Compulsory use of trademark and its demonstration under Czech law and the EU law The aim of this thesis is to introduce the institute of compulsory use from the perspective of Czech and EU law and subsequent proof of this obligation. The thesis consists of a brief introduction and six chapters, the sixth chapter is the conclusion. The first chapter is a general introduction to the issue of trademarks and aims to briefly inform about the concept of the trademark, its functions and the Czech and EU legislation on the issue of trademark law. It also describes the application procedure in the Czech Republic and the rights and obligations of the owner. The next chapter is about the right of the owner to use the trademark, both in terms of the positive and the negative definition of this right. Following part of thesis is devoted to the main topic of the thesis, the obligation to use the trademark. It speaks about the importance of that obligation, whose goal is maintaining registration of those marks which are actually used. Also, this chapter is focused on the term "genuine use of the trade mark", which is a condition for fulfilling the obligation of use. Another term that needs to be clarified is "proper reasons for non-use". Only their existence excuses the non-use of the mark and, if they are proven...

O escopo da presente tese reside na análise do contrato de licença de uso de marca à luz da Lei 9.279/96 e do Código Civil de 2002, bem como os efeitos jurídicos daí decorrentes, sobretudo na ambiência do direito pátrio. Sinaliza, por igual, que o tema em questão carece de análise mais depurada em torno dos princípios e cláusulas gerais de direito contratual arraigados ao diploma civil em vigor, dada a sua complexidade e a ampla gama de institutos de Direito Civil e Comercial que encerra, além dos elementos econômicos indissociáveis da realidade jurídica que o permeia. São objetos do presente estudo as matérias que circunscrevem a órbita dos contatos de licença de uso de marca e que, portanto, são indispensáveis à compreensão e à análise crítica do instituto, para o qual se recorre ao Direito Estrangeiro e ao amplo exame da jurisprudência pátria. Na esteira dos objetivos da presente tese, fá-se, ainda, análise das evoluções legislativa, doutrinária e jurisprudencial dispensadas ao instrumento contratual em exame. São externalizados, por igual, debates acerca das novas tendências de tratamento do tema no Direito alienígena e no Brasil, sobretudo em relação à aplicação dos dispositivos consignados na Lei 9.279/96 e outros dispositivos normativos consignados no Código Civil vigente, em cujo diploma houve a unificação do direito obrigacional. A delimitação dos preceitos jurídicos aplicáveis aos contratos de licença de marca ainda remanesce pendente de assentamento no Brasil, em função da atipicidade desta figura contratual de direito industrial. Por fim, com respaldo no princípio da função social do contrato, apresenta-se recomendação no sentido de se reformatar redação de dispositivo normativo consignado na legislação marcária vigente, de tal sorte a harmonizá-lo ao princípio contratual em referência. / The scope of this thesis is the analysis of the Trademark License Agreement in the light of Law 9.279/96 (Brazilian Industrial Property Law) and the Civil Code of 2002, as well as the legal consequences arising therefrom, especially under the national legal system. This work equally indicates that the agreement under review requires further investigation on the principles and provisions of general contract law rooted in civil code in force, given its complexity and wide range of institutes of Civil and Commercial Law, as well as indissoluble economic elements of the legal reality which permeates it. The topics that limit the orbit of the Trademark License Agreement are objects of this study and are, therefore, essential for the understanding and critical analysis of the institute, for which we will also run over the international law and comparative jurisprudence. In the wake of the goals of the current thesis, it is intended to proceed with the examination of legislative, doctrinal and jurisprudential developments with regard to the juridical instrument under consideration. Debates concerning the new trends in treatment of the subject under the International and Brazilian Law are also mentioned, especially in relation to the application of the general principles of Contract Law and other regulations established by the current Civil Code, in which there was the amalgamation of the Obligation Law. The demarcation of the civil principles applicable to the Trademark License Agreements still remains pending consolidation in Brazil, due to the newly and still embryonic civil legislation, as may be largely understood from this study. Finally, in accordance with the social function principle, there is recommendation in order to rewrite an article set forth by the current trademark law, with the aim to harmonize the modified article with the afore said principle.

