Submitted by Timothee Bouyer (tim.bouyer@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T22:08:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV Final revised version 19_04.pdf: 1217717 bytes, checksum: 77001b2736323e90abaf88ece7941b89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2017-04-20T11:40:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV Final revised version 19_04.pdf: 1217717 bytes, checksum: 77001b2736323e90abaf88ece7941b89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T12:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV Final revised version 19_04.pdf: 1217717 bytes, checksum: 77001b2736323e90abaf88ece7941b89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-13 / Brazil partially shifted from state-led development to market economy following its switch to democracy. This affected the economy in two ways: first the state initiated a wave of privatization in the wake of the fiscal crisis under President Collor. Second, the economy started opening up to international competition through the enactment of certain trade reforms. However, the economy still displays erratic levels of protectionism. The literature on rent seeking argues that organized interest groups devote resources to capture and try to influence and neutralize the liberalization of the economy, which would endanger the rents they benefit from under existing rules. After decades of state nurturing under the ISI model, the business sector in Brazil was crucial to shaping the path for a new growth model. However, their role in promoting trade openness was far more nuanced. The present work looks at business groups in Brazil since the second half of the twentieth century and the role they played before and during the transition and how their opposition to trade reforms suggests potential rentseeking behaviors. The transition to democracy witnessed the emergence of new business organizations with independent actions that I will account for in this paper. Business organizations were not united at the time of economic reforms and thus reacted differently according to the interests of their members. Institutional factors, amongst which the rise of a new civil society, as well as conjectural factors further constrained the path of economic reforms. / O Brasil sofreu uma parcial mudança, do desenvolvimento estatal à economia de mercado, em seguimento à sua transição à democracia. A economia abriu-se para o comércio internacional, mas ainda hoje apresenta níveis erráticos de protecionismo. O fenômeno da rent-seeking (“busca de renda”) destaca a tentativa de grupos organizados em captar recursos estatais para atividades improdutivas. Como consequência direta, este fenômeno dificulta a realização de reformas comerciais, como grupos de pressão organizados (lobbies), com o fim de proteger os seus próprios interesses. Depois de décadas de modelo de industrialização via substituição de importações (ISI model) incentivado pelo Estado, o setor de negócios no Brasil demonstrou-se crucial para moldar o caminho em direção a reformas econômicas. O presente trabalho analisa o papel desenvolvido pelos grupos empresariais, antes e durante esta transição, e examina como a sua oposição a abertura econômica sugere provável busca de renda. Este trabalho argumenta que as limitações da estrutura corporativa combinadas com o surgimento de novos grupos de pressão, concorrentes entre si, fragmentou a intermediação de interesses. Paradoxalmente, essa fragmentação de interesses e fraqueza coletiva de grupos de pressões limitou os obstáculos as reformas econômicas. O surgimento de uma nova sociedade civil e os fatores institucionais do regime democrático são outros fatores quem dificultaram a criação de reformas econômicas.

Submitted by Roberta Lorenzon (roberta.lorenzon@fgv.br) on 2011-05-23T12:40:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 63080100001.pdf: 1298963 bytes, checksum: 2aa3f5c6602ec74daf85a303ab1d1fc8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-23T12:50:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 63080100001.pdf: 1298963 bytes, checksum: 2aa3f5c6602ec74daf85a303ab1d1fc8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-23T12:51:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 63080100001.pdf: 1298963 bytes, checksum: 2aa3f5c6602ec74daf85a303ab1d1fc8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-23T12:54:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 63080100001.pdf: 1298963 bytes, checksum: 2aa3f5c6602ec74daf85a303ab1d1fc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / O tamanho ótimo de uma empresa exerce papel importante na determinação da estrutura de mercado, nas decisões de planejamento de empresas, e em políticas de regulação e antitruste. Assim, um dos principais objetivos deste trabalho foi estimar o tamanho ótimo (ou EME) das empresas para 106 setores da indústria manufatureira brasileira, num contexto de informação limitada. Outro objetivo foi analisar a mudança do tamanho ótimo das empresas devido ao processo de abertura comercial brasileiro. Para isso foram empregados dois procedimentos em sequência: Máxima Entropia (GOLAN, JUDGE & PERLOFF, 1996) e Survivor Technique (STIGLER, 1958). Primeiramente aplicamos a Máxima Entropia, para estimar as distribuições de market shares em cada setor utilizando somente medidas de concentração. Os dados se referem aos anos de 1978, 1995 e 1997. O próximo procedimento consistiu na aplicação da survivor technique a estas distribuições para encontrarmos o tamanho ótimo da empresa nos períodos pré e pós abertura comercial. Os resultados indicam que o processo de abertura comercial contribuiu para uma elevação do tamanho ótimo das empresas em mais de 60% dos setores. Este aumento ocorreu principalmente em