Little to no research has evaluated factors that explain the manifestation and maintenance of bipolar disorder-anxiety disorder (BD-AD) comorbidity. The literature has shown that disruption of social and circadian rhythms is associated with mood episode onset. This association is especially pronounced among individuals who have a sensitive behavioral approach system (BAS). Inasmuch as anxiety sensitivity and trait anxiety have been associated both with BD and social rhythm disruption, it is worth examining whether anxiety sensitivity and trait anxiety confer risk for mood episode onset. The aims of this project were to: 1) evaluate trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity as predictors of social rhythm disruption and BD-AD comorbidity, 2) examine social rhythm disruption (SRD) as a mediator of the association between trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity and BD-AD comorbidity status, and 3) explore behavioral approach system sensitivity in these processes as contributing to the vulnerability to BD-AD comorbidity. A sample of 156 young adults participated in a multi-wave study in which they completed diagnostic interviews, symptom measures, and life event interviews which assessed the occurrence of positive and negative life events and the degree of SRD following these events every six months. Partial support for the hypotheses was found. Initial anxiety sensitivity, but not trait anxiety, positively predicted SRD for rewarding life events and follow-up bipolar symptoms. Additionally, SRD following positive life events predicted increases in depressive symptoms, but not hypomanic symptoms. SRD mediated the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, this relationship was stronger for healthy controls than for those with a bipolar disorder (BD) diagnosis or at-risk for developing BD. Moreover, individuals with a comorbid BD-AD diagnosis tended to have greater social rhythm disruption following negative life events than BD only or healthy individuals. Unexpectedly, individuals with comorbid BD-AD did not exhibit greater anxiety sensitivity or trait anxiety. Overall, the results suggest that anxiety sensitivity is a factor that may help to identify individuals who are vulnerable to bipolar symptoms. Furthermore, SRD is a mechanism that may partially explain this relationship. / Psychology

[pt] Introdução: Transtornos de ansiedade representam uma das mais comuns e debilitantes formas de psicopatologia na infância e adolescência. O desenvolvimento de instrumentos psicométricos voltados para a identificação de sintomas ansiosos precocemente pode se configurar em um interessante investimento na prevenção de prognósticos desfavoráveis ao longo do tempo. Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de ansiedade em crianças e adolescentes do Rio de Janeiro. Método: A escala MASC-VB foi aplicada juntamente com a escala RCMAS e o CDI em uma amostra composta por 317 sujeitos, com idades entre 8 e 16 anos, sendo 48 pacientes ambulatoriais e 269 estudantes, moradores da Rocinha e de outras localidades. Resultados: A escala mostrou características satisfatórias de consistência interna, validade discriminante, validade convergente e validade de critério. Os resultados apresentados são compatíveis com os obtidos no estudo de validação da escala no Brasil e com os estudos realizados com a versão original. Foram observados escores elevados de ansiedade em crianças e adolescentes moradores da Rocinha, compatíveis ou superiores aos encontrados na amostra de pacientes ambulatórias. Conclusão: A MASC é uma das escalas mais difundidas mundialmente para avaliar a presença de sintomas de ansiedade em crianças e adolescentes. Os dados obtidos com este estudo confirmam o bom desempenho psicométrico da escala para uso na população brasileira. Novos estudos se fazem necessários para melhor explicar os níveis elevados de ansiedade identificados na população geral, em especial na amostra extraída da Rocinha. / [en] Anxiety disorders represent one of the most common and debilitating forms of psychopathology in children and adolescents. A way to prevent from a bad prognosis is to develop assessment tools that are able to identify the anxious phenomenon as soon as possible, at any time or culture. Objective: To evaluate the anxiety levels in children and adolescents from Rio de Janeiro. Method: Using a clinical sample of 48 outpatients and a community sample of 269 children and adolescent (8-16 years old) who lived in Rocinha and other localities, the MASC-BV and other psychometric tools were completed. Results: The MASCBV exhibited strong internal reliability, demonstrated good discriminative validity, good convergent validity and good criterion validity. The results are comparable to those presented in the validation study of the MASC in Brazil and to the first studies of the scale. As expected, high levels of anxiety symptoms were found in girls. Not expected, the higher scores in MASC-VB in the sample from Rocinha. Conclusion: The MASC is one of the most world-wide used scale to measure anxiety in children and adolescents. The results indicate good psychometric properties that shows it can be a useful measure to Brazilian population. New studies are necessary to better understand the high levels of anxiety in the community sample, specially in the Rocinha group.