O presente trabalho busca analisar os diferentes tratamentos dispensados à marca no âmbito do controle preventivo e no controle repressivo de condutas. A análise da função social das marcas demonstrou que esta é uma propriedade que se realiza na concorrência e pela concorrência. Nesse sentido, não há dúvidas de que está sujeita aos princípios do Direito Concorrencial. Todavia, a maneira como esses princípios balizam a marca no controle de atos de concentração, de um lado, e no controle repressivo de condutas, de outro, difere. No âmbito do controle de atos de concentração, a atuação da autoridade concorrencial é orientada por uma variante do princípio da precaução, o que a autoriza a tomar decisões e impor restrições aos direitos marcários mesmo em um contexto de incerteza. No âmbito do controle repressivo de condutas, todavia, a intervenção do CADE está sujeita aos princípios do Processo Administrativo Sancionador. Neste contexto, as condutas que envolvem o uso de direitos de propriedade intelectual, incluindo as marcas, devem ser analisadas à luz do princípio da estrita legalidade. Um critério jurídico objetivo é necessário para distinguir o lícito do ilícito, sobretudo em um cenário no qual estão em jogo duas políticas públicas distintas: a de proteção à concorrência e a de proteção à direitos de propriedade industrial. Sendo essas duas políticas instrumentais e parciais, voltadas a um fim maior de política econômica, devem harmonizar-se, e não sobrepor-se uma a outra. Ademais, o escopo de atuação da autoridade concorrencial em processos que investiguem o uso abusivo de direitos marcários e atos de concorrência desleal deve ser esclarecido. O direito concorrencial, enquanto ramo autônomo do direito, com princípios e métodos interpretativos próprios, pode analisar institutos e figuras de outros ramos que com ele guardem relação sem ter de ficar adstrito ao posicionamento de outras instâncias. / This work has the purposes of analyzing the different treatments trademarks are subject in the fields of merger control and antitrust infringement proceedings. The analysis of the social function of trademark showed that it is a property that becomes effective in and by means of competition. In this sense, there is no doubt that it is subject to the principles of Antitrust Law. However, the way these principles limits trademark rights in the context of merger control, on one side, and, antitrust infringement proceedings, on the other, varies. In the field of merger control, the antitrust authority is guided by a variant of the precautionary principle, which empowers it to make decisions and impose restrictions to trademark rights even in a context of uncertainty. However, under antitrust infringement proceedings, CADEs intervention is subject to the principles of the Sanctioning Administrative Procedure. As a result, the conducts that involve intellectual property rights, including trademark rights, must be analyzed in view of the principle of strict legality. An objective legal criterion is necessary to distinguish licit from illicit behaviors especially under a scenario where two different public policies are at stake: the one relating to competition defense and the other concerning the protection to intellectual property rights. Since these two policies are instrumental, partial and targeted to a higher objective connected with economic policy, they should be harmonized and not overlap each other. In addition, the scope of the competition authoritys jurisdiction in antitrust infringement proceedings which investigate the abuse of trademark laws and acts of unfair competition should be clarified. Antitrust law, as an independent legal field, which contains its own principles and interpretation methods, can analyze institutes from other legal fields to which it is related without being bound by the positioning of other instances.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do uso da marca pelo titular ou por terceiros sob a ótica da integridade. O uso da marca traz consequências negativas ao próprio signo no que tange à sua integridade material, causando o desgaste da sua distinção entre marcas de concorrentes, o que faz diminuir a distância distintiva entre os sinais de uma mesma atividade econômica ou afins. Além disso, o uso da marca também pode causar a perda completa de sua unicidade, corpo distintivo da marca, chegando, às vezes, à vulgarização da mesma, tornando-se res communis omnium. Do outro lado, a integridade material da marca pode passar por processos positivos que fortalecem o seu corpo distintivo. O uso da marca com sucesso faz aumentar sua fama perante o mercado e consumidores, diferenciando-a das demais e sendo alçada ao posto de marca famosa. A fama através do uso impulsiona marcas ordinárias ao status de marcas notoriamente conhecidas ou marcas de alto renome. Ambas representam degraus superiores de integridade material em relação às marcas que são ordinariamente protegidas dentro de suas atividades comerciais. Além disso, apesar do direito de uso exclusivo oferecido às marcas registradas, tal direito não é absoluto. Ou seja, mesmo ocorrendo usos desautorizados de marcas de terceiros