It is agreed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy and transport systems must be reduced. Technical means exist to reduce GHG emissions from these sources. However, these emission-reduction measures are not implemented to a high enough degree. In this thesis, it is assumed that this is because the reduction of GHG emissions from energy and transport systems is a wicked problem. Unlike a tame problem, which has an unambiguous definition and a finite number of well-defined solutions, a wicked problem is difficult to define, and its solutions are often intertwined with the problem. The “wickedness” of a wicked problem lies in the extreme difficulty of solving the problem, rather than in the problem itself. In this thesis, the wicked problem of reducing GHG emissions from energy and transport systems is studied by applying a sociotechnical systems approach to the introduction of renewable vehicle fuels, the production and use of biogas, the introduction of electric vehicles, and the sustainability of district heating. In addition, this thesis discusses how energy issues are approached in different contexts, and what implications different actions can have on GHG emissions. The analysis shows that a sociotechnical approach to energy systems analysis can offer insights with regard to how system boundaries are handled within GHG-emission assessments and energy and transport policy. By problematising the use of system boundaries in GHG-emission assessments, this thesis explains how attempts to reduce GHG emissions could add to the wicked problem of GHGemission reductions from energy and transport systems. GHG-emission assessments can give very different results depending on system boundaries. While these results can be used in attempts to solve this wicked problem, they can also contribute to complicating it. As solutions to wicked problems are mainly found in policy, the use of system boundaries in policy is studied. Results show that narrow system boundaries in energy and transport policy can hamper sustainable development of energy and transport systems. The use of wider system boundaries could facilitate approaches to solve the wicked problem of reducing GHG emissions from energy and transport systems by making the consequences and effects of policy actions more clearly visible. / Det är välkänt att energi- och transportsystemens utsläpp av växthusgaser måste minska. Tekniska förutsättningar för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser från användning av energi och transporter existerar. Ändå genomförs inte åtgärder för att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser i tillräcklig utsträckning. I föreliggande avhandling antas detta bero på att minskandet av utsläpp av växthusgaser från energi- och transportsystem är ett ’wicked problem’. Ett sådant problem är svårdefinierat och motståndskraftigt mot lösningar, eftersom lösningarna ofta är sammanflätade med problemet. I avhandlingen studeras frågan om hur utsläpp av växthusgaser från energi- och transportsystem kan minska. Introduktion av förnybara drivmedel, produktion och användning av biogas, introduktion av elbilar, samt hållbarhet i fjärrvärmesystem är områden som studeras med hjälp av ett sociotekniskt angreppssätt. Detta innebär att teknik studeras som en integrerad del av samhället, där teknik både påverkar och påverkas av aktörer och sociala strukturer. Analysen visar att ett sociotekniskt angreppssätt kan ge insikter om hur systemgränser hanteras inom energisystemforskning samt inom energi- och transportpolicy. Värderingar av växthusgasutsläpp, som utförs inom energisystemforskning, kan ge vitt skilda resultat beroende på hur det studerade systemet avgränsats. Resultaten kan användas i försök att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser från energi- och transportsystem, men detta kan leda till att problemet försvåras ytterligare. I avhandlingen förklaras detta genom problematisering av systemavgränsningar i värderingar av växthusgasutsläpp. Eftersom lösningar på ’wicked problems’ oftast återfinns inom policy, studeras även systemavgränsningar i policy. Det visas att snäva systemgränser inom energi- och transportpolicy kan hindra hållbar utveckling av energi- och transportsystem. Vidgade systemgränser skulle kunna underlätta ansatser att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser från energi och transportsystem genom att synliggöra konsekvenser och effekter av policyåtgärder.