[pt] Considerando o fato de que adultos emergentes durante o período universitário se apresentam como grupo especialmente vulnerável a casos de ansiedade, foi conduzido um estudo cujo objetivo era avaliar possíveis associações entre afetos experienciados pelos sujeitos em seu ambiente familiar e sintomatologia ansiosa, tendo como base a fundamentação teórica do Modelo Bioecológico do Desenvolvimento Humano. A partir dessa perspectiva, foram priorizados aspectos afetivos referentes ao microssistema familiar de 240 estudantes universitários entre 18 e 25 anos de idade (MD = 21; AI = 4), sendo 120 provenientes de instituições públicas e 120 oriundos de instituições particulares. Todos os sujeitos foram avaliados através da escala Escala de Emoções Vivenciadas em Ambiente Familiar (BEAF), assim como pela escala Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). Foram realizadas análises correlacionais e testes entre grupos contrastantes. Os resultados indicam correlações significativas entre a qualidade da afetividade familiar percebida pelos participantes e a incidência dos sintomas de ansiedade. Quanto maior foi a pontuação referente aos afetos negativos percebidos dentro do ambiente familiar, maior o score total de ansiedade relatada pelos sujeitos, configurando uma correlação positiva de magnitude moderada (correlação de Spearman =0,472 (nível 0,01 2 extremidades); correlação de Spearman<0,001). As participantes do sexo feminino relataram maior percepção de afetividade negativa no ambiente familiar, apresentando também mais sintomas de ansiedade. Sujeitos pertencentes a famílias desfavorecidas no aspecto socioeconômico também demonstraram maior percepção de afetos negativos no ambiente familiar. Os achados deste trabalho reafirmam a relação entre afetividade e saúde mental e alertam para a necessidade de um cuidado maior com as relações afetivas familiares. Espera-se que futuramente sejam desenvolvidas políticas de promoção de saúde mental considerando a associação de tais fatores, de modo a visar a prevenção de algumas manifestações sintomáticas nessa população. / [en] Considering the fact that emerging adults during the university period present themselves as a group especially vulnerable to cases of anxiety, a study was conducted with the objective of evaluating possible associations between affections experienced by subjects in their family environment and anxious symptoms, based on the theoretical foundation of the Bioecological Model of Human Development. From this perspective, affective aspects relating to the family microsystem of 240 university students between 18 and 25 years of age (MD = 21; AI = 4) were prioritized, with 120 coming from public institutions and 120 coming from private institutions. All subjects were assessed using the Scale of Emotions Experienced in a Family Environment (BEAF), as well as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7). Correlational analyzes and tests between contrasting groups were performed. The results indicate significant correlations between the quality of family affection perceived by the participants and the incidence of anxiety symptoms. The higher the score regarding negative affects perceived within the family environment, the higher the total anxiety score reported by the subjects, configuring a positive correlation of moderate magnitude (Spearman correlation =0,472 (level 0,01 two ends); Spearman correlation<0,001). Female participants reported a greater perception of negative affectivity in the family environment, also presenting more symptoms of anxiety. Subjects belonging to socioeconomically disadvantaged families also demonstrated a greater perception of negative affects in the family environment. The findings of this work reaffirm the relationship between affectivity and mental health and alert to the need for greater care with family affective relationships. It is expected that mental health promotion policies will be developed in the future considering the association of such factors, in order to prevent some symptomatic manifestations in this population.

