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This thesis seeks to promote a clearer understanding of relationships between trade liberalization and environmental quality in a free trade zone along an international border, between countries unevenly matched in development and infrastructure. Specifically, it examines whether theories of environmental degradation provide appropriate models for explaining the impact of NAFTA on the environment in the Paso del Norte. The relationship between trade liberalization and environmental quality is examined through an analysis of environmental indicators in the decade preceding and following NAFTA. Finally, the role of environmental governance is addressed, especially the intricacies involved in multi-jurisdictional governance of the environment. The research indicates that trade liberalization is not necessarily environmentally harmful. The data suggest that NAFTA had little to no direct negative impact on the region's environmental condition, but they also do not provide evidence that NAFTA improved the environment. One factor that could have helped to limit its effects may be local, interstate, and international initiatives that improved the health of the ecosystem along the border before NAFTA was even conceived. Another factor is the environmental governance in place before and after NAFTA. Thus, it may be beneficial for trade liberalization agreements to address environmental concerns as integral parts of the negotiations, and to set requirements for meeting infrastructure demands, as the agreements are implemented. Furthermore, it is important that international environmental institutions established to monitor environmental cooperation be more closely associated with the trade cooperation organizations and be given the authority needed to complete their directives more effectively. / Master of Arts

在世界及地區性貿易組織的努力下, 近來關稅等貿易障礙已經普遍降低。但與此同時, 環境品質向下沉淪的疑慮也隨之而來。儘管相關的討論不在少數, 但大部分著重於外生貿易障礙調降下的策略性環境政策, 以及其對應之福利變動; 或是在合作與非合作環境政策下, 同時決定環境與貿易政策, 然而也相對較少將環境階段的扭曲納入貿易政策制定的考量中。因此, 本文旨在探討若將生態傾銷的誘因納入考量,並改採序列賽局分別決定最適環境稅與關稅時, 貿易政策合作下所制定之最適關稅協定為何? 另一方面, 我們也觀察生產性跨國污染的大小對最適關稅的影響, 並發現當污染不具跨國外溢效果時, 此時不論環境政策合作與否, 最適關稅應對該污染性財貨提供進口補貼。相對地, 若跨國污染超過一定程度時, 除非環境政策能夠合作, 否則此時應對其課徵關稅, 以避免過度生產減損社會福利。 / By constructing a reciprocal-dumping model, we investigate a second-best tariff agreement when considering the linkage between the trade and the environmental policy. Though there has been much discussion about the linkage, most existing literature rarely considers the distortion when setting a trade agreement. We also take the transboundary strength of production pollution into account. Our results show that: (1) in the absence of transboundary pollution, the optimal tariff should be an import subsidy. Thus, whether both countries coordinate on their environmental policies or not, a bilateral reduction in tariffs will enhance the global welfare. (2) On the contrary, if the transboundary pollution is sufficiently strong, then the second-best tariff should be positive, while the first-best level is negative. In this situation, trade liberalization might decrease global welfare.

Notre travail de recherche dans le cadre de cette thèse a porté sur les effets de la libéralisation commerciale sur le marché du travail des pays en voie de développement, avec une application spécifique à l'économie tunisienne. Nous avons structuré notre analyse sur le sujet autour de deux axes. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'impact des échanges commerciaux sur le marché du travail, et dans un deuxième temps nous avons étudié le rôle du changement technologique induit par l'ouverture commerciale. Notre recherche a présenté et discuté la littérature théorique et empirique et les faits stylisés sur le sujet. Dans notre cas d'étude sur la Tunisie nous avons estimé les équations de l'emploi total, de l'emploi du travail qualifié, de l'emploi du travail non qualifié, de l'emploi relatif entre le travail qualifié et non qualifié et du salaire réel. Les variables clés dans ces équations sont celles qui mesurent les échanges commerciaux et celles qui mesurent le changeme nt technologique importé.Les principaux résultats peuvent être résumés de la manière suivante :- L'ouverture commerciale a joué un rôle important dans le changement de la structure de l'emploi sur le marché du travail tunisien.- Le marché du travail tunisien enregistre les mêmes évolutions que celles observées dans plusieurs pays en voie de développement (tels que les pays d'Amérique Latine et d'Asie de l'Est).- Ces évolutions se manifestent par une augmentation de l'emploi relatif du travail qualifié par rapport au travail non qualifié.- Les statistiques descriptives montrent que les inégalités de salaire ont augmenté en Tunisie.- Le changement technologique biaisé vers les travailleurs qualifiés a été un facteur déterminant dans cette évolution en Tunisie. La technologie incorporée dans les machines et les équipements importés augmente l'emploi relatif des travailleurs qualifiés par rapport aux travailleurs non qualifiés. / We analyse the effects of trade liberalization on the labor market of developing countries, with specific application to the Tunisian economy. We have structured our analysis around two axes. Initially, we studied the impact of trade on the labor market, and in a second step we studied the role of technological change induced by trade openness. Our research presented and discussed the theoretical and empirical literature and stylized facts on the subject. In our study of Tunisian case we estimated equations of total employment, employment of skilled labor, employment of unskilled labor, relative employment between skilled and unskilled labor and real wages. The key variables in these equations are those which measure the trade and those that measure the imported technology.The main results can be summarized as follows:- Trade openness has played an important role in changing the structure of employment in the Tunisian labor market.