Submitted by Paulo Vieira (paulovs@ucb.br) on 2014-06-16T19:52:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Francisca do Nascimento Vieira de Freitas.pdf: 679195 bytes, checksum: aad97a4e13f699c418dcf9da34c3dc1b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Kelson Anthony de Menezes(kelson@ucb.br) on 2014-07-08T15:58:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Francisca do Nascimento Vieira de Freitas.pdf: 679195 bytes, checksum: aad97a4e13f699c418dcf9da34c3dc1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-08T15:58:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Francisca do Nascimento Vieira de Freitas.pdf: 679195 bytes, checksum: aad97a4e13f699c418dcf9da34c3dc1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T03:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 license_url: 52 bytes, checksum: 3d480ae6c91e310daba2020f8787d6f9 (MD5) license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) license.txt: 1825 bytes, checksum: af1f5c54585e21e389c880a5a570b7e9 (MD5) Francisca do Nascimento Vieira de Freitas.pdf: 679195 bytes, checksum: aad97a4e13f699c418dcf9da34c3dc1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-08 / Universidade Católica de Brasília - UCB / Esta é uma reflexão pautada na política de transporte público, no tocante o atendimento aos cidadãos que utilizam o transporte coletivo no Distrito Federal. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem como finalidade, analisar a Política de Transporte Urbano, sua legislação e gestão no DF, com intuito de identificar se há ou não irregularidade na prestação desses serviços prestados a sociedade. Para responder a esse questionamento, a pesquisa situou-se na revisão bibliográfica com vistas a consolidar a reflexão teórica sobre os temas:. Neste artigo foram apresentados e analisados: o histórico do transporte público no mundo; a política de transporte urbano no Brasil; a mobilidade urbana no Brasil, a organização do transporte público coletivo no Distrito Federal; uma reflexão sobre os desafios da política de transporte no DF. Conclui-se que, apesar do esforço do Estado em implementar ações no que diz respeito à política de transporte público urbano de Brasília e do DF, inovando, colocando novos ônibus para integrar a frota nas cidades e os investimentos em infraestrutura, nota-se que o transporte coletivo da capital não tem sido satisfatório no desempenho dos serviços prestados à população e à sociedade como um todo e ainda há muitos desafios a superar. / This is a reflection based on public transport policy , as regards service to citizens using public transportation in the Federal District . Thus, this paper aims to analyze the Urban Transport Policy , its legislation and management in DF , in order to identify whether there are irregularities in the provision of these services to society. To answer this question , the research was situated in the literature review with a view to consolidating the theoretical reflection on the topics . This article were presented and analyzed : the history of public transport 5 in the world ; the urban transport policy in Brazil ; urban mobility in Brazil , the organization of public transportation in the Federal District ; a reflection on the challenges of transport policy in DF . We conclude that , despite the efforts of the State to implement actions with regard to the urban public transport and Brasilia DF policy , innovating , putting new buses to join the fleet in cities and infrastructure investments , we note that public transport in the capital has not been satisfactory in the performance of services for the population and society as a whole and there are still many challenges to overcome .

The aim of this thesis is to provide to the governmental decision-maker/user, an instrument that can assist him/her in improving the infrastructure investment decision in the economical, environmental and sustainable aspects. This means that, the Return on Investment (ROI) of the concerned transport infrastructure, satisfying environmental and sustainable constraints must be positive, and corresponding to an optimal investment cost. The decision support system can be applied in two dimensions. One dimension is where the real negotiation process is occurring between private and public stakeholders, called “real time negotiation process”. The second dimension is where the negotiation process is impelled by the user (public part) without private stakeholders interaction (but with interaction through simulation), called “virtual negotiation process”. The simulation and local optimization techniques, in phase with agent technology, used in the “virtual negotiation process” enable us to achieve a certain amount of alternative decisions to the primary/suggested decision to be evaluated. The CommonKADS methodology with mathematical modeling, and agent technology have been the support respectively for extracting and implementing the knowledge in the domain, monitoring, automating and updating the decision process. The principle of “Joint logistic” [1] in my effort concerns by the means of sharing financial and information resources; This leads to the empowerment of the supply chain feedbacks (roles), involved in the earlier stages of public transport decision making-process. It appears that within the decision-making process, the government is often dealing with the conflicting objectives, while interacting with the business stakeholders. For instance, the estimated investment cost of a specific transport infrastructure can exceed the income generated by this infrastructure, thus the ROI of the concerned transport infrastructure (TI) will be negative. From this perspective the government faces three choices: a) increase the rate of the taxes applied on that transport infrastructure or any other taxes, in order to make ROI positive, this can be matter of discussion/disagreement for the business community b) reduce the investment cost which means suggest a different TI with a lower quality standard compared to the previous; this can also be a matter of disagreement between the two concerned stakeholders. c) delay of the investment in the specific transport infrastructure. In fact in the most situations the government uses the first approach, which effects might be consequently unpredictable and disastrous in the economical and environmental sense for the government. From this point of view my attempt is to propose an intelligent decision support system for governments or project groups (e.g. East West project group), involving conceptually as components web portal, database, simulator and knowledge base, that bases on an approach, that enables this negotiation/information exchange at the earlier steps of decision-making situation. This is concretized by gathering in real time accurate and relevant information from the private sector; furthermore the knowledgebase of the designed system is conceived via the experience and historical knowledge of the concerned experts in the domain. / Please contact me via email : yjeanyv@hotmail.com or phone: +224 64 97 43 79