Question : Cette thèse comporte deux articles portant sur l’étude d’expressions faciales émotionnelles. Le processus de développement d’une nouvelle banque de stimuli émotionnels fait l’objet du premier article, alors que le deuxième article utilise cette banque pour étudier l’effet de l’anxiété de trait sur la reconnaissance des expressions statiques. Méthodes : Un total de 1088 clips émotionnels (34 acteurs X 8 émotions X 4 exemplaire) ont été alignés spatialement et temporellement de sorte que les yeux et le nez de chaque acteur occupent le même endroit dans toutes les vidéos. Les vidéos sont toutes d’une durée de 500ms et contiennent l’Apex de l’expression. La banque d’expressions statiques fut créée à partir de la dernière image des clips. Les stimuli ont été soumis à un processus de validation rigoureux. Dans la deuxième étude, les expressions statiques sont utilisées conjointement avec la méthode Bubbles dans le but d’étudier la reconnaissance des émotions chez des participants anxieux. Résultats : Dans la première étude, les meilleurs stimuli ont été sélectionnés [2 (statique & dynamique) X 8 (expressions) X 10 (acteurs)] et forment la banque d’expressions STOIC. Dans la deuxième étude, il est démontré que les individus présentant de l'anxiété de trait utilisent préférentiellement les basses fréquences spatiales de la région buccale du visage et ont une meilleure reconnaissance des expressions de peur. Discussion : La banque d’expressions faciales STOIC comporte des caractéristiques uniques qui font qu’elle se démarque des autres. Elle peut être téléchargée gratuitement, elle contient des vidéos naturelles et tous les stimuli ont été alignés, ce qui fait d’elle un outil de choix pour la communauté scientifique et les cliniciens. Les stimuli statiques de STOIC furent utilisés pour franchir une première étape dans la recherche sur la perception des émotions chez des individus présentant de l’anxiété de trait. Nous croyons que l’utilisation des basses fréquences est à la base des meilleures performances de ces individus, et que l’utilisation de ce type d’information visuelle désambigüise les expressions de peur et de surprise. Nous pensons également que c’est la névrose (chevauchement entre l'anxiété et la dépression), et non l’anxiété même qui est associée à de meilleures performances en reconnaissance d’expressions faciales de la peur. L’utilisation d’instruments mesurant ce concept devrait être envisagée dans de futures études. / Question: This thesis describes a new database of facial emotional expressions; created specifically for eye-tracking and classification image experiments. This database serves as a basis for the second study, which explores the effect of trait anxiety on the perception of static facial emotional expressions. Methods: Actors were recruited to express facial emotional expressions. Thousands of 1-second movie clips that contained the least head movement and appeared genuine were extracted from the raw videos and selected for the validation. A total of 1088 clips (34 actors X 8 expressions X 4 exemplar) were spatially aligned so that facial features across the stimuli occupied the same space. They were also temporally aligned so that all clips began on the last neutral frame and truncated on the 15th frame (500ms). The last frame (apex) of the clips was extracted to form the static database. Two groups of participants validated the dynamic (N35) and static (N35) stimuli. The static images were used in the 2nd study where participants (N27) varying in trait anxiety were asked to recognize emotional faces, partially revealed through Gaussian apertures (Bubbles). Results: Study 1 describes the process by which the STOIC database was created. It showcases the 80 dynamic (and 80 static) emotional expressions (8 emotions X 10 actors) with the lowest entropy scores. Study 2 shows that trait anxiety is associated with performance and differential use of information. Anxious individuals use low spatial frequency (LSF) information from the mouth region and are better at recognizing negative emotions, especially fear and not anger. Discussion: This thesis presents a new and freely downloadable emotion recognition database containing static and dynamic stimuli. The database possesses unique characteristics that will make it useful to the scientific community and clinicians. We used the static images in the second study to establish a baseline and gain a better understanding about the use of information contained in faces to recognized emotional expressions. The next phase of the project will be to explore the effects of anxiety and depression on the perception of dynamic expressions. We speculate that the use of LSF information in our anxious group disambiguated fear from surprise and led to better performance for that emotion. In addition, we think the overlap between anxiety and depression, which was associated with better performances, may be attributed to concept of neuroticism.

Visual attentional capture is a form of visual attentional selection that is automatic and involuntary in nature, and is of high adaptive value as it allows visual attention to be oriented in a reflexive manner towards visual information without necessarily being guided by pre-existing knowledge, goals, and plans. According to the load-hypothesis (Lavie &amp; De Fockert, 2005), attentional capture of salient stimuli increases under load on working memory due to disruption of stimulus-processing priorities. Moreover, it has been proposed that maintenance of task-irrelevant verbal information increases distractor interference in singleton search by increasing attentional capture of salient, but task-irrelevant, color singletons. This hypothesis was tested in the present study by having participants complete several succeeding trials of singleton search while simultaneously maintaining digits in working memory. The presence of task-irrelevant color singletons in the search array of a singleton search task led to increased response times, indicating attentional capture. However, the cost to response times associated with distractor presence did not increase under load on working memory, indicating that distractor interference may not be affected by load on working memory when task-irrelevant verbal information is maintained over an extended period of time. Individual differences in action video game playing and trait anxiety were considered and excluded as possible confounders.