setores capital intensivo e que apresentavam elevadas taxas de participação de empresas estrangeiras. Esses resultados corroboram os argumentos da literatura de organização industrial e comércio internacional que afirmam que o elevado protecionismo estimulou a proliferação de empresas pequenas e ineficientes que operam com escalas reduzidas e pouco competitivas. / The optimal firm size plays an important role in determining market structure, planning business decisions, and for antitrust and regulation. Thus, one goal of this study was to estimate the optimal firm size (or EME) for 106 sectors of Brazilian manufacturing industry in a context of limited information. Another goal was to analyze the change of the optimal firm size due to trade liberalization in Brazil. For this purpose two procedures were used in sequence: Maximum Entropy (GOLAN, JUDGE & PERLOFF, 1996) and Survivor Technique (STIGLER, 1958). First we applied the Maximum Entropy to estimate the distribution of market shares in each sector using only measures of concentration. Data refer to the years 1978, 1995 and 1997. The next procedure was the application of the survivor technique to these distributions to find the optimal firm size during the periods before and after trade liberalization. The results indicate that the trade liberalization process has contributed to an increase in the optimal firm size in over 60% of the sectors. This increase occurred mainly in capital intensive sectors that had high foreign firms’ ownership rates. These results support the arguments of industrial organization and international trade literature which claim that the high protectionism stimulated the proliferation of small and inefficient firms producing on small and not competitive scales.

Trade liberalization in Kenya started in the early 1980s with the structural adjustment programmes, and continued under the multilateral framework of the WTO. During the same period, the incidence of poverty and level of inequality also worsened. The government’s focus on trade negotiations has been to ensure that there is policy space for the daily running of the economy even though welfare impacts are also important. Non-state actors have argued that trade liberalization has negatively affected the poor; particularly the farmers, since they cannot compete with the developed countries whose farmers enjoy significant government support through subsidies, making their products much cheaper in the world market. Government officials, on the other hand, contend that trade liberalization is good as it brings in competition and transfer of technology which is good for an economy. It is important to examine how trade liberalization has affected household’s welfare in Kenya, given that this kind of analysis has not been conducted in Kenya. This study is unique because it does not assume the existence of a trade liberalization– poverty relationship, unlike most studies. It uses a multi-method approach to first test the hypothesis that there is no statistically significant relationship between trade liberalization and poverty, it further tests for multiplier effects of trade liberalization on poverty determinants. Trade Liberalization and poverty is found to have a stochastic relationship, furthermore investments and capital stock were found to significantly affect poverty determinants in the stochastic model. Due to unavailability of household welfare measure data in time series, a CGE model was used to establish the dynamics of trade liberalization on poverty at a point in time using the 2003 Social Accounting Matrix Data for Kenya. Overall, trade liberalization accompanied by FDI had the greatest impact on household welfare. Trade liberalization had a positive impact on household welfare since household incomes and consumption increased. Micro simulations results, based on changes in consumption, also showed that poverty incidence reduced for all households, even though the urban households experienced higher decreases. The study found that there was little difference in protecting sensitive products and not protecting them; secondly, trade liberalization accompanied by foreign direct investment had greater impact on improving the household welfare. Consumption and incomes increased, resulting in overall poverty reduction. The welfare of urban households was much higher than rural households in terms of income and consumption increases. However, income inequality was much higher in urban than rural areas. / Economics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Economics)

Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in the world, with most of its population living in rural areas. The study analysed the impact of trade liberalization on peasant farmers involved in fruit production in Marera in Central Mozambique and measured their benefits and life improvements as compared with the decade of the 1990s. It found that 73.3% of peasant farmers assess their life as little better than 10-15 years ago and only 5.6% have experienced substantial improvements. It was discovered that better knowledge and access to productive resources play a role in improving benefits from fruit production and trade. Therefore, the study concluded that although trade liberalization can bring benefits, when appropriate conditions are met, peasant farmers in Marera are not different from their counterparts around the world and benefit little from trade liberalization. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

