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<p>This study investigates the way that many contemporary LGBTQ2 historical novels encourage cross-temporal identifications - the process wherein people today identify with historical figures - as a means of both evoking empathetic responses to lesbian, queer and trans characters, and countering temporal shame - progressivist tendencies to disidentify with the past. I contend that historical novels by contemporary authors, such as Penny Hayes, Jeanette Winterson, Sarah Waters, Leslie Feinberg and Jackie Kay, demonstrate the power of empathetic identifications with historical figures to destabilize prejudiced beliefs about contemporary LGBTQ2 people. I begin this study by examining the pleasures, dangers and work involved in developing empathetic identifications with others and using (dis )identifications to emancipatory ends. As I argue in my first chapter, recuperating lesser known or out-of-print novels, such as Penny Hayes's lesbian(-feminist) historical novels Grassy Flats and Yellowthroat, is a powerful means of challenging reductive stereotypes about the lesbian-feminist movement and countering temporally-based shame that often leads to a loss of LGBTQ2 history and of theories that still have relevance today. In my second chapter, I discuss how Leslie Feinberg and Jackie Kay's depiction of the continued mistreatment of trans-people as abjected subjects in the post-Stonewall era counters the progressivist myth that the post Stonewall lesbian and gay rights movement has necessarily improved the lives of transpeople; Stone Butch Blues and Trumpet thereby show how historical fiction may challenge apathy and work to inspire political engagement. My third chapter examines how Sarah Waters's depiction of male impersonation in Tipping the Velvet highlights the importance of closely attending to both historical differences and similarities. I argue that this novel shows that historical fiction may use the past to provide insight into issues of contemporary concern, and thereby make difficult political commentaries more likely to be heard and taken seriously.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Group I intron-derived ribozymes are catalytic RNAs that have been engineered to catalyze a variety of different reactions, in addition to the native self-splicing reaction. One such ribozyme, derived from a group I intron of Pneumocystis carinii, can modify RNA transcripts through either the excision or insertion of RNA sequences. These reactions are mediated through the trans excision-splicing (TES) or trans insertionsplicing (TIS) reaction pathways. To increase our current understanding of these reactions, as well as their general applicability, a mechanistic and kinetic framework for the TES reaction was established. Furthermore, additional ribozymes were investigated for their ability to catalyze the TES reaction. Lastly, the development of the TIS reaction into a viable strategy for the manipulation of RNA transcripts was investigated. The TES reaction proceeds through two reaction steps: substrate cleavage followed by exon ligation. Mechanistic studies revealed that substrate cleavage is catalyzed by the 3’ terminal guanosine of the Pneumocystis ribozyme. Moreover, kinetic studies suggest that a conformational change exists between the individual reaction steps. Intron-derived ribozymes from Tetrahymena thermophila and Candida albicans were also investigated for their propensity to catalyze the TES reaction. The results showed that each ribozyme could catalyze the TES reaction; however, Pneumocystis carinii is the most effective using the model constructs. Investigations of the TIS reaction focused on developing a new strategy for the insertion of modified oligonucleotides into an RNA substrate. These studies used oligonucleotides with modifications to the sugar, base, and backbone positions. Each of the modified oligonucleotides was shown to be an effective TIS substrate. These results demonstrate that TIS is a viable strategy for the incorporation of modified oligonucleotides, of varying composition, into an intended RNA target. The results from these studies show that group I introns are highly adaptable for catalyzing non-native reactions, including the TES and TIS reactions. Furthermore, group I introns are capable of catalyzing these unique reactions through distinct reaction pathways. Overall, these results demonstrate that group I introns are multi-faceted catalysts.

Against the Tide investigates systematically for the first time how resistances to methodologies advanced by historians associated with the Annales School, one of the most influential twentieth-century schools of historical thought, came to exist in England, France, Germany, Italy and the United States between 1900 and 1970. It defines ‘methodology' in broad terms as the practice of history and poses a series of questions about resistances: who or what created them? What constituted them? Did they centre on a particular methodology, Annales historian or the Annales School as a whole? And what did opposition to methodologies incorporate: technical debates in isolation or wider issues associated with politics, religion and philosophy? The dissertation uses an interdisciplinary conceptual framework,drawing together ideas advanced in the history of science, sociology of education and knowledge, and comparative history, in order to answer these questions. The responses offered refer to and draw on a selection of sources: one hundred and nine scholars' private archives, the articles, books, critical reviews and published letters of a variety of historians and segments of the growing literature both about the Annales School and about the institutions within which the historical discipline operated during the twentieth century. They suggest that resistances played an important part in the international dissemination of Annales historians' methodologies, that resistors held different ideas about the Annales School from those of its creators and divergent methodological commitments, but that they like Annales historians often sought to enhance historical research and sometimes worked on the same subjects but in different and occasionally equally inventive ways. Overall, the findings illustrate a limited but important part of Annales' own history and thereby help to cast the School in new light on terms other than its own by placing it in the transnational context of twentieth-century transatlantic historiography.