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a relação da freqüência autocontrolada de CR em adolescentes com níveis extremos de ansiedade-traço na aquisição do saque por cima do voleibol. Quarenta e oito escolares do sexo feminino, entre 12 e 14 anos, foram distribuídas em 4 grupos de acordo com os níveis de ansiedade (alto e baixo) e de freqüência de Conhecimento de Resultados - CR (autocontrolada e yoked). O experimento constou de cinco fases: pré-teste (5 tentativas), fase de aquisição (240 tentativas), fases de transferência imediata e atrasada e fase de retenção (8 tentativas cada). Os resultados, relativos à precisão do saque no alvo, mostraram que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos altos e baixos ansiosos sob os regimes de freqüências autocontrolada de CR e yoked, tanto na fase de aquisição quanto nos testes de transferência e retenção. No entanto, duas tendências descritivas merecem destaque: (1) as meninas alto ansiosas apresentaram melhores desempenhos tanto na fase de aquisição quanto nos testes de transferência/retenção e pediram mais CR do que as baixo ansiosas na aquisição; (2) os grupos com freqüência de CR autocontrolada mostraram melhores resultados na fase de aquisição e transferência do que os grupos yoked. Além disso, o desempenho de todas as participantes foi superior nas tentativas com CR em comparação às tentativas sem CR e a maioria das adolescentes do grupo autocontrolado optou por receber CR após boas tentativas / The goal of the study was to investigate the relationship of the self-controlled frequency of knowledge of results in adolescents with extreme levels of trait - anxiety in the acquisition of the overhead serve in Volleyball. Forty-eight female students, between 12 and 14 years of age, were divided into four groups according to their levels of anxiety (high and low), and the frequency of knowledge of results (self-controlled and yoked). The experiment consisted of five phases: pre-test (5 trials), the acquisition phase (240 trials), immediate and late transfer phases, and the retention phase (8 trials each). The results, based upon the accuracy of the serve on the target, showed that there was no significant difference between the high-anxiety and low-anxiety groups in terms of self-controlled and yoked knowledge of results. This was as much the case in the acquisition phase as in the tests of transfer and retention. However, two discrete tendencies are worthy of closer examination: (1) the high-anxiety girls demonstrated better performance in the acquisition phase as well as in the tests of transfer/retention and requested more knowledge of results than those with low-anxiety during acquisition; (2) the groups with a frequency of self-controlled knowledge of results had better results in the acquisition and transfer phases then the yoked groups. Furthermore, the performance of all participants was better in the trials with knowledge of results when compared to the trials without, and the majority of adolescents in the self-controlled group chose to receive knowledge of results after good trials

Previous research into the accuracy of referrals for glaucoma has shown that a large number of referrals to the Hospital Eye Service are false positive. Research in areas of healthcare other than ophthalmology has shown that psychological distress can be caused by false positive referrals. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of referrals to the HES for all ocular pathologies, and also to quantify the proportion of these referrals that were false positive. Any commonality between false positive referrals was investigated. The psychological effect of being referred to the HES was also evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Both scales were validated in this population with Rasch analysis before use. A final aim was to develop an improvement to the present referral pathway in order to reduce numbers of false positive referrals. The accuracy of referrals to the HES appears to improve as clinicians become more experienced, and greater numbers of false positive referrals are generated by female clinicians. Optometrists refer patients with a wide range of ocular diseases and in most cases include both fundus observations and visual acuity measurements in their referrals. GPs mainly refer patients with anterior segment disorders, particularly lid lesions, based on direct observation and symptoms. Illegibility and missing clinical information reduce the quality of many optometric referrals. Patients referred to the HES experience raised levels of anxiety as measured by the STAI and raised levels of depression as measured by the HADS-Depression subscale. As a method of assessing psychological distress, the questionnaires HADS-T (all items), STAI-S (State subscale) and STAI-T (Trait subscale) show good discrimination between patients when administered to a population of new ophthalmic outpatients, despite all having a floor effect. Subsequently a referral refinement service was developed which reduced numbers of unnecessary referrals and reduced costs for the NHS.