que ocasionem alterações na integridade material das mesmas, há usos considerados permitidos pela legislação e jurisprudência. Dessa forma, pretende-se demonstrar que o uso da marca é o fio condutor desses fenômenos. / This paper aims to analyze the effects of the use of the trademark by the owner or by third parties from the perspective of the integrity. The use of the trademark brings negative consequences to the sign itself with respect to its material integrity, causing lack of its distinctiveness among competing marks, which slims the distinctive distance between the signs of the same or related economic field. Furthermore, the use of the trademark can also cause the complete loss of its uniqueness, distinctive body of the mark, reaching sometimes the vulgarization of the same, becoming res communis omnium. On the other hand, the material integrity of the mark can undergo positive processes that enhance its distinctive body. The successful use of the mark increases its fame before the market and consumers, differentiating it from others and being raised to a level of a famous mark. The fame through use elevates the ordinary marks to the status of well-known marks or trademarks of high repute. Both represent upper rungs of material integrity towards marks that are ordinarily protected within their fields of activities. Moreover, despite the right of exclusive use offered to registered marks, such right is not absolute. That is, even occurring unauthorized uses of trademarks by third parties which cause changes in the material integrity of the same, there are uses considered permitted by law and jurisprudence. Thus, this paper intends to demonstrate that the use of the mark is the common thread of these phenomena.

by Wong Kit-Yuk. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves lxxvi-lxxix). / Questionnaire also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.II / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.IV / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.VII / LIST OF TABLES --- p.VIII / PREFACE --- p.IX / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.XI / BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF WEBTV IN CHINA --- p.XI / PRODUCT DESCRIPTION OF WEBTV --- p.XII / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.XIII / METHODOLOGY FOR THE STUDY --- p.XIII / METHODOLOGY FOR THE SURVEY --- p.XV / FORMULATE PROBLEM --- p.XVI / DETERMINE RESEARCH DESIGN --- p.XVI / DESIGN DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND FORMS --- p.XVII / QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN --- p.XVII / DESIGN SAMPLE AND COLLECT DATA --- p.XVIII / LIMITATION --- p.XX / Chapter III. --- EXTERNAL ENVIRONMETN --- p.XXI / CURRENT ENVIRONMENT OF TV INDUSTRY --- p.XXI / EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT FOR INTERNET --- p.XXII / TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONEMNT --- p.XIV / CONCLUSION --- p.XV / Chapter IV. --- PRODUCT INFORMATION --- p.XXVIII / WEBTV PRODUCT FEATURES --- p.XXVIII / WEBTV CONSTRAINTS --- p.XXX / DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TV AND COMPUTER AS A MEDIA FOR INTERNET ACCESS --- p.XXXII / CONCLUSION --- p.XXXIII / Chapter V. --- CONSUMER BEHAVIOR --- p.XXXV / CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS TV --- p.XXXV / CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS INTERNET --- p.XXXVII / CONCLUSION --- p.XXXVIII / Chapter VI. --- COMPANY AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS --- p.XXXIX / "MICROSOFT, PHILIPS AND WEVTV NETWORKS, INC. IN THE INTERACTIVE TV INDUSTRY" --- p.XXXIX / "MICROSOFT, PHILIPS AND WEVTV NETWORKS, INC. IN THE CHINA MARKET" --- p.XLI / COMPANY'S STRENGTH --- p.XLII / COMPETITOR ANALYSIS --- p.XLII / AOL --- p.XLII / CARIPAC.COM --- p.XLIII / MYWEB --- p.XLIII / SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CENTRE OF THE CHNESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE --- p.XIIII / TCL --- p.XILV / CONCLUSION --- p.XLIV / Chapter VII. --- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS --- p.XLVI / FINDINGS --- p.XLVII / FREQUENCY ANALYSIS --- p.XLVII / TV --- p.XLVIII / INTERNET --- p.XLVIII / WEBTV --- p.XLIX / CROSS ANALYSIS --- p.L / CONCLUSION --- p.L / Chapter VIII. --- SWOT ANALYSIS --- p.LII / STRENGTHS --- p.LII / WEAKNESSES --- p.LIV / OPPORTUNITIES --- p.LV / THREATS --- p.LVI / Chapter IX. --- RECOMMENDATION ON MARKETING STRATEGIES --- p.LVII / PRODUCT --- p.LVII / PRICE --- p.LVIII / PROMOTION --- p.LIX / PLACE --- p.LX / Chapter X. --- CONCLUSION --- p.LXI

RESUMÉ