This study investigates the impact of trade liberalization on food security at both national and rural household levels in Mozambique. Three periods are covered at national level: before trade reforms (1975-1986), after reforms under IMF/WB’s (International Monetary Fund/World Bank’s) period (1987-1994), and after reforms under IMF/WB/WTO’s (World Trade Organization’s) period (1995-2014). The researcher adopted the conceptual framework developed by the FAO (2003:235) according to which a country’s food security status can be influenced by diverse factors, including trade liberalization, through changes in relative prices, in quantities produced and consumed, and in trade volumes. At national level, the evidence suggests that trade liberalization’s impact on food security is both positive and negative. At rural household level, the empirical findings suggest that trade liberalization has no significant impact, either positive or negative, on households’ food security due mainly to poor infrastructure, households’ high dependence on subsistence farming and their lack of purchasing power. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a interação entre o dinamismo econômico e a qualidade do emprego, observando esse fenômeno a partir do caso do setor de telecomunicações, no Brasil. O estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre a qualidade do emprego nas atividades de telecomunicações, que, no Brasil, passaram por recente processo de privatização, caracterizando um novo cenário empresarial, marcado por inovações tecnológicas, expansão comercial e competição de mercado. Foi elaborado um modelo de análise para avaliar a qualidade do emprego com base na estrutura ocupacional do mercado de trabalho, diferente de outros modelos concorrentes, que se debruçam sobre categorias como “emprego típico” e “trabalho decente”. O setor de telecomunicações inclui tanto atividades econômicas amplamente voltadas para estratégias de inovação e formação de vantagens competitivas como atividades de suporte, mais restritas à operação, implantação e manutenção do mercado, fato que se desdobra na composição dos respectivos mercados de trabalho. Constatou-se que o desempenho da qualidade do emprego é função da estruturação setorial. A melhora no nível de qualidade do emprego está bastante vinculada à natureza, à experiência tecnológica e ao ambiente econômico de cada ramo produtivo. Foi observado que a qualidade do emprego melhora na medida em que as atividades econômicas se encontram mais próximas aos processos de inovação, competição de mercado e liberalização comercial, mesmo que as mesmas componham um único setor. Confirmou-se a suspeita de que nas atividades econômicas constituídas por empresas que não inovam internamente ou inovam pouco e que não competem diretamente no mercado das telecomunicações (implantação, comércio e teleatendimento), o trabalho caracteriza-se por ser padronizado, promovendo atividades laborais empobrecidas, apresentando situação menos vantajosa de qualidade do emprego. Nas atividades com maior capacidade de inovação e que competem diretamente no mercado de telecomunicações (telefonia fixa e telefonia móvel em um primeiro nível, e em um segundo plano serviços de rede, televisão por cabo e fabricação), o trabalho caracteriza-se por ser menos estruturado, promovendo maior recorrência de atividades laborais enriquecidas, maior remuneração e escolarização dos empregados e apresentando, portanto, situação melhor de qualidade do emprego. A análise da situação do emprego na atividade de telecomunicações baseia-se nos dados disponíveis na Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego do Brasil (MTE). / The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between economic dynamism and quality of employment based on the case of telecommunications industry in Brazil. This study proposes a reflection about the quality of employment in the activities of telecommunications that recently underwent a privatization process in Brazil, characterizing a new business scenery, marked by technological innovations, commercial expansion and market competition. We created an analysis model to evaluate the quality of employment which is based on the occupational structure of the labor market, unlike other competing models that focus on categories such as, “typical job” and “decent work”. The telecommunications industry comprises not only economic activities largely turned to innovation strategies and the shaping of competitive advantages but also support activities restricted to market operation, deployment and maintenance. These aspects affect the composition of labor markets. We found that the quality of employment results from the industry framework. Improvements in the quality of employment are strongly related to the nature of each production field, its technological experience and economic environment. We saw that the quality of employment improves as economic activities get closer to innovation processes, market competition, and trade liberalization, even if they are all part of the same industry. Suspicions were confirmed that in those economic activities consisting of companies that neither innovate or hardly innovate nor compete directly in the telecommunications market (deployment, trade, and telemarketing), work is standardized, and labor activities are of a poor nature, which then results in lower quality of employment. In activities with greater ability to innovate and that compete directly in the telecommunications market (wireline and wireless on a first level and, on a second level, network service, cable television, and manufacturing), work is less structured, thus promoting enriched labor activities, hight remuneration and employees‟ education, and resulting in higher quality of employment. The analysis of the situation of employment in the activity of telecommunications is based on the data available in the Annual Report of Social Information (in portuguese, RAIS) of Ministry of Labor and Employment of Brazil (in portuguese, MTE).

