Cette thèse porte sur le développement d'outils et de méthodes pour l'étude des systèmes de localisation Ultra Large Bande en milieu intérieur. Le travail de thèse a été mené pour partie dans le cadre du projet Européen FP7 WHERE2, portant sur la localisation coopérative dans les réseaux cellulaires. La thèse utilise pour sa partie validation des données obtenues dans le cadre de ce projet. La thèse comporte 4 grandes parties. Une première partie présente un outil de raytracing basé sur une description à base de graphes. Afin de pouvoir adresser les problématiques de simulation de la mobilité, l'outil introduit le concept nouveau de signature ainsi qu'un formalisme vectorisé permettant l'accélération du calcul du champ sur les rayons obtenus. Une seconde partie concerne les techniques de localisation utilisées en intérieur et propose une technique originale basée sur des approches ensemblistes. Cette technique est évaluée et comparée à des techniques alternatives comme le des moindres carrés pondérés ou le maximum de vraisemblance. Tirant partie des spécificités de la méthode précédente, une méthode basé sur un test d'hypothèse est décrite. Cette dernière propose d'exploiter les données de puissance reçue (largement disponible en pratique) pour lever les ambiguïtés multimodales dans les cas de carence d'observables précis. Une troisième partie présente 3 aspects de la plateforme dynamique. Tout d'abord un modèle de mobilité réaliste basé sur les «steering behaviors», puis la description sous forme de graphe du réseaux sans fils et enfin un protocole simplifié de communication inter agents. La quatrième partie exploite des données radio obtenues lors d'une campagne de mesure pour valider les différents étages de la plateforme et les algorithmes de localisation proposés. / This thesis focuses on the development of tools and methods dedicated for ultra wide band (UWB) localization systems in indoor environment. The thesis work was conducted within the European FP7 project Where2, about the cooperative localization in cellular networks. Data from a measurement campaign conduct during the project are used to validate the proposed algorithms. This thesis is divided in four parts : The first part is focused on the description of an original raytraing tool based on a graph description. In order to be compliant with the requirement of a mobile simulation, a new concept of rays signature enabling incremental computation, and a vectorized formalism for processing rays are described and implemented. The second part is focused on the indoor localization techniques, where a novel technique based on interval analysis approaches is presented and compared to alternative techniques. Advantageously using this approach, a specific processing based on an hypothesis testing method using received power observations to resolve ambiguities appearing in under determined localization problems is described. A third part describes different aspects of the dynamic platform. In particular a realistic mobility model based on ''steering behaviors'', a graph description of the network scene and an inter agents communication protocol are detailed. The fourth section uses measured data obtained from an heterogeneous measurement campaign to validate both the developed software platform and the proposed localization algorithms.

This thesis deals with the method of distributed ray tracing focusing on optimalization of this method. The method uses simulation of some attributes of light by distributing rays of lights and it produces high quality and partly realistic images. The price for realitic effects is the high computational complexity of the method. The thesis analysis the theory connected with these aspects. A large part describes optimalizations of this method, i.e. searching for the nearest triangle intersection using kd-trees, quasi random sampling with faster convergence, the use of SSE instruction set and fast ray - triangle intersection. These optimalizations brought a noticable speed - up. The thesis includes description of implementation of these techniques. The implementation itself emphasises the practical usability including generating some advanced animations and universal description of objects.

This thesis concentrates on physically based simulation of fluids followed by its photorealistic visualization. It describes one form of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics methods for viscoelastic fluid simulation and includes its extension for multiple interacting fluids. It also deals with SPH boundary problem and investigates its solution by fixed boundary particles. For visualization of fluids there is a method of Ray Tracing described in detail and it's extended with light absorption in transparent materials. In connection with this method there is also discussed a problem of infinite total reflections and some solution techniques are offered. To extract the surface of the fluid there is used a Marching cubes method and its discussed in terms of Ray Tracing.

This thesis deals with ray tracing methods and their acceleration. It gives partial study and review of algorithms from classical ray shooting algorithm to recursive approach up to distributed ray tracing algorithm. Significant part of this thesis is devoted to BSP tree structure and its subclass of k-D tree, it shows simple algorithm for its construction and traversal. The rest of thesis is dealing with k-D tree construction techniques, which are based on the right choice of the splitting plane inside the every cell of k-D tree. The techniques upon the thesis is based on are space median, object median and relatively new cost model technique named SAH, otherwise as surface area heuristic. All three techniques are put into testing and performance comparison. In the conclusion the results of tests are reviewed, from where SAH is coming out as a winner.

This thesis presents the I/O layer of Linux kernel and shows various tools for tuning and optimization of its performance. Many tools are presented and their usage and outputs are studied. The thesis then focuses on the means of combining such tools to create more applicable methodology of system analysis and monitoring. The practical part consists of applying SystemTap scripts for blktrace subsystem and creating a fragmentation monitoring tool with graphical output.

The thesis describes theoretical fundamentals of optics and problems of ray-tracing method, ray-triangle intersection computation included. Next section describes concept of three different camera models for ray-tracing method - plain camera, pinehole camea and spherical camera (fish-eye). The thesis comparse properties and capabilities of camera models and their effect to projected image of a scene. The program for raytracing was implemented for purposes of the thesis including implementation of camera models described in the thesis.

VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ Distributed Ray Tracing, also called distribution ray tracing and stochastic ray tracing, is a refinement of ray tracing that allows for the rendering of "soft" phenomena, area light, depth of field and motion blur.

[pt] O problema do cálculo de cobertura em sistemas celulares operando em regiões urbanizadas tem sido bastante estudado por diversos autores, existindo um conjunto de métodos de previsão amplamente testados e implementados em ferramentas computacionais. Atualmente, com a aplicação da tecnologia celular a sistemas de transmissão de dados de faixa larga, o foco dos estudos nesta área deslocou-se para o cálculo de cobertura em micro e picocélulas. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos principais métodos empíricos para a previsão da propagação em sistemas micro e picocelulares. A seguir é realizado o estudo de uma técnica mais precisa para estes cálculos, empregando traçado de raios e o rastreamento do campo eletromagnético ao longo dos mesmos segundo a Teoria Uniforme da Difração (UTD). É desenvolvido todo um conjunto de algoritmos para a aplicação do traçado de raios, considerados os problemas de reflexão, refração (transmissão) e difração num cenário tridimensional (problema vetorial). A difração é tratada a partir da generalização das formulações assintóticas disponíveis para tratar o espalhamento por obstáculos perfeitamente condutores. Parte destes algoritmos, referentes aos problemas de reflexão múltipla, foi implementada em linguagem C++ e alguns exemplos de aplicação são apresentados neste trabalho. / [en] The problem of the electromagnetic coverage in cellular systems designed to operate in urban regions has being massively studied by many authors, existing a set of prediction models largely tested and implemented in computational tools. Nowadays, with the application of the cellular technology in broadband data transmission systems, the focus of the research in this area has moved to the coverage computation in micro and picocells. This work presents a review of the main empirical methods for the propagation prediction in micro and picocellular systems. Following it, a study is made of a more precise technique for these computations, employing ray tracing and the tracking of the electromagnetic field in each point of the ray trajectory by using the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD). It is developed a pack of algorithms for the application of the ray tracing techniques, to the problems of reflection, refraction (transmission through slabs) and diffraction in a tridimensional scene (vectorial problem). Diffraction is dealed with by extending available asymptotic formulations for scattering by perfectly conducting obstacles. A portion of these algorithms, refering to the problem of multiple reflections, has been implemented in a C++ computer code and applied herein to selected case studies. / [es] El problema del cálculo de cobertura en sistemas celulares que operan en regiones urbanizadas ha sido bastante estudiado por diversos autores. Como resultado, existe un conjunto de métodos de previsión ampliamente probados e implementados computacionalmente. Actualmente, con la aplicación de la tecnología celular a sistemas de transmisión de datos de larga faja, el foco de los estudios en esta área ha pasado a ser el cálculo de cobertura en micro e picocélulas. Este trabajo presenta una revisión de los principales métodos empíricos para la previsión de propagación en sistemas micro e picocelulares. A seguir se estudia una técnica más precisa para estos cálculos, que utiliza trazado de rayos y rastreamiento del campo eletromagnético según la Teoría Uniforme de la Difracción (UTD). Se desarrolla un conjunto de algoritmos para la aplicación del trazado de rayos, considerando los problemas de reflexión, refracción (transmisión) y difracción en un escenario tridimensional (problema vectorial). La difracción es tratada a partir de la generalización de las formulaciones asintóticas disponibles para tratar la dispersión por obstáculos perfectamente conductores. Una parte de estos algoritmos, referidos a los problemas de reflexión múltiple, fueron implementada en lenguaje C++ y algunos ejemplos de aplicación se apresentan en este trabajo.

No description available.

Sweden is the only state in the Baltic Sea region currently not under NATO protection, which puts the state in a particularly vulnerable position. On 18 May 2022, Sweden officially deemed NATO alignment a more effective option of security strategy in projecting deterrence and dealing with the security challenges the state is facing, compared to a strategy of non-alignment which has been Sweden’s security posture for over 200 years. The aim of the thesis is to explain this shift in Sweden’s security policy.  The thesis will explain small states’ security policy beyond the traditional explanations found in realist theory of state-centric threat balancing and sovereignty. Shelter theory claims that small states’ options for security is either to find a protecting power or join an alliance in order to be politically and militarily sustainable. The thesis will analyse Sweden’s shift in security policy by examining shelter theory’s claim that in order for small states to survive and prosper, buffering up domestic capabilities does not suffice, they need to seek political and military shelter from external security providers by implementing bi- or multilateral agreements with neighbouring states, great powers and by joining alliances.  Analysing a long-time deviant case of a non-aligned small state, this thesis argues that Sweden’s drawn-out road-map to NATO membership is problematic to explain from the perspective of shelter theory. Consequently, the thesis makes the additional claim that factors related to Sweden’s domestic policy, such as public opinion and the nearly institutionalised practice of broad political consensus in issues relating to security policy, also play an important role for the design of Sweden’s security policy. Shelter theory in combination with domestic factors’ influence on security policy change offer a more fully fledged explanation of Sweden's shift in security policy to NATO alignment. This thesis argues that its findings complement and enhance shelter theory by shedding light on the importance of domestic factors in the study of small states’ security policy.