 The name of the thesis: The relationship between trademark protection and copyright protection This diploma thesis deals in a complex way with the system of relationship between trademark protection and copyright protection within Czech law. The diploma thesis is based mainly on two acts - Act No. 121/2000 Coll., On copyright protection, and Act No. 441/2003 Coll., On trademark protection. It also reflects European law including actual case-law. The main goal of the thesis is to show how both protections work, their mutual relation, eventually how and in which situations their convergence happens and what can be the consequences of it from the protection point of view. In the first chapter of my thesis we find introduction that brings the subject to the topic, including aim of the thesis. After that comes seven main chapters and a final conclusion. Initially in chapter two and three of my thesis, I define the basic concepts dealing with Intellectual property and law related to intangible property. Subsequently description of the simultaneous operation of both protections is discussed and based on that their similarities and differences are highlighted. The focus is on analysis of both protections, subjects of both protections, their beneficiaries, formation, duration, means and international...

The subject of the conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights is a complicated topic to research, because the normal rules of private international law and arbitration can be affected by the special characteristics of patents and trademarks. Some rules of these subjects might need to be reformed and in some cases there are principles that should be created to successfully handle cross-border disputes concerning patents and trademarks. Establishment of a special court with supranational jurisdiction may be required to resolve these types of disputes. Recently, this subject has been given enormous attention around the world. While the academics, legislators and forums in developed states have broadly discussed the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights, in Saudi Arabia, it has not been given noticeable attention. This thesis intends to make a significant contribution to Saudi law and provide appropriate approaches on the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights. The topics which will be covered in this thesis are the rules of international jurisdiction, the rules of choice of law, the rules for enforcement of foreign judgments and the rules of arbitration. The modification and the enhancement of the rules of private international law and arbitration established in Saudi law will be recommended and the arguments for each suggested approach will be presented.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do uso da marca pelo titular ou por terceiros sob a ótica da integridade. O uso da marca traz consequências negativas ao próprio signo no que tange à sua integridade material, causando o desgaste da sua distinção entre marcas de concorrentes, o que faz diminuir a distância distintiva entre os sinais de uma mesma atividade econômica ou afins. Além disso, o uso da marca também pode causar a perda completa de sua unicidade, corpo distintivo da marca, chegando, às vezes, à vulgarização da mesma, tornando-se res communis omnium. Do outro lado, a integridade material da marca pode passar por processos positivos que fortalecem o seu corpo distintivo. O uso da marca com sucesso faz aumentar sua fama perante o mercado e consumidores, diferenciando-a das demais e sendo alçada ao posto de marca famosa. A fama através do uso impulsiona marcas ordinárias ao status de marcas notoriamente conhecidas ou marcas de alto renome. Ambas representam degraus superiores de integridade material em relação às marcas que são ordinariamente protegidas dentro de suas atividades comerciais. Além disso, apesar do direito de uso exclusivo oferecido às marcas registradas, tal direito não é absoluto. Ou seja, mesmo ocorrendo usos desautorizados de marcas de terceiros que ocasionem alterações na integridade material das mesmas, há usos considerados permitidos pela legislação e jurisprudência. Dessa forma, pretende-se demonstrar que o uso da marca é o fio condutor desses fenômenos. / This paper aims to analyze the effects of the use of the trademark by the owner or by third parties from the perspective of the integrity. The use of the trademark brings negative consequences to the sign itself with respect to its material integrity, causing lack of its distinctiveness among competing marks, which slims the distinctive distance between the signs of the same or related economic field. Furthermore, the use of the trademark can also cause the complete loss of its uniqueness, distinctive body of the mark, reaching sometimes the vulgarization of the same, becoming res communis omnium. On the other hand, the material integrity of the mark can undergo positive processes that enhance its distinctive body. The successful use of the mark increases its fame before the market and consumers, differentiating it from others and being raised to a level of a famous mark. The fame through use elevates the ordinary marks to the status of well-known marks or trademarks of high repute. Both represent upper rungs of material integrity towards marks that are ordinarily protected within their fields of activities. Moreover, despite the right of exclusive use offered to registered marks, such right is not absolute. That is, even occurring unauthorized uses of trademarks by third parties which cause changes in the material integrity of the same, there are uses considered permitted by law and jurisprudence. Thus, this paper intends to demonstrate that the use of the mark is the common thread of these phenomena.

