<p>To assess how the plasticity of the face processing system changes with age, we trained 8-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adults to differentiate 10 chimpanzee faces at the individual level for 3 days by having them watch a child-friendly training video. Their improvement from baseline was compared to that of age- and gender-matched controls who completed the pre- and post-tests, but did not complete training. Improvement did not vary across age: 8-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adults all showed similar improvement in accuracy at discriminating the 10 chimpanzee faces on which they were trained. This improvement resulted in the reduction of the own-species bias after training. However, the benefits of training did not generalize to novel exemplars. In addition, participants from both the training and control groups showed a practice effect: their accuracy at discriminating both chimpanzee and human faces improved from pre- to post-test. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the face processing system is somewhat plastic between 8 years of age and adulthood and suggest that this plasticity remains stable throughout this period of development.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

A presente pesquisa investigou qual a contribuição de metodologias lúdico-reflexivas para a formação inicial de professores. Para realizar a investigação deste problema o trabalho foi composto por um estudo de caso e pesquisa participante. No primeiro capítulo é feita uma conceituação de saberes docentes desenvolvidos por meio da perspectiva lúdica. Os conceitos atribuídos foram apreendidos de Saviani (saber atitudinal), de Guenther (talento psicossocial), de Rios (dimensão estética), de Chantraine-Demailly (competência relacional), de Gardner (inteligência interpessoal), de Polanyi e Schön (conhecimento tácito) e do grupo Guenther-Lent-Damásio (percepção). Somados a estes saberes está também o saber-refletir, o qual é revelado pelos procedimentos de reflexão constantes e coletivos, realizados durante a formação lúdica dos professores. Estes processos de prática reflexiva são analisados nos capítulos segundo e terceiro. Foram analisados no capítulo dois os métodos de Jogos Teatrais, de Viola Spolin e Jogos Teatrais Brechtianos, de Ingrid Koudela, e a conexão destes com o conceito de Professor Reflexivo. No capítulo terceiro é apresentada a análise da pesquisa de campo, feita na disciplina Brinquedos e Brincadeiras na Educação Infantil, ministrada pela Profª. Drª. Tizuko Morchida Kishimoto, no curso de Pedagogia da Faculdade de Educação da USP. / This paper investigated which reflective-playful methods contributed to the teacher´s initial training development. In order to make the investigation of this problem, this work was composed by a case study and a participant research. In the first chapter, there are some conceptions about teaching knowledge developed through a playful perspective. The concepts attributed were assimilated from Saviani´s attitudinal knowledge, Guenther´s Psicossocial talent, Rios´ aesthetic dimension, Chantraine-Demailly´s Relationary ability, Gardner´s interpersonal intelligence, Polanyi and Schön´s tacit knowledge and Guenther-Lent-Damásio´s perception. Added to those kinds of knowledge, there is also knowing to reflect in which it is revealed by the procedures of collective and constant reflection, which took place during the teacher ´s playful training development. Such processes of reflective practices are analyzed in the second and third chapters. In the second chapter, Viola Spolin´s Theater Games and Ingrid Koudela´s Brechtian Theater Games were analyzed besides their relation with the concept about the Reflective Teacher. In the third chapter, the analysis about the field research is presented and developed in the discipline: Toys and Games in Preschool, held by Professor Tizuko Morchida Kishimoto, in the Pedagogy Course at Faculdade de Educação USP.

No description available.

A presente pesquisa investigou qual a contribuição de metodologias lúdico-reflexivas para a formação inicial de professores. Para realizar a investigação deste problema o trabalho foi composto por um estudo de caso e pesquisa participante. No primeiro capítulo é feita uma conceituação de saberes docentes desenvolvidos por meio da perspectiva lúdica. Os conceitos atribuídos foram apreendidos de Saviani (saber atitudinal), de Guenther (talento psicossocial), de Rios (dimensão estética), de Chantraine-Demailly (competência relacional), de Gardner (inteligência interpessoal), de Polanyi e Schön (conhecimento tácito) e do grupo Guenther-Lent-Damásio (percepção). Somados a estes saberes está também o saber-refletir, o qual é revelado pelos procedimentos de reflexão constantes e coletivos, realizados durante a formação lúdica dos professores. Estes processos de prática reflexiva são analisados nos capítulos segundo e terceiro. Foram analisados no capítulo dois os métodos de Jogos Teatrais, de Viola Spolin e Jogos Teatrais Brechtianos, de Ingrid Koudela, e a conexão destes com o conceito de Professor Reflexivo. No capítulo terceiro é apresentada a análise da pesquisa de campo, feita na disciplina Brinquedos e Brincadeiras na Educação Infantil, ministrada pela Profª. Drª. Tizuko Morchida Kishimoto, no curso de Pedagogia da Faculdade de Educação da USP. / This paper investigated which reflective-playful methods contributed to the teacher´s initial training development. In order to make the investigation of this problem, this work was composed by a case study and a participant research. In the first chapter, there are some conceptions about teaching knowledge developed through a playful perspective. The concepts attributed were assimilated from Saviani´s attitudinal knowledge, Guenther´s Psicossocial talent, Rios´ aesthetic dimension, Chantraine-Demailly´s Relationary ability, Gardner´s interpersonal intelligence, Polanyi and Schön´s tacit knowledge and Guenther-Lent-Damásio´s perception. Added to those kinds of knowledge, there is also knowing to reflect in which it is revealed by the procedures of collective and constant reflection, which took place during the teacher ´s playful training development. Such processes of reflective practices are analyzed in the second and third chapters. In the second chapter, Viola Spolin´s Theater Games and Ingrid Koudela´s Brechtian Theater Games were analyzed besides their relation with the concept about the Reflective Teacher. In the third chapter, the analysis about the field research is presented and developed in the discipline: Toys and Games in Preschool, held by Professor Tizuko Morchida Kishimoto, in the Pedagogy Course at Faculdade de Educação USP.