- The evolution of Tunisian labor market has the same trends as those observed in several developing countries (such as the countries of Latin America and East Asia).- These changes are manifested by an increase in employment of skilled labor relative to unskilled labor.- The descriptive statistics show that wage inequality increased in Tunisia.- Technological change biased towards skilled workers has been a factor in this evolution in Tunisia. The technology embodied in imported machinery and equipment raises relative employment of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 David Eduardo Silva Rodrigues.pdf: 455703 bytes, checksum: f22454da0608a8f7a8e3b01a03feb408 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-08 / The objective of this paper is to asses the evolution of the Brazilian foreign trade specialization pattern in 1990-2006 period. Methods selected to achieve this objective included bibliographic survey and application of two product aggregation methodologies adopted by UNCTAD and the World Bank to analyze the international trade flows. Their results suggest that: i) Brazilian exports, in spite of the increased participation of technologically more complex products, remained heavily focused on primary commodities and traditional goods; ii) there was evidence of a technological asymmetry increase between exports and imports in the 1990s, where exports were characterized by a high participation of primary commodities, and imports were characterized by the predominance of more technologically complex products; iii) in spite of that increased technological asymmetry, it was not possible to conclude that a regressive specialization occurred in Brazilian foreign trade, as technologyintensive goods increased their participation in exports; iv) there was no reprimarization process in exports in the 1990s; v) the increased participation of technology-intensive products and trade surpluses of medium-intensity technology goods contradict the arguments of signs of Dutch disease in Brazilian economy during the export boom period; vi) when compared to international standards, Brazilian exports have a high percentage of more technologically complex products; vii) there was evidence of increased technological contents in exports, but there were no consistent signs of convergence of Brazilian foreign trade specialization pattern towards the patterns of more advanced economies. In short, it is noted that, notwithstanding the increased participation of technology-intensive products in exports and the lack of evidence of retrogression in foreign trade profile, the Brazilian specialization pattern, as compared to international standards, remained characterized by a high percentage of external sales of traditional goods and high participation of more technologically complex imported products / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a evolução do padrão de especialização do comércio externo brasileiro entre 1990 e 2006. Os métodos escolhidos para atingir esse objetivo foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e a aplicação de duas metodologias de agregação de produtos utilizadas pela UNCTAD e pelo Banco Mundial para analisar os fluxos de comércio internacional. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que: i) a pauta de exportação brasileira, apesar do crescimento da participação de produtos tecnologicamente mais complexos, seguiu fortemente concentrada em commodities primárias e bens tradicionais; ii) foi constatado um aumento da assimetria tecnológica entre as pautas de exportação e importação na década de 1990, sendo a primeira caracterizada por uma elevada participação de commodities primárias, e a segunda, pelo predomínio de produtos tecnologicamente mais complexos; iii) a despeito desse aumento da assimetria tecnológica, não foi possível concluir que tenha havido uma especialização regressiva no comércio externo brasileiro já que os bens intensivos em tecnologia ganharam participação na pauta de exportação; iv) não houve processo de reprimarização da pauta exportadora na década de 1990; v) o incremento da participação de produtos intensivos em tecnologia e os superávits comerciais nos bens de média intensidade tecnológica vão na direção contrária aos argumentos em relação à presença de indícios de doença holandesa na economia brasileira no período de boom exportador; vi) quando comparada aos padrões internacionais, a pauta de importação brasileira possui um elevado percentual de bens tecnologicamente mais complexos; vii) verificou-se o aumento do conteúdo tecnológico na pauta de exportações, mas não houve sinais consistentes de convergência do padrão de especialização do comércio externo brasileiro rumo aos padrões de economias mais avançadas. Em síntese, percebe-se que, a despeito do ganho de participação de produtos intensivos em tecnologia na pauta de exportação, e apesar de não ter sido verificada a ocorrência de retrocessos no perfil do comércio externo, o padrão de especialização brasileiro, quando comparado com os padrões internacionais, manteve-se caracterizado por uma elevada proporção de vendas externas de bens tradicionais e por alta participação de produtos importados tecnologicamente mais complexos