Tyrimo tikslas - ištirti vidurinės mokyklos abiturientų baimės ir pažangumo ypatumus bei sąryšį. Buvo ištirta 111 moksleivių. Darbe naudota metodika - „Diferencijuotas mokyklos baimės aprašas“ - (DBA) - (Diferentielle Leistungsangast Inventar (DAI), (Rost D. H., Schermer F. J. 1997), leidžiantis nustatyti abiturientų baimę provokuojančių veiksnių, baimės apraiškos formų bei baimės įveikos ir įtvirtinimo būdų lygius. Ji panaudota du kartus – vieną kartą likus mėnesiui iki egzaminų buvo naudojamas ilgasis variantas, o kitas trumpasis pakartotinis variantas – prasidėjus pirmiesiem įskaitų laikymam. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad abiturientų įvairių baimės rodiklių išreikštumas pirmojo bei pakartotinio tyrimo metu skiriasi, o taip pat šie rodikliai skiriasi priklausomai nuo lyties, bet fiziologinės baimės apraiškos pakartojus tyrimą išlieka nepakitusios. Humanitarinį ir realinį mokymosi profilį pasirinkę abiturientai įvairių baimės rodiklių išreikštumu nesiskiria. Tik pakartotinio testavimo rezultatai rodo, kad į humanitarinius mokslus linkę abiturientai labiau nei linkę į realinius kontroliuoja baimę. Be to, pakartotinio testavimo rezultatai rodo, kad abiturientai, pasirinkę didesnį valstybinių egzaminų skaičių, mažiau linkę į išorinį ir vidinį baimės įtvirtinimą nei abiturientai, pasirinkę mažesnį egzaminų skaičių. / The aim of this research is to assess the connection between fears of school – leavers and academic achievement peculiarity. 111 school-leavers participated in this research. These method were used for investigation – Discriminating Fear of School Inventory (DBA) - (Diferentielle Leistungsangast Inventar (DAI), (Rost D. H., Schermer F. J. 1997), which lets to assess factors provoking fear of school- leavers, fear‘s expressions, coping ways with fear and levels of fear fix. School – leavers were assessed two times. The results indicated that fear index are different at testing first and second time. These indexes are different to men and women, but at first and second time of testing the physiological expresses of fear are the same. The index of fear are the same in school leavers with humanitarian and real profiler (first time testing), but humanitarians can control fear more effectively than real profiler schoolchildren (second time testing). One more thing – school- leavers who have chosen more exams were more prone to fix fear than school- leavers who have chosen less exams.

Question : Cette thèse comporte deux articles portant sur l’étude d’expressions faciales émotionnelles. Le processus de développement d’une nouvelle banque de stimuli émotionnels fait l’objet du premier article, alors que le deuxième article utilise cette banque pour étudier l’effet de l’anxiété de trait sur la reconnaissance des expressions statiques. Méthodes : Un total de 1088 clips émotionnels (34 acteurs X 8 émotions X 4 exemplaire) ont été alignés spatialement et temporellement de sorte que les yeux et le nez de chaque acteur occupent le même endroit dans toutes les vidéos. Les vidéos sont toutes d’une durée de 500ms et contiennent l’Apex de l’expression. La banque d’expressions statiques fut créée à partir de la dernière image des clips. Les stimuli ont été soumis à un processus de validation rigoureux. Dans la deuxième étude, les expressions statiques sont utilisées conjointement avec la méthode Bubbles dans le but d’étudier la reconnaissance des émotions chez des participants anxieux. Résultats : Dans la première étude, les meilleurs stimuli ont été sélectionnés [2 (statique & dynamique) X 8 (expressions) X 10 (acteurs)] et forment la banque d’expressions STOIC. Dans la deuxième étude, il est démontré que les individus présentant de l'anxiété de trait utilisent préférentiellement les basses fréquences spatiales de la région buccale du visage et ont une meilleure reconnaissance des expressions de peur. Discussion : La banque d’expressions faciales STOIC comporte des caractéristiques uniques qui font qu’elle se démarque des autres. Elle peut être téléchargée gratuitement, elle contient des vidéos naturelles et tous les stimuli ont été alignés, ce qui fait d’elle un outil de choix pour la communauté scientifique et les cliniciens. Les stimuli statiques de STOIC furent utilisés pour franchir une première étape dans la recherche sur la perception des émotions chez des individus présentant de l’anxiété de trait. Nous croyons que l’utilisation des basses fréquences est à la base des meilleures performances de ces individus, et que l’utilisation de ce type d’information visuelle désambigüise les expressions de peur et de surprise. Nous pensons également que c’est la névrose (chevauchement entre l'anxiété et la dépression), et non l’anxiété même qui est associée à de meilleures performances en reconnaissance d’expressions faciales de la peur. L’utilisation d’instruments mesurant ce concept devrait être envisagée dans de futures études. / Question: This thesis describes a new database of facial emotional expressions; created specifically for eye-tracking and classification image experiments. This database serves as a basis for the second study, which explores the effect of trait anxiety on the perception of static facial emotional expressions. Methods: Actors were recruited to