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a interação entre o dinamismo econômico e a qualidade do emprego, observando esse fenômeno a partir do caso do setor de telecomunicações, no Brasil. O estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre a qualidade do emprego nas atividades de telecomunicações, que, no Brasil, passaram por recente processo de privatização, caracterizando um novo cenário empresarial, marcado por inovações tecnológicas, expansão comercial e competição de mercado. Foi elaborado um modelo de análise para avaliar a qualidade do emprego com base na estrutura ocupacional do mercado de trabalho, diferente de outros modelos concorrentes, que se debruçam sobre categorias como “emprego típico” e “trabalho decente”. O setor de telecomunicações inclui tanto atividades econômicas amplamente voltadas para estratégias de inovação e formação de vantagens competitivas como atividades de suporte, mais restritas à operação, implantação e manutenção do mercado, fato que se desdobra na composição dos respectivos mercados de trabalho. Constatou-se que o desempenho da qualidade do emprego é função da estruturação setorial. A melhora no nível de qualidade do emprego está bastante vinculada à natureza, à experiência tecnológica e ao ambiente econômico de cada ramo produtivo. Foi observado que a qualidade do emprego melhora na medida em que as atividades econômicas se encontram mais próximas aos processos de inovação, competição de mercado e liberalização comercial, mesmo que as mesmas componham um único setor. Confirmou-se a suspeita de que nas atividades econômicas constituídas por empresas que não inovam internamente ou inovam pouco e que não competem diretamente no mercado das telecomunicações (implantação, comércio e teleatendimento), o trabalho caracteriza-se por ser padronizado, promovendo atividades laborais empobrecidas, apresentando situação menos vantajosa de qualidade do emprego. Nas atividades com maior capacidade de inovação e que competem diretamente no mercado de telecomunicações (telefonia fixa e telefonia móvel em um primeiro nível, e em um segundo plano serviços de rede, televisão por cabo e fabricação), o trabalho caracteriza-se por ser menos estruturado, promovendo maior recorrência de atividades laborais enriquecidas, maior remuneração e escolarização dos empregados e apresentando, portanto, situação melhor de qualidade do emprego. A análise da situação do emprego na atividade de telecomunicações baseia-se nos dados disponíveis na Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego do Brasil (MTE). / The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between economic dynamism and quality of employment based on the case of telecommunications industry in Brazil. This study proposes a reflection about the quality of employment in the activities of telecommunications that recently underwent a privatization process in Brazil, characterizing a new business scenery, marked by technological innovations, commercial expansion and market competition. We created an analysis model to evaluate the quality of employment which is based on the occupational structure of the labor market, unlike other competing models that focus on categories such as, “typical job” and “decent work”. The telecommunications industry comprises not only economic activities largely turned to innovation strategies and the shaping of competitive advantages but also support activities restricted to market operation, deployment and maintenance. These aspects affect the composition of labor markets. We found that the quality of employment results from the industry framework. Improvements in the quality of employment are strongly related to the nature of each production field, its technological experience and economic environment. We saw that the quality of employment improves as economic activities get closer to innovation processes, market competition, and trade liberalization, even if they are all part of the same industry. Suspicions were confirmed that in those economic activities consisting of companies that neither innovate or hardly innovate nor compete directly in the telecommunications market (deployment, trade, and telemarketing), work is standardized, and labor activities are of a poor nature, which then results in lower quality of employment. In activities with greater ability to innovate and that compete directly in the telecommunications market (wireline and wireless on a first level and, on a second level, network service, cable television, and manufacturing), work is less structured, thus promoting enriched labor activities, hight remuneration and employees‟ education, and resulting in higher quality of employment. The analysis of the situation of employment in the activity of telecommunications is based on the data available in the Annual Report of Social Information (in portuguese, RAIS) of Ministry of Labor and Employment of Brazil (in portuguese, MTE).

