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ABSTRACTWithin migration and globalization the concept of ethnic identity, religious identity and belonging have come to play a significant role in both immigrants’ lives and as well in social context. Sweden, as a multicultural society has been dealing with different ethnic groups of immigrants and the way these minority groups perceive themselves to be and how they are perceived by others in the society has also come to be of high importance. By migrating people also change their position. They often occupy inferior positions in the society when they settle down in the new country. Identity as a phenomenon is very abstract. It is a process that is shaped by social processes. My own thoughts to the questions of identity shape and belonging inspired me to specifically look into the Kosovar Albanian immigrants in Sweden and investigate their views and experiences of their shapes and changes of identity while living in Sweden, where they constantly are facing cultural differences. I wanted to research this phenomenon, partly because this subject lies personally close to me and see if other Kosovar Albanians share the same experiences.From the experiences of the respondents that were selected during the interviews it is shown that immigrants are always in between two cultures, which gives the sense of confusion while they do not know where ‘home’ really is. The respondents show everything from how they feel themselves to how they are perceived by others. They have a background with different values and norms, they have an existing identity and they are influenced by Swedish values and norms, which leads to identity shape. The important theories that are described in the text strengthen the respondents’ views and experiences and give a broader understanding to the issue of identity. Ethnicity, culture, religion, diaspora and transnationalism are highly crucial to the subject. The historical background of the Kosovar Albanians is also important because of their pre-existing national and ethnic feelings about their country as an independent state and their rights to express their culture. Keywords: identity, ethnicity, first & second generation immigrants, culture, diaspora, transnationalism, ‘Kosovar’ identity.

In this dissertation I argue that art projects are sites of interconnected social spaces where the work of transnational practices, neoliberal politics and identity construction take place. At the same time, art projects are "nodal points" that provide entry and linkages between communities across the Atlantic. In this study, based on multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in Canada and Iceland, I explore this argument by examining ethnic networking between Icelandic-Canadians and the Icelandic state, which adopted neoliberal economic policies between 1991 and 2008. The neoliberal restructuring in Iceland was manifested in the implementation of programs of privatization and deregulation. The tidal wave of free trade, market rationality and expansions across national borders required re-imagined, nationalized accounts of Icelandic identity and society and reconfigurations of the margins of the Icelandic state. Through programs and a range of technologies, discourses, and practices, the Icelandic state worked to create enterprising, empowered, and creative subjects appropriate to the neoliberal project. At the same time these processes and practices served as tools for reawakening and revitalizing ethnic networking on a transnational scale. As enactments of programs initiated by the Icelandic state, the art projects studied here are approached in relation to neoliberal governmentality in a transnational context in order to explore how the operations of states and the new global economy are translated into local cultural practices, such as visual displays. This is a study of cultural circuits and transnational networking where art projects are the formative "nodes"-local sites of cultural production, neoliberal politics, multiple threads of truth claims in battles of cultural politics, identity formation, and conflicted notions of the value of art and the idea of creativity. / Anthropology

The discovery of gold at Porcupine Lake in 1909 brought a well-practiced era of ecological change to northern Ontario. By the early twentieth century gold rushes followed predictable patterns. Deforestation, soil depletion, water-shed modification, rapid immigration, transient populations, “get-rich-quick” ambitions, conflicts with Indigenous people, major fires, and hasty infrastructure development characterized multiple rushes in Africa, the Americas, and Australasia. In the aftermath of the nineteenth century mining booms, the 1909 Porcupine rush brought global gold mining knowledge and technology to northern Canada. At Porcupine, experiments in industrial extraction matured into a set of efficient methods for large-scale corporate extraction of low-grade gold. Although historians traditionally frame gold rushes as national or regional events, Porcupine shows how borders were permeable to people, objects, and ideas moving between mining zones to shape local environmental history. Porcupine’s gold-bearing landscape became a site of convergent historical forces between 1909 and 1929. The rush brought northern Ontario into an international community of mining frontiers at a moment of development in the province’s northern hinterland. Local conditions (such as climate and geology) worked together with transnational networks to shape the land and its communities. Industrial mining also created problems including fires, droughts, and industrial disease. By 1929, Porcupine had become a major player in the global industrial mining industry. The Porcupine rush set the stage for twenty-first century dominance in international gold economy and laid the groundwork for Canada’s modern relationship with nature. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation argues that international forces shaped local environmental history in the gold mining district of Porcupine, northern Ontario, between 1909 and 1929. During these years, Canadian mining transformed from a relatively small extractive economy into a large-scale industrial one -- with a host of associated social and environmental consequences. The geological, climatic, and cultural characteristics of the Canadian Shield environment created significant challenges (including fires, floods, rock-falls, pollution, use conflicts, and disease) which required adaptation from the industry’s stakeholders. People solved environmental problems by relying on support from transnational gold mining networks of investors, managers, prospectors, geologists, prospectors, miners, communities, and governments. As a result, Porcupine’s environmental history was shaped by the convergent forces of its gold-bearing geology, an international context, and local Canadian history. Largely complete by 1929, the legacy of Porcupine’s environmental history lives on in the power of Canada’s international mining industry on modern extractive frontiers.

No / The management and incorporation of ethnic identities in Pakistan has historically been far more problematic in Balochistan than other provinces and regions. With the killing in 2006 of Akbar Bugti, a leading political figure who was the head of the Bugti tribe and served as federal minister, chief minister and Governor of Balochistan, the province became politically polarised and has descended into a new cycle of bombings, abductions and murders. The rebellion has resulted in a major security operation pitting the security forces against the Baloch people, attacks against Punjabi settlers and sectarian violence against Hazara Shias that collectively threaten to derail major development projects and increase instability in Pakistan as a whole at a critical juncture. This article examines the insurgency in Balochistan and evaluates various perspectives that have been used to explain the present crisis: external intervention, resistance to social change, resource driven conflict theory, transnationalism and diaspora, and failure to manage difference. After examining the evidence it concludes by arguing that the primary cause for the insurgency in Pakistan is due to poor management of difference.

This thesis is about the scalar paradoxes of islands as seen through the cultural movement of a small island nation in the nineteenth century. As the divide between Celticism and Teutonism grew in Britain, the cultural movement of the Isle of Man created a hybrid heritage of both. Antiquarians, archaeologists, and cultural activists that were settled in the island organised themselves for the preservation and eventually revitalisation of a Manx past, in communication with scholars in the British Isles and the North. By investigating three major societies from this movement; the Manx Society (1858), the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society (1879) and the Manx Language Society (1899); this thesis follows the development of a national exceptionalism through their selective identification with Nordic, Celtic, and British spaces, caught in between a Western large state ideal of progress and its antithesis: the imaginative geography of an isolated island. Lefebvrian theory shows that their navigation in a past of Celtic settlers and Viking invaders led to a multifunctional transnational history that could be transferred and repurposed for opposing social spaces. It is argued that this transnationalism functioned as cultural shelter, in accordance with how political and economic shelter from larger states has proven successful for small island nations. It shows that if Manx history was to be regarded as a legitimate and valuable addition to the history of nations in the late nineteenth century, it required manifold connections abroad that could be translated to different transnational agendas. And while this type of (trans-) national exceptionalism was adapted to their situation as a small island nation, its inherent co-dependency on transnational connections was only enforcing an inferiority complex within existing hierarchies in Northern European history.