express facial emotional expressions. Thousands of 1-second movie clips that contained the least head movement and appeared genuine were extracted from the raw videos and selected for the validation. A total of 1088 clips (34 actors X 8 expressions X 4 exemplar) were spatially aligned so that facial features across the stimuli occupied the same space. They were also temporally aligned so that all clips began on the last neutral frame and truncated on the 15th frame (500ms). The last frame (apex) of the clips was extracted to form the static database. Two groups of participants validated the dynamic (N35) and static (N35) stimuli. The static images were used in the 2nd study where participants (N27) varying in trait anxiety were asked to recognize emotional faces, partially revealed through Gaussian apertures (Bubbles). Results: Study 1 describes the process by which the STOIC database was created. It showcases the 80 dynamic (and 80 static) emotional expressions (8 emotions X 10 actors) with the lowest entropy scores. Study 2 shows that trait anxiety is associated with performance and differential use of information. Anxious individuals use low spatial frequency (LSF) information from the mouth region and are better at recognizing negative emotions, especially fear and not anger. Discussion: This thesis presents a new and freely downloadable emotion recognition database containing static and dynamic stimuli. The database possesses unique characteristics that will make it useful to the scientific community and clinicians. We used the static images in the second study to establish a baseline and gain a better understanding about the use of information contained in faces to recognized emotional expressions. The next phase of the project will be to explore the effects of anxiety and depression on the perception of dynamic expressions. We speculate that the use of LSF information in our anxious group disambiguated fear from surprise and led to better performance for that emotion. In addition, we think the overlap between anxiety and depression, which was associated with better performances, may be attributed to concept of neuroticism.

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a relação da freqüência autocontrolada de CR em adolescentes com níveis extremos de ansiedade-traço na aquisição do saque por cima do voleibol. Quarenta e oito escolares do sexo feminino, entre 12 e 14 anos, foram distribuídas em 4 grupos de acordo com os níveis de ansiedade (alto e baixo) e de freqüência de Conhecimento de Resultados - CR (autocontrolada e yoked). O experimento constou de cinco fases: pré-teste (5 tentativas), fase de aquisição (240 tentativas), fases de transferência imediata e atrasada e fase de retenção (8 tentativas cada). Os resultados, relativos à precisão do saque no alvo, mostraram que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos altos e baixos ansiosos sob os regimes de freqüências autocontrolada de CR e yoked, tanto na fase de aquisição quanto nos testes de transferência e retenção. No entanto, duas tendências descritivas merecem destaque: (1) as meninas alto ansiosas apresentaram melhores desempenhos tanto na fase de aquisição quanto nos testes de transferência/retenção e pediram mais CR do que as baixo ansiosas na aquisição; (2) os grupos com freqüência de CR autocontrolada mostraram melhores resultados na fase de aquisição e transferência do que os grupos yoked. Além disso, o desempenho de todas as participantes foi superior nas tentativas com CR em comparação às tentativas sem CR e a maioria das adolescentes do grupo autocontrolado optou por receber CR após boas tentativas / The goal of the study was to investigate the relationship of the self-controlled frequency of knowledge of results in adolescents with extreme levels of trait - anxiety in the acquisition of the overhead serve in Volleyball. Forty-eight female students, between 12 and 14 years of age, were divided into four groups according to their levels of anxiety (high and low), and the frequency of knowledge of results (self-controlled and yoked). The experiment consisted of five phases: pre-test (5 trials), the acquisition phase (240 trials), immediate and late transfer phases, and the retention phase (8 trials each). The results, based upon the accuracy of the serve on the target, showed that there was no significant difference between the high-anxiety and low-anxiety groups in terms of self-controlled and yoked knowledge of results. This was as much the case in the acquisition phase as in the tests of transfer and retention. However, two discrete tendencies are worthy of closer examination: (1) the high-anxiety girls demonstrated better performance in the acquisition phase as well as in the tests of transfer/retention and requested more knowledge of results than those with low-anxiety during acquisition; (2) the groups with a frequency of self-controlled knowledge of results had better results in the acquisition and transfer phases then the yoked groups. Furthermore, the performance of all participants was better in the trials with knowledge of results when compared to the trials without, and the majority of adolescents in the self-controlled group chose to receive knowledge of results after good trials