The cobalt-catalysed oxidative cyclisation of 5-hydroxy alkenes has been demonstrated to be a powerful synthetic tool for the formation of trans-THFs with excellent diastereoselectivity. This thesis describes the utilisation of this methodology in the synthesis of the FG fragment of pectenotoxin-4, allowing the scope of the reaction to be further explored. Introduction: This section introduces the pectenotoxins, a family of structurally complex closed-chain polyether macrolides with promising biological activities. The isolation, structural elucidation, and biological properties of the pectenotoxins are reviewed, along with a summary of previous syntheses towards the FG fragment of pectenotoxin-4. In addition, the cobalt-catalysed oxidative cyclisation of 5-hydroxy alkenes and its application in synthesis is discussed. Results and Discussion: An outline of the synthetic strategy employed in this project and details of the novel retrosynthesis of the C31-C40 fragment of pectenotoxin-4 is described. The synthetic studies carried out towards the synthesis of the FG fragment of pectenotoxin-4 are discussed in detail, with the exploitation of a cobalt-catalysed oxidative cyclisation as the key step to form the trans-THF F-ring. Overall, the FG fragment, which contains six stereogenic centres, was achieved in 18 total synthetic steps (13 longest linear sequence).

Minority groups have long faced a lack of representation in the entertainment industry. Too often when representation does exist it relied on stereotype and convention. This too is often the fate of transgender individuals when they are depicted on the screen and stage. The majority of film and television depictions of transgender individuals are inadequate. When they are depicted at all the portrayals rarely rise above trope, archetypes, and conventions. Most often the identity of the transgender individual is invalidated. Very rarely are transgender people’s identities supported. This thesis explores my own personal connection with the topic, builds a vocabulary with which to discuss the subject, examines existing film and television performances of transgender characters, and finally examines how new portrayals might challenge the existing stereotypes. I hope that this thesis, which explores a topic not often discussed, will open the door for a new theatre that supports and affirms the identities of the transgender population while managing not to sensationalize or exploit their stories for the simple entertainment of a cisgender dominated society.

Esta tese é sobre a mobilidade que construiu o Brasil desde o período anterior à colonização: é o que chamamos de trans-formação. O trabalho percorre a cronologia da construção do país tal qual o conhecemos hoje. Inicia-se com uma abordagem teórica, tratando das culturas em movimento, destacando a mobilidade como básica para a própria existência humana em sua relação com o ambiente. O caminho da trans-formação do Brasil começa com as várias culturas ameríndias, de forma especial, os tupis, devido à marcha nacional que empreenderam mesmo antes da chegada por portugueses. Os europeus encontraram um país já descoberto. Percebem-se que elementos ecológicos/ambientais e as guerras foram preponderantes para a mobilidade tupi. Então, chega a invasão portuguesa. Aborda-se a interculturalidade lusitana a partir dos fatores que levaram à sua formação. Os portugueses trazem os escravos africanos. Analisam-se as diversas áfricas que desembarcaram no Brasil pelo tráfico de escravos. Dessa forma se evidenciará um dos mais importantes produtos das três matrizes multiculturais (as ameríndias, a portuguesa e as africanas) que trans-formaram o Brasil: o bandeirante. As bandeiras dependiam essencialmente das três vertentes culturais, mestiçadas e/ou separadamente. Percorreram quase toda a extensão do território nacional. Seguiram-nos os monçoneiros, especialmente no ressuprimento de vilas estabelecidas pela exploração do ouro. Também os missionários católicos, de forma especial, os jesuítas, colaboraram com a trans-formação do Brasil. Por fim, toma-se o lócus Sorocaba como exemplo de uma interculturalidade brasileira já trans-formada, destacando o tropeirismo, a feira de muares, e a experiência intercultural de dois ilustres personagens: o primeiro pastor protestante brasileiro, Rev. José Manoel da Conceição, e o primeiro dos monges do Contestado, João Maria de Agostini. / This thesis is about the mobility that built Brazil from the period before colonization: this is what we call transformation. The work goes through the construction chronology of the country as we know it today. It begins with a theoretical approach, dealing with the cultures in movement, highlighting the mobility as basic for the human existence itself in its relationship with the environment. The path of Brazil\'s transformation begins with the various Amerindian cultures, especially the Tupi, because of the \"national\" march they undertook even before the arrival of the Portuguese. Europeans have found an already \"discovered\" country, with all geographical landscape already named. It is perceived that ecological / environmental elements and wars were preponderant for Tupi mobility. Then, the Portuguese invasion arrives. The Lusitanian interculturality is approached from the factors that led to its formation. The Portuguese bring the African slaves. It\'s possible to analyze the various \"Áfricas\" that have landed in Brazil for the slave traffic. In this way, one of the most important products of the three multicultural matrices (Amerindian, Portuguese and African) that transforms Brazil will become evident: the bandeirante. The bandeiras depended essentially on the three cultural strands, mestizo and / or separately. They traveled almost the entire length of the national territory. Monsoons followed us, especially in the resupply of villages established by the exploitation of gold. Also, the Catholic missionaries, especially the Jesuits, collaborated in the transformation of Brazil. Finally, the Sorocaba locus is taken as an example of an already trans- formed Brazilian interculturality, highlighting the tropeirismo, the muares fair, and the intercultural experience of two illustrious characters: the first Protestant Brazilian pastor, Rev. José Manoel da Conceição, and the first of the \"monks\" of the Contestado, João Maria de Agostini.

