surveyed, the identification of the stakeholders in the system their concerns, identification of quality attributes and the relevance of each one of them. A candidate system was implemented in a real case for the refinement of architectural components. The evaluation of the architecture proposed in different parameters shows its adequacy both to the Internet paradigm of Things and to the needs of the stakeholders of the wine supply chain. In this way it is possible to affirm that the systems implemented from the proposed architecture are scalable, secure, adaptive, available and that support the interconnection between the agents of the supply chain, from its wine production to its disposal.

A produção florestal é uma atividade de importância fundamental para a economia brasileira. Estudos mostram que a ilegalidade na produção da madeira chega a 80% do total produzido. Esta madeira ilegal se transforma em legalizada durante a sua cadeia de suprimentos, graças às falhas nos sistemas de controle e monitoramento. Este trabalho analisa os problemas computacionais existentes no gerenciamento e no monitoramento do processo produtivo florestal na Floresta Amazônica e apresenta a modelagem de um sistema computacional, baseado em uma arquitetura orientada a serviços, que busca por meio da integração dos sistemas envolvidos o registro de informações das diversas etapas produtivas. Para isso, foi criado um modelo de informação que utiliza o padrão de metadados eFIDS, projetado para controlar transações eletrônicas na indústria florestal e uma base de dados centralizada, onde as informações deste processo são registradas e relacionadas, possibilitando a manutenção da rastreabilidade dos produtos e insumos florestais durante todo seu ciclo de vida, garantindo a identificação da origem florestal destes produtos para as empresas e consumidores finais. / The Forest production is an activity with fundamental importance for the Brazilian economy. Studies show that the illegality in timber production is around 80% of total productive. This illegal wood becomes legalized in your supply chain due the failures in control and monitoring systems. This paper analyzes a computational problems existing in managing and monitoring productive process in the Amazon Forest and presents the modeling of a computational system, based on a service-oriented architecture, which seeks through the involved systems integration the recording of information about the various productive stages. For this was created an information model that uses the eFIDS metadata standard, designed to handle electronic transactions in the forestry industry, and a centralized database, where the process information are recorded and linked, enabling the maintenance of product and raw material traceability throughout its lifecycle, ensuring identification of the forest products origin for businesses and consumers.

A ocorrência de contaminações de alimentos nas últimas décadas resultaram em maiores demandas por rastreabilidade por parte dos consumidores das cadeias de suprimentos de produtos agroindustriais. Algumas destas demandas se tornaram regulamentações para a comercialização de produtos no mercado internacional. A rastreabilidade diz respeito ao acompanhamento do produto ao longo da cadeia, permitindo a identificação de pontos críticos para o controle da qualidade do produto. Atualmente, as cadeias de granéis sólidos agrícolas voltados à exportação possuem sérios problemas de rastreabilidade: mistura de lotes; roubo; aumento das exigências por informações de qualidade, origem e processos; dificuldade na determinação de lotes no caso de recalls; e ausência de sistemas automáticos e em tempo real. Visando reduzir estes problemas, o objetivo do trabalho foi elaborar um modelo de rastreabilidade para estas cadeias, que permita a coleta e o acesso de informações em tempo real por seus elos. A metodologia utilizada compreendeu quatro etapas: revisão sistemática da literatura, levantamento de informações, elaboração de um modelo de rastreabilidade e elaboração do modelo conceitual de simulação. Analisaram-se aspectos relacionados a custo, impacto de fatores reguladores, gargalos na implementação e critérios de adaptação a outras cadeias. O açúcar foi utilizado como estudo de caso devido à sua importância para o país. Após um estudo das tecnologias disponíveis, optou-se pelo uso da tecnologia de identificação por radiofrequência, pois ela facilita o acompanhamento da movimentação do produto, em conjunto com a tecnologia de redes de sensores sem fio, que visa monitorar as variáveis ambientais às quais o produto é submetido. Caso anomalias com relação a limites pré-estabelecidos sejam detectadas, um sinal de alerta será enviado ao agente responsável, que pode então tomar a decisão necessária. As principais contribuições do trabalho são: o modelo de rastreabilidade proposto, em conjunto com os fatores que devem ser considerados em sua implementação, e o modelo conceitual de simulação desenvolvido para estimar seus impactos em termos de custos, tempos e frequência de erros em comparação à situação atual. / Food contamination events in the past decades have resulted in an increase of the agroindustrial supply chain consumers\' traceability demands. Some of these demands became product import regulations. Traceability is related to product monitoring throughout the supply chain, allowing for the identification of critical quality control points. Currently, the supply chains of bulk agricultural products exported by Brazil have serious traceability problems: lot mixing; product theft; increase in the demand for information related to quality, origin, and processes; difficulty in identifying specific lots in the case of recalls; and lack of automatic and real time systems. The main objective of this research was to develop a traceability model for these chains which allowed for real-time data gathering and information access by its links. The methodology used was divided into four stages: systematic literature review, information gathering, traceability model development, and theoretical simulation model development. The aspects analyzed were related to cost, impact of regulating bodies, implementation bottlenecks, and criteria to be used to adapt the model to other chains. Due to its importance, the sugar supply chain was used as a case study. An analysis of the technologies available led to the choice of radiofrequency identification, because it facilitates monitoring product movement, besides wireless sensor networks, which will monitor the environmental variables in the product surroundings. If anomalies in relation to pre-established limits are detected, an alert signal will be sent to the agents in charge, allowing them to make decisions. The main contributions of this research are: the traceability model developed and the factors that have to be considered during its implementation, and the conceptual simulation model developed to estimate its impacts in terms of cost, time, and error frequency, in comparison to the current situation.