No description available.

The population is ageing globally due to improved health care, better medication, and good socio-economic progress, therefore leading to the population ageing globally. A decrease in fertility has as well led to a new age structure of fewer younger populations to an older population. The continuous decrease in the potential support ratio is an indication that the ageing population will negatively affect the labour market. Therefore, leaving organisations with limited access to a competent and experienced workforce. The purpose of this study is to develop insight into the approaches to age management practices and how it is applied in Swedish organisations. It will address the potential for organisations to create an enabling environment for older workers. This is a qualitative study. Data collection was done through a process of semi-structured interviews of five personnel from organisations in different parts of Sweden to develop a further understanding of age management in Swedish organisations. The collected data was then compared with previous literature theories, analysed, and discussed. The findings did not show any distinction in the older workforce in the Swedish organisation since Sweden as a country does not differentiate or give special attention to a particular age group but rather treats all persons equal; therefore, engagement of the workforce is basically dependent on the competence and capabilities, and not age. But nonetheless, the older workforce is a considerable part of the age group and therefore is covered.

Inledning: Psykoterapeutiskt arbete med bearbetning av omedvetna känslomässiga konflikter innebär ofta terapiprocesser som varar över lång tid och kan bedrivas med skiftande tekniker. Psykodynamiskt inriktade terapeuters arbetssätt speglar deras teoretiska övertygelse och personliga läggning. Många arbetar intuitivt och med ett eklektiskt förhållningssätt. Att arbeta efter en sekventiell, tydligt formgiven metod är ovanligt inom den dynamiska/analytiska traditionen. Syftet med studien är att undersöka fem psykoterapeuters upplevelse av att lära sig arbeta efter en specifik metod med fokus på affekter; Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy. Frågeställningarna fokuserar på terapeuternas upplevelse av att lära sig arbeta med metoden, deras beskrivning av skillnaderna mellan sitt tidigare arbetssätt och det nya samt hur utbildningen påverkat deras syn på vad som är verksamt i psykoterapi. Metod: Fem psykoterapeuter som gått Patricia Coughlin Della Selvas treåriga ISTDPutbildning har intervjuats. Resultaten visar att terapeuterna upplevde ISTDP metoden som mycket komplicerad att lära sig. Att frångå sitt tidigare mer intuitiva, inväntande arbetssätt har varit svårt. Det aktiva arbetet med försvaren och metodens multifokus kräver mycket av både terapeut och patient, men ger enligt terapeuterna utdelning i form av snabbare positiv förändring för patienten. Terapeuterna anser att ISTDP-utbildningen har givit dem färdigheter och trygghet att arbeta på ett mer aktivt sätt som når fram till bortträngda minnen och affekter och blir till hjälp för patienten. Terapeuternas övertygelse om vikten av att affekter genomlevs i terapirummet har förstärkts under utbildningen. De påtalar också metodens skarpa fokus på intrapsykisk konflikt samt tydlig överenskommelse med patienten kring vad man ska arbeta med som verksamma faktorer. Slutsatser: Att lära sig arbeta med ISTDP upplevs som komplicerat och känslomässigt omvälvande. När man väl blivit förtrogen med metoden ger det aktiva, direkta arbetssättet enligt terapeuterna möjlighet att ta sig dit man har för avsikt att komma i patientarbetet, nämligen till genomarbetning av omedvetna minnen och affekter. En alltför inväntande och försiktig terapeutisk hållning upplevs hindrande för den terapeutiska processen.