Os ácidos graxos (AGs) trans foram largamente utilizados pela indústria de alimentos. Entretanto, seu consumo tem sido associado a problemas de saúde, principalmente ao aumento do risco para doenças coronarianas. No Brasil, desde 2006, o conteúdo de gorduras trans obrigatoriamente precisa ser informado nos rótulos dos alimentos industrializados. Aparentemente, isso fez surgir diversos produtos que declaram não conter gorduras trans e que tradicionalmente os continham em grandes concentrações. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a oferta atual desses alimentos. Para tanto, a proporção de alimentos que declaravam conter 0g de gordura trans foi avaliada, verificando variações conforme a localização do estabelecimento de venda dentro da cidade de São Paulo. Também foi realizada a comparação da composição declarada e preço dos alimentos que declaram conter 0g de AGs trans com os demais. Além disso, foram analisados alguns produtos para verificar se a informação com relação ao conteúdo de AG é confiável e se está em conformidade com a legislação. A pesquisa foi realizada nas categorias biscoito doce simples, biscoito recheado, wafer, cream cracker e biscoito de polvilho através de pesquisa em supermercados. A quantificação dos AG nas amostras foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa e os resultados foram comparados com as informações contidas nos rótulos. Dos 498 diferentes produtos encontrados nos supermercados visitados, 68,9 por cento foram de alimentos que informavam não conter gorduras trans. Não foram observadas diferenças na oferta entre as regiões da cidade, entretanto, os produtos que informavam não conter gorduras trans possuem um preço mais elevado que os demais (p<0,001). Nove produtos foram analisados e a quantidade média de gordura trans por porção encontrada foi de 0,18 (±0,29). Dentre os produtos analisados, dois deles não poderiam declarar não conter gordura trans, pois continham mais do que 0,2 g por porção, considerando-se a variação permitida pela legislação de ±20 por cento. Os resultados sugerem que a obrigatoriedade em informar a quantidade de gordura trans nos rótulos proporcionou uma oferta ampla e bem distribuída de alimentos afirmam não conter esse tipo de gordura, no entanto, tais alimentos são menos acessíveis por possuírem um preço mais elevado. Além disso, com nem sempre as informações disponíveis nos rótulos são confiáveis, existe a necessidade de maior fiscalização por parte do poder público / Trans fatty acids (FA) were extensively used by food industry. However, the consumption of this type of FA has been associated with health problems, especially with increased risk for heart diseases. Since July, 2006, Brazilian regulation has imposed that industrialized food labels must express trans fat content. This apparently contributed to several products known for having large amounts of trans fat which now declare does not contain trans fat. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the supply of food products that claim to be trans fat-free, checking possible variations according to the sales spots, and comparing their composition and price to those of other food products in order to verify if such claims are reliable and comply with the law. The supply of the following products was evaluated supermarkets of Sao Paulo: sweet biscuit, sandwich biscuit, wafer, cream cracker and tapioca flour biscuit. The comparison between the products was based on the information on the labels. The quantification of trans FA in some of these foods was carried by gas chromatography and the results were compared with the information from labels. Were found 498 different products in the six supermarkets visited and 68.9 per cent of them were products that declare the absence of trans FA. There were no differences in terms of supply among regions of the city. However, the products that claim to be trans fat-free had a higher price than the others in all categories (p <0.001). No increase in the amount of saturated fat was found. In the nine products analyzed by gas chromatography the average amount of trans fat per serving was 0.18 (±0.29). Two of the products tested should not claim to be trans fat-free because they contained more than 0.2 g per serving, taking into account the acceptable variation of ±20 per cent. The results suggest that the mandatory declaration of trans fat content on labels led to a wide and well distributed supply of products that declare do not contain this kind of fat. However, these products are less accessible because they are more expensive. Furthermore, available information on the labels is not always reliable, which indicates the need to supervise such information