Existe uma ampla literatura tratando dos efeitos da abertura comercial sobre a taxa de crescimento econômico e outra que trata dos efeitos do capital humano sobre esse crescimento. No entanto, é bastante limitada a literatura que ressalta a interligação da abertura comercial e do capital humano sobre o crescimento econômico. Os poucos trabalhos existentes nesse último grupo se concentram em análises considerando diferenças entre países. No entanto, o Brasil tem grandes dimensões e a análise dos fatores que explicam o crescimento do PIB de seus estados é de suma importância para os planejadores econômicos. Diante desse cenário, procura-se nesta tese quantificar e analisar os impactos de variações no capital humano dos indivíduos e da abertura comercial dos estados brasileiros sobre o crescimento econômico dos respectivos estados. O capital humano aqui é entendido como o número médio de anos de estudos da parcela da PEA ocupada em cada unidade da federação e a abertura comercial é definida como a proporção entre o volume de comércio internacional (exportações mais importações) em relação ao PIB dos respectivos estados. A análise compreende o período de 1995 a 2006 e os dados anuais estão organizados no formato de painel, para o grupo de 26 estados mais o Distrito Federal. A tese é regida pela hipótese de que tanto a abertura comercial quanto o nível do capital humano da população economicamente ativa empregada são relevantes para o crescimento econômico dos estados brasileiros, tanto pela transferência tecnológica via comércio internacional quanto pela eficiência do capital humano para assimilar as novas tecnologias. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, desenvolveu-se dois modelos teóricos para posterior aplicação: o modelo estendido de Solow e o modelo de crescimento econômico com progresso tecnológico endógeno. Os resultados indicam que tanto o modelo estendido de Solow quanto o modelo com progresso tecnológico endógeno permitem afirmar que aumentar o grau de abertura comercial afeta positivamente a taxa de crescimento do PIB per capita com certa defasagem. Contudo, o efeito de curto prazo não é instantâneo, pois o impacto tem uma defasagem de dois anos. Estimou-se que um aumento no nível de abertura comercial de 1%, em média, aumenta a taxa de crescimento do PIB per capita, na ordem de 0,13 pontos percentuais (p.p.) quando estimado o modelo tradicional e 0,09 p.p. quando estimado o modelo com progresso tecnológico endógeno. Quanto ao impacto do capital humano, constata-se que para cada aumento de 1 ano no nível médio da escolaridade da força de trabalho haverá aumento em 0,06 p.p. na taxa de crescimento do PIB per capita quando estimado o modelo de Solow estendido e, de 0,07 p.p. através do modelo endógeno. A partir desses resultados, o trabalho sugere que se faz necessário não só aumentar o grau de abertura comercial, mas também é importante implementar políticas complementares de investimento contínuo em qualificação da força de trabalho. / There is a large literature addressing the effects of trade liberalization on economic growth rate and another that addresses the effects of human capital on growth. However, it is very limited literature that emphasizes the interconnection of trade openness and human capital on economic growth. The few studies available in the latter group are focused on analysis considering differences between countries. However, Brazil has large dimensions and analysis of the factors that explain the growth of GDP of its states is of great importance to economic planners. In this backdrop, this thesis seeks to quantify and analyze the impacts of variations in the human capital of individuals and the trade openness of the Brazilian states on rate of economic growth of the respective states. Human capital is understood here as the average number of years of schooling of the portion of the PEA employed in each state and trade openness is defined as the ratio between the amounts of international trade (exports plus imports) to GDP of the respective states. The analysis covers the period from 1995 thru 2006 and annual data are organized in the format of a panel for the group of 26 states plus the Federal District. The thesis is guided by the hypothesis that both trade openness and the level of human capital of the economically active population employed are relevant to the economic growth of the Brazilian states, either by technology transfer via international trade and the efficiency of human capital to assimilate new technologies. To achieve our objective, we developed two theoretical models for further application: extended Solow model of economic growth and economic growth model with endogenous technological progress. The results by dynamic panel data indicate that both the extended Solow model as the model with endogenous technological progress have revealed that increasing in the degree of trade openness positively affects the growth rate of GDP per capita with lag. However, the short-term effect is not instantaneous, because the impact has a lag of two years. It was estimated that an increase in the level of trade openness of 1%, on average, increases the rate of growth of GDP per capita around of 0,13 percentage points when estimated the extended Solow model and 0,09 percentage points when estimated the model with endogenous technological progress. The impact of human capital, we see that for every increase of 1 year in the average level of schooling of the workforce will increase by 0,06 percentage points in growth rate of GDP per capita when estimated through the extended Solow model and 0,07 percentage points through the endogenous model. From these results, this research suggests that it is necessary not only increase the degree of trade openness, but it is also important to implement complementary policies of continued investment in workforce skills.