Most of people have fatal attitude to Mathematics: some of them are capable to learn it form nature, but the others are not. So is their fate – to suffer from it for the whole of life… But it is a rude though natural mistake, as it results from means of mathematical education and its content. Most of parents and teachers are directed on these aspects both in kindergarten and at primary school. Of course, parents are different. Nevertheless so many parents can’t possibly but speak about achievements of their children. Some start making their own children learn better by the example of success of the others. They make their children learn long chains of figures with no understanding. It is even more sad to see how a mom asks her 4-year old son: “How much is two plus three?..’ But he replies just because he learned the answer but not calculated. Not only parents but also kindergarten tutors don’t want to understand that drilling for arithmetic has no sense. For a specialist it would take two days only…But teach him how to think logically – is a goal demanding from him, reached by different means.

El presente trabajo de investigación analizó si el liderazgo visionario ejercido por la Federación Peruana de Fútbol influye en la gestión organizacional ejercida por los clubes en el desarrollo de los programas de las categorías juveniles y menores, en Lima. Por lo cual, se utilizó un estudio de enfoque mixto, con el fin de recabar información tanto de manera cuantitativa como cualitativa de los distintos grupos de opinión, siendo: los jóvenes que participan en estos programas, el personal de cuerpo técnico encargado de hacer funcionar estos programas, personal directivo del club (director deportivo, gerente deportivo y/o administrador), y representantes de la Federación que tengan conocimiento y/o fiscalicen estos programas. En ese sentido, se realizó un trabajo en campo en donde pudo confirmarse, tanto en las encuestas como en las entrevistas, que las variables de investigación y las entidades protagonistas presentan alto nivel de correlación y dependencia entre ellos; razón por la que se consideraría importante que todos los involucrados mantengan un diálogo constante y retroactivo, con el fin de trabajar en sinergia con mismos objetivos en el mediano-largo plazo. / This research work analyzed whether the visionary leadership exercised by the Peruvian Football Federation influences the organizational management exercised by the clubs in the development of youth and junior category programs in Lima. Therefore, a mixed approach study was used, in order to collect information both quantitatively and qualitatively from the different opinion groups, being the young people who participate in these programs, the technical staff in charge of making it work these programs, directive staff of the club (sports director, sports manager and / or administrator), and representatives of the Federation who are aware of and / or supervise these programs. In this sense, a field work was carried out where it was confirmed, both in the surveys and in the interviews, that the research variables and the leading entities present a high level of correlation and dependence between them; Therefore, it would be considered important that all those involved maintain a constant and retroactive dialogue, in order to work in synergy with the same objectives in the medium-long term. / Tesis

As ações educativas sobre sustentabilidade ambiental constituem uma ferramenta cujo intuito é aumentar a consciência das pessoas sobre os problemas ambientais e sobre suas consequências para a humanidade. Quando bem estruturadas e aplicadas, elas têm um papel importante na mudança dos hábitos das pessoas. Nesse sentido, as organizações podem contribuir aplicando-as a seus funcionários e a outros stakeholders. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar como as empresas da indústria de defensivos agrícolas e prestadoras de serviço ambiental desenvolvem seus sistemas de treinamento, desenvolvimento e educação (TD&E) relacionados à sustentabilidade ambiental. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, foi realizado um estudo de casos múltiplos em duas empresas. Uma indústria de defensivos agrícolas e uma empresa prestadora de serviços ambientais. Com esses estudos de caso, foi possível entender a interação do departamento de recursos humanos para essas ações de sustentabilidade ambiental, ver como a EA e a EDS são trabalhadas com os funcionários de diferentes níveis organizacionais. Foi possível também entender como as empresas realizam o levantamento de necessidade de treinamento (LNT), como elas planejam e como avaliam as ações educacionais para sustentabilidade ambiental. Como implicações práticas, é possível afirmar que sessões mais curtas (com até duas horas), combinação de técnicas de ensino e uso de estudo de caso ao final da ação educacional como forma de avaliação contribuem para despertar interesse dos aprendizes e fixar o conteúdo com mais facilidade. É importante oferecer ambiente e ferramentas adequados para a realização de ações educativas para sustentabilidade ambiental em ambiente externo (fora das salas de aula). / Educational actions on environmental sustainability are a tool whose aim is to increase the people\'s consciousness about the environment problems and their consequences for mankind. These actions, when well structured and applied, play an important role in changing people\'s habits. In this context, companies can contribute by applying such actions to their employees and other stakeholders. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to identify how crop protection industry and environmental service companies develop their TD&E systems for environmental sustainability. In order to achieve such objectives, a multiple-case study of two companies, one crop protection industry and other providing environmental services, was conducted. With these case studies, it was possible to understand the interaction between human resource department and environmental sustainability actions, including how environmental education (EE) and environmental sustainability education (ESE) are applied to employees at different organizational levels. It was also possible to know how companies perform their training need assessment and how they plan and evaluate educational actions for environmental sustainability. In terms of practical implications, one can state that shorter sessions (up to 2 hours long), combination of teaching techniques, and use of case study as a form of evaluation at the end of the education action contribute to trigger the learners\' interest and fix the content more easily. It is important to offer adequate milieu and tools for conducting education actions for environmental sustainability out of the class room.