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-10-21T11:18:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Celso Lucas Fernandes Oliveira - 2016.PDF: 1921775 bytes, checksum: 15f5508da264975bd9fe3e6f4470b5a1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-08T18:40:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Celso Lucas Fernandes Oliveira - 2016.PDF: 1921775 bytes, checksum: 15f5508da264975bd9fe3e6f4470b5a1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-08T18:40:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Celso Lucas Fernandes Oliveira - 2016.PDF: 1921775 bytes, checksum: 15f5508da264975bd9fe3e6f4470b5a1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This study aims to investigate the main aspects of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), created by the European Community in 1962 to ensure the agricultural self-sufficiency of the trade bloc and to maintain the level of income of European farmers, by the implementation of a policy of support for the regional production and internal market protection. This research is intended to analyze how the policy is structured and what are the real consequences of it for the economy of developing countries, based on the assumption that the protectionist measures and subsidies result in great damage to international trade, especially for poor countries, which rely mainly on agricultural exports to sustain their economies. In this context, a critical analysis will be made about the way the CAP remains in the context of agricultural trade liberalization that is defended in the World Trade Organization (WTO), based on multilateral agreements and negotiations currently in progress. In addition, the analysis will consider the concept of multifunctionality of agriculture, which appears as a justification for maintaining the CAP, and the relation between international trade and the right to development. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os principais aspectos da Política Agrícola Comum (PAC), criada pela Comunidade Europeia em 1962, visando garantir a autossuficiência agrícola do bloco econômico e a manutenção do nível de renda dos produtores rurais europeus, a partir da implementação de uma política de apoio à produção regional e de proteção do mercado interno. Tal pesquisa tem como intuito analisar como essa política se estruturou e quais são as reais consequências dela para a economia dos países em desenvolvimento, partindo-se da hipótese de que as medidas protecionistas e os subsídios resultam em grandes prejuízos ao comércio internacional, principalmente para os países mais pobres, que dependem basicamente das exportações agrícolas para sustentar suas economias. Diante desse contexto, será feita uma análise crítica acerca da maneira como a PAC se insere no contexto de liberalização comercial dos produtos agrícolas, defendido dentro da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), com base nos acordos multilaterais existentes e nas negociações em andamento atualmente. Além disso, a análise levará em consideração o conceito da multifuncionalidade da agricultura, que surge como justificativa para manutenção da PAC, bem como a relação entre o comércio internacional e o direito ao desenvolvimento.

How affected are the sugar production in Mozambique and Tanzania by EU sugar regime? What does the EU sugar reform constitute in these countries? Using theories regarding free trade and anti-free trade, I am able to answer these questions. The aim of this paper is to study how the various sugar agreements with EU affect the sugar production in Mozambique and Tanzania. Therefore I am using a method called a most similar system design in this comparative case study. The conclusion is that the EU sugar regime is the main reason to how the sugar productions in developing countries are. This conclusion is drawn since the difference in their developed sugar production is based on the importance of an advantageous sugar agreement. This can be applied to the case in Tanzania, which had a higher sugar export when the country had an advantageous sugar agreement with EU. Now when the trade has been more liberalized with the sugar reform the country does not have the same advantageous agreements with EU and the sugar export has been smaller. Compared to Tanzania Mozambique has had a better development in their sugar production, since their trade agreements with EU is better today than before 2001.

Magister Legum - LLM / In this paper I delve into the connection between trade policy and labour rights as probably one of the most controversial issues, which the international trading system is faced with today. Labour laws differ from country to country and of course it is a cause for concern where some countries have higher standards than others, it becomes problematic for these countries with high standards to compete with countries with lower standards. Even though there is a definite link between trade and labour, my argument is that incorporating labour standards into the international trading system is not the best way forward to deal with the problem of abuse of labour standards. I further investigate the two organizations at the forefront of this debate, being the WTO and the ILO. In an attempt to ascertain which of the two is the best forum to deal with the issue I further look at the relationship between these two organizations. Compliance with international labour standards is a growing concern as worldwide standards are deteriorating and nothing is being done to alleviate the problem. Accordingly, I explore the causes for the abuse of labour standards and seek to find the better alternative, by looking at the respective positions of the parties who are for and against the linkage of trade with labour standards. Here the views and concerns of the developed world are weighed up against those of the developing world and looking at possible alternatives concludes the paper. / South Africa