Software product lines provide enhanced means for systematic reuse when constructing systems within a particular domain. In order to achieve this, systems in a product line are expected to have a significant amount of commonality. Variability is what distinguishes these systems from one another and is spread across various product line artifacts. This thesis focuses on modeling and managing product line variability. The concept of concerns is proposed as a means of variability modeling. Another proposal is related to the use of context free grammars to represent product line variability and to guarantee that any application derived according to the variability framework thus defined will be a valid one. This approach is evaluated for an example domain, in the light of novel evaluation criteria that are also introduced in the scope of this thesis.

Software systems today face many challenges that were not even imagined decades prior. Challenges including the need to evolve at a very high rate, lifecycle phase drift or erosion, inability to prevent the butterfly effect where the slightest change causes unimaginable side effects throughout the system, lack of discipline to define metrics and use measurement to drive operations, and no "silver bullet" or single solution to solve all the problems of every domain, just to name a few. This is not to say that the issues stated above are the only problems. In fact, it would be impossible to list all possible problems--software itself is infinitely flexible bounded only by the human imagination. These are just a portion of the primary challenges today's software engineer faces. There have been attempts throughout the history of software to resolve each one of these challenges. There have been those who tried to tackle them individually, simultaneously, as well as various combinations of them at one time. One such method was to define and encapsulate the various phases within software, which has come to be called a software lifecycle or lifecycle model. Another area of recent research has lead to the hypothesis that many of these challenges can be resolved or at least facilitated through proper traceability methods. Virtually none of today's software components are completely derived from scratch. Rather, code reuse and software evolution become a large portion of the software engineer's duties. As Vance Hilderman at HighRely puts it, "Research has shown that proper traceability is vital. For high quality and safety-critical engineering development efforts however, traceability is a cornerstone not just for achieving success, but to proving it as well." So if software is not derived from scratch, having the traceability to know about its origination is invaluable. Given today's struggles, what is in store for the future software engineer? This paper is an attempt to quantify and answer (or at least project a possibility) that involves a new mindset and a new lifecycle model or structure change that may assist in tackling some of the above referenced issues. / text

No description available.

Programinės įrangos kūrimo projektų dokumentacijos kūrimas dažnai vykdomas neefektyviai – dokumentai kuriami lėtai, esama dokumentavimo metodika būna perteklinė, nėra vieningos dokumentacijos kūrimo strategijos. Vienas iš būdų paspartinti dokumentų ruošimo procesą – panaudoti šiame darbe suformuluotus nurodymus bei principus. Taikant sukurtus dokumentų šablonus, dokumentaciją galima generuoti tiesiai iš projektavimo įrankio. Šiuose šablonuose realizuotas papildomas funkcionalumas – projekto kūrimo ir testavimo darbų apimčių skaičiavimas bei elementų ryšių vientisumo nustatymas, o tai svarbu vertinant projekto kokybę ir planuojant kūrimo darbus. Sukūrus projektą, dokumentacija automatiškai sugeneruojama panaudojant projektavimo įrankio, pavyzdžiui, MagicDraw UML, teikiamas dokumentų generavimo priemones, todėl nereikia atskirai kurti dokumentacijos teksto redagavimo priemonėmis. Sukurtąjį dokumento šabloną galima pakartotinai panaudoti kituose projektuose. / Creation of documentation usually is inefficient - documents are being created slowly, the methodology of documentation is usually redundant, there is no common strategy for this. The paper proposes a way to boost the process of creating documentation by using documentation templates that give an opportunity to generate documentation directly from a CASE tool. The created template implements additional functionality - the estimation of a size of programming and testing tasks of a project and tracing the dependencies between project's elements. The implemented template of a document may be applied in more than one project.

Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Traceability systems are capable of both tracking and tracing parts. They offer many benefits to an organisation from assisting with recall applications to monitoring the everyday workings of a production line or supply chain. There are numerous methods able to act as traceability systems but only a few can be regarded as automatic and unique identifiers. Automatic traceability of individual entities is the future. It is already widely used by a number of leading companies throughout different business sectors and wide mass adoption is imminent. At present, they are slightly more expensive than the simpler technologies but once mass produced, the cost will come down. To completely understand how traceability systems are implemented, practical experience is required. When starting a traceability project, there are a lot of different options. The different systems offer their own set of advantages and some don’t work in certain environments. It was for this reason that The Decision Making Model was developed to assist users through the difficult initial stages of traceability implementation (i.e. choosing the system most suitable to a particular environment). This model was programmed in Excel and supplies the user with a number of questions regarding the environment the system would work in as well as the user’s requirements. The answers to these questions help the user work through the different types of traceability options to eliminate unsuitable choices. The result is an easy to use program designed with the ability to be upgraded as the technologies evolve.

Medical Laboratories Accreditation is covered by ISO 15189:2012 - Medical Laboratories — Requirements for Quality and Competence. In Portugal, accreditation processes are held under the auspices of the Portuguese Accreditation Institute (IPAC), which applies the Portuguese edition (NP EN ISO 15189:2014). Accordingly, Medical Laboratories accreditation processes now require the estimate of measurement uncertainty (MU) associated to the results. The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) describes the calculation of MU, not contemplating the specific aspects of medical laboratory testing. Several models have been advocated, yet without a final consensus. Given the lack of studies on MU in Portugal, especially on its application in the medical laboratory, it is the objective of this thesis to reach to a model that fulfils the IPAC’s accreditation regulations, in regards to this specific requirement. The study was based on the implementation of two formulae (MU-A and MU-B), using the Quality Management System (QMS) data of an ISO 15189 Accredited Laboratory. Including the laboratory’s two Cobas® 6000–c501 (Roche®) analysers (C1 and C2) the work focused three analytes: creatinine, glucose and total cholesterol. The MU-B model formula, combining the standard uncertainties of the method’s imprecision, of the calibrator’s assigned value and from the pre-analytical variation, was considered the one best fitting to the laboratory's objectives and to the study's purposes, representing well the dispersion of values reasonably attributable to the measurand final result. Expanded Uncertainties were: Creatinine - C1 = 9,60%; C2 = 5,80%; Glucose - C1 = 8,32%; C2 = 8,34%; Cholesterol - C1 = 4,00%; C2 = 3,54 %. ...[cont.].

En raison du vieillissement de la population, la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est devenue un problème majeur en santé public. Le dosage des biomarqueurs présents dans le liquide céphalorachidien (Ab 1-42, tau et hepcidine) étant de bons indicateurs précoces de l’apparition et de l’évolution de la MA, il paraît essentiel de disposer de mesures fiables. Etablir la traçabilité métrologique des résultats aux unités du système international par le biais de méthodes de référence primaires ou de matériaux de référence certifiés d’ordre supérieur est un moyen privilégié pour évaluer et améliorer la fiabilité et la comparabilité des résultats dans le temps et entre les laboratoires. Des méthodes de dosages par LC-MS/MS pour ces trois biomarqueurs ont été développées et validées. Pour le dosage de l’hepcidine, la pureté de l’étalon peptidique a fait l’objet d’une caractérisation approfondie par spectrométrie de masse haute résolution qui permettra de standardiser les dosages de routine à l’échelle internationale.Mots clés : Peptides b amyloïdes, Protéine tau, Hepcidine, Biomarqueurs, Protéomique Clinique, Traçabilité métrologique, Spectrométrie de masse / Due to the aging of population, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is becoming a major public health concern. Measurement of biomarkers (Amyloid Beta, tau and hepcidin) in cerebrospinal fluid being early diagnostic indicators of AD, reliable measurements are needed to detect and quantify them accurately. Establishing metrological traceability of results to the International System of Units through primary reference methods or higher-order certified reference materials is a privileged mean to assess and improve results accuracy and comparability across laboratories. Assays for these three biomarkers were set up and validated by LC-MS/MS. The hepcidin standard was further characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry, paving the road toward standardization at the international scale of results.Key words : b amyloids peptides, Tau protein, Hepcidin, Biomarkers, Clinical proteomic, Metrological traceability, Mass spectrometry