Trypanosoma cruzi, agente causador da Doença de Chagas, é um protozoário intracelular obrigatório. Vários estudos foram realizados visando a caracterização de moléculas de 85-90 kDa, presentes na superfície do parasita bem como de seus possíveis receptores nas células do hospedeiro vertebrado. Um membro da superfamília das gp85/trans-sialidases (Tc85-11), expresso somente na superfície das formas intectivas tripomastigotas e que adere em laminina e em células, foi clonado e caracterizado em nosso laboratório. Peptídeo J, fragmento de Tc85-11 não implicado em adesão a laminina, que contém o motivo conservado na superfamília, com seqüência VTVXNVFLYNR, aqui denominado \"domínio FLY\", foi identificado como sendo responsável pela adesão da porção carboxi-terminal da proteína em células epiteliais e, adicionado ao meio de cultura, promoveu aumento do número de células infectadas por T.cruzi. Seu receptor foi descrito como CK18 (Magdesian et al., 2001). Dando continuidade a esse estudo, em nosso laboratório caracterizamos a porção amino-terminal de CK18 como a região da interação com \"domínio FLY\" e identificamos o provável sítio de ligação, localizado entre os 15 aminoácidos iniciais da proteína. Adicionalmente, com o intuito de determinar a função do \"domínio FLY\", caracterizamos o peptídeo J como molécula extremamente adesiva, interagindo com a superfície de células epiteliais, matriz extracelular e promovendo interação entre tripomastigotas e ECM, possivelmente por meio de interações hidrofóbicas não dependentes de sua estrutura tridimensional adotada na proteína nativa. \"Domínio FLY\" foi caracterizado, ainda, como possível modulador da infecção por tripomastigotas já que, da mesma forma que estimula a invasão quando adicionado ao meio de cultura (Magdesian et al., 2001), promove secreção de proteínas imunorelacionadas com CK18 e ligantes de proteína A para o sobrenadante celular. Esse sobrenadante é capaz de in vitro inibir o processo infectivo do parasita em cerca de 40%. / Trypanosoma cruzi the causative agent of Chagas´ disease is an obligatory intracellular parasite in the mammalian host. Altrough the mechanism of trypomastigotes invasion of host cells has been intensively studied, a final and integrate picture of the process remains elusive. Members of the gp85/trans-sialidase superfamily have been implicated in the parasite-host interaction, with Tc85 family (85 kDa glycoproteins) implicated in the adhesion step. Our laboratory showed that Tc85-11, one member of Tc85 family, is a multi-adhesive molecule, with binding sites located at the amino- and carboxi-portions of the protein. The conserved \"FLY domain\" (peptide J) is present in all members of the family, binds to cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and enhances T. cruzi invasion (Magdesian et al., 2001). Herein, we localized the binding site of \"FLY domain\" on the amino-portion of CK18 and demonstrated an increase of trypomastigotes adhesion to extracellular matrix upon FLY treatment. The \"FLY domain\" can modulate T. cruzi infection in vitro and apparently is responsible for inducing the secretion of molecules by the host that inhibit trypomastigote invasion.

Syftet med studien var att få en bild av hur föräldrar upplever situationen kring att ha ett barnvars kropp och upplevda kön inte harmonierar och utifrån det identifiera och lyfta fram relevanta aspekter som kan bidra till bättre förståelse och förbättringar inom området. Det har tidigare inte gjorts någon liknande undersökning i Sverige. Datamaterialet samlades in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta föräldrar till barn med könsdysfori. Datan analyserades genom induktiv tematisk analys. Analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman:Tillgänglighet, Kunskap och kompetens samt Resan. Slutsatserna var att föräldrarna fyller funktionen som informatörer, rådgivare och stödpersoner till andra – funktioner de själva efterfrågar, bör få och behöver - och att hälso- och sjukvården och skolan behöver utveckla sina kunskaper kring könsdysfori och trans för att bättre kunna möta barnens och föräldrarnas behov. / The purpose of this study was to explore how parents experience the situation of having a child whose body does not harmonize with their experienced gender, in order to identify and highlight relevant aspects for better understanding and improvements within the field. No such research has been carried out in Sweden previously. Data was collected by semi- structured interviews with eight parents of children with gender dysphoria. The data was analyzed by inductive thematic analysis. The outcome was three central themes: Availability, Knowledge and competence and The Journey. Conclusions were that the parents fill the function as informers, advisors and sustaining persons in relation to others – functions that they request, should get and need for themselves - and that health care and schools need to explicate their competence regarding gender dysphoria and trans to better meet the needs of both children and parents.