隨著經濟的快速發展，人類活動對環境的衝擊日趨嚴重，為了抑制環境的損害，近年來，環保標章逐漸成為各國政府採用的新興環境管制工具，而目前大部分文獻著重於分析環保標章是否對消費者的行為模式產生改變及是否有效發揮減少污染排放與提升社會福利的效果，至於實行後有關貿易效果的部分，較少著墨。因此本文主要探討國內市場、廠商結構有所不同，但皆已實施環保標章制度的情況下，環保標章與非環保標章產品廠商之最適價格、產量及利潤，以及因貿易自由化造成關稅的下降，對於污染稅與國內環境品質的影響為何？ 本文以垂直差異化模型，描述消費者行為，並建立一個多家非環保標章廠商與一家環保標章廠商於本國市場進行價格競爭的兩國兩廠商理論模型。發現本國廠商為環保標章廠商時，不論在本國觀點或全球觀點下，將對汙染進行課稅，且關稅的下降將促使本國政府提高汙染稅，環境品質會因關稅下降而惡化。本國廠商為非環保標章廠商時，在本國觀點下，將對汙染進行補貼，關稅下降促使本國政府提高汙染補貼，同樣使得環境品質因而惡化；然而，在全球觀點下，將對汙染進行課稅，關稅的下降促使汙染稅跟著調降，環境品質因此而獲得改善。 / Due to the rapid economic development, the environment has got worse. This fact makes eco-label become a new environmental instrument which used by many countries in recent years. Recently, the economists want to figure out the influence of the eco-label. Those researches mainly focus on whether the eco-label changes the consumer behavior patterns and whether it can effectively reduce pollution emissions and improve social welfare. However, in those papers, the effect on trade is less mentioned. This paper focuses on the optimal price, quantity and profit of firms with and without eco-labels, as well as how the decline in tariffs caused by trade liberalization will influence the pollution tax and the domestic environmental quality. In this paper, we use the vertical differentiation model to describe consumer behavior. What we set here is when the local company is the eco-label product maker, the foreign company will produce non-green products, and vice versa. We found that when local company is the eco-label product maker, no matter in a domestic point of view or from the global perspective, the pollution will be taxed, and the decline in tariffs will raise pollution tax, so the deterioration of environmental quality. When local company is not eco-label product maker, there are two different consequences: in domestic view, the pollutions will be subsidized. We also can see as the tariffs declines, the government will raise its pollution subsidy, which will make the deterioration of environmental quality. From the global perspective, the pollution will be taxed, the decline in tariffs will lead to the reducing of pollution tax, so will improve the quality of the environment.

The trade agenda has undergone significant transformations during the last 25 years. Negotiations have moved from the reciprocal reduction of tariff barriers to include the construction and harmonization of regulatory frameworks in different policy areas, while trade liberalization has simultaneously advanced at the regional and multilateral levels.This research explores under what conditions the launch of trade negotiations - symmetric (South- outh), asymmetric (North-South), and multilateral - have a differential impact on domestic governance. Based on a systematic and contextualized comparative analysis of the complex constellation of domestic actors and interests, and the relationships and interactions established among them in a particular institutional setting, our study argues that these different trade agendas generate diverse policy dynamics. Findings show that the variation in the scope of the agenda, the uncertainty of political outcomes, and the technical requirements attached to these negotiations have important consequences for the ways in which domestic state and non-state actors define their interests and collective action strategies. / La agenda comercial ha sufrido importantes modificaciones durante los últimos 25 años. Las negociaciones han pasado de la reducción recíproca de tarifas a la construcción y armonización regulatoria en distintas áreas de política, mientras que la liberalización comercial ha avanzado simultáneamente a nivel regional y multilateral.Esta investigación explora bajo qué condiciones el lanzamiento de negociaciones comerciales - imétricas (Sur-Sur), asimétricas (Norte-Sur) y multilaterales - tiene un impacto diferente sobre la gobernanza doméstica. A través de la comparación sistemática y contextualizada de la compleja constelación de actores e intereses domésticos, y de las relaciones e interacciones establecidas entre ellos en un determinado escenario institucional, nuestro estudio plantea que estas distintas agendas generan diferentes dinámicas políticas. Los resultados muestran que la variación en el alcance de la agenda, la incertidumbre de los resultados políticos, y los requisitos técnicos de estas negociaciones tienen importantes consecuencias sobre la manera en que los actores estatales y no estatales definen sus intereses y estrategias de acción colectiva.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2006 S. 5-11: introduction and summary, s. 15-99: 3 papers

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