<p>Syftet med studien var att studera de föreställningar några medborgare hade om Arbetsförmedlingens tjänster och arbetsförmedlarnas kompetens, samt vilka känslor Arbetsförmedlingens logga frambringar hos medborgare. Intresse att studera människors föreställningar om Arbetsförmedlingen väcktes då Arbetsförmedlingen är ett välkänt varumärke som människor har en åsikt om. En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes med åtta medborgare i Stockholm. Resultatet visar att endast en respondent inte kände till vilka tjänster Arbetsförmedlingen erbjuder. Övriga sju respondenter nämnde utbildningar, personligt stöd, rekryteringsträffar och utbetalning av arbetslöshetsförsäkring. Sex respondenter kände till att arbetsförmedlares kompetens bland annat utgörs av utbildningar som socionom, yrkesvägledare eller andra samhällsvetenskapliga utbildningar, medan två inte visste. Respondenterna förknippar överlag Arbetsförmedlingens logga med negativa benämningar. Slutsatsen är att respondenternas kännedom om Arbetsförmedlingens tjänster och arbetsförmedlarnas kompetens varierade beroende på om man hade egen erfarenhet av Arbetsförmedlingen och på hur aktuellt ämnet är för dem. Men även andras föreställningar och egna förutfattade meningar påverkar människornas föreställningar om Arbetsförmedlingen</p> / <p> </p><p>The purpose of the study was to examine the attitudes some citizens had about Arbetsförmedlingen services and the work agents competence, and also the feelings Arbetsförmedlingens log brings to citizens. Interest to study people's perceptions of Arbetsförmedlingen was raised since Arbetsförmedlingen is a well-known brand that people have an opinion on. Eight citizens in Stockholm participated in a qualitative interview study. The results show that only one respondent was not aware of what services Arbetsförmedlingen offer. The other seven respondents mentioned training, personal support, recruitment, meetings and payment of unemployment insurance. Six respondents knew that work agents competence consists of education in social work and as professional counselors or other social science courses, while two did not know. Respondents generally associates Arbetsförmedlingens log with negative names. The conclusion is that respondents' knowledge of Arbetsförmedlingens services and the work agents´ working skills varied depending on whether the respondents had personal experience of Arbetsförmedlingen and how current the subject is for them. But also others attitudes and preconceptions affect people's perceptions of Arbetsförmedlingen.</p>

<p>The single market is one of the underlying ideas of the European Union. Free movement of goods and efficient competition are central for the function of the union and are therefore carefully protected by the Treaty of Rome. Exclusive rights of trademarks in the EU can be seen as a method of dividing the common market, preventing the free movement of goods and to be anti-competitive. What comes out of this is that there is a conflict between exclusive rights of trademarks and the rules of both free movement of goods and competition. The aim of this work is to see in which kind of situations the exclusive rights of trademarks can be a part of this conflict but also to study how this problem is resolved by the European Court. In conclusion, this thesis shows that an exclusive right of trademark is not by itself incompatible with the rules of free movement of goods and competition law. On the contrary; Europe needs strong industrial property rights to protect its innovations and remain competitive in the global knowledge-based economy of today. What comes out of this is the importance of finding the right balance between the protection of competition and the free movement of goods on one hand and the protection of trademark rights on the other hand. Nevertheless, trade barriers, anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominant position are subjects to a rigorous application of the European competitive rules. In fact, they are mostly seen as more imperative than the protection of trademarks.</p>