This thesis deals with the environmental aspects of the common transport policy of the European Union. The first chapter outlines the development of the common transport policy from the beginning of the European Community up to the most recent strategy Transport 2050. The second chapter examines some of the environmental measures carried out in line with the common transport policy for particular modes and for urban mobility. The third chapter focuses on selected examples of consequences that the adopted measures have on the automotive industry and on the Czech Republic.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the current situation of multimodal transport with a focus on the European Union, to describe the current concept of the Common Transport Policy and its main objectives and priorities for the future development. Further, to analyze the progress of the project Trans-European transport network with a focus on priority projects supporting the development of multimodal transport in the EU. One of the aims of this thesis is to outline the potential of the continental combined transport as an alternative option to multimodal transport and to focus on its current problems hampering the future prosperity of this new mode of transport.

Following established traditions in anthropology and sociology, where cross-border research helps to identify important themes which benefit from comparative study, this dissertation introduces cross-sector policy research as a new methodology for generating useful insights about public policy. The cross-sector method is applied to the study of the UK energy and transport sectors. A range of generic policy developments in the energy sector are identified including: the development of efficiency indicators, scenario analysis, and the establishment of energy efficiency programmes. Such developments have not, as yet, occurred in the transport sector. A structural analogy between energy and transport is developed which is used to generate a range of innovations for transport policy including: gross mass movements and intensities as indicators of the efficiency with which the economy uses transport; the projection of a quantitative scenario of sustainable mobility; and the outline of a transport efficiency programme. The insights from the analogy are generalised to consider the benefits of a wider application of cross-sector policy research to other policy areas.

The work is focused on the issues associated with the use of geographical information systems in transport. Of the various types of transport was chosen railway transport for its great potential particularly in the field of freight transport, but also because it is a relatively environmentally friendly. This fact is also well known to the leaders of the European Union, who are engaged in the field of transportation. The European Commission in its documents (green and white papers) gives accent on the development of railway transportation and combined transportation, because this is the path to secure the sustainable development of transport. In the course of this study the current state of information systems several problems were discovered. One problem is the fragmentation of the partial information systems and the associated strong administrative burden. This situation stems both from the incomplete legislative framework, but also from the lack of the concept and awareness of the managerial positions. This work deals with other selected issues. The first is the area of designing the data model topology track that satisfies the requirements set out in legislation, both European and national level. The data model was designed with regard to a sufficient degree of variability. The work contains a section dedicated to the implementation of the data model and solution design of problems associated with visualization arcs. Another area is the collection of geographic data. Data collection is one of the key tasks in the implementation and maintenance of the information system. The acquisition of the geographical data can be lengthy and costly. We therefore suggest how to use inertial measurement in acquisition of topological data. This method could speed up the entire process of data capturing with sufficient precision and reduce the costs to the acceptable range.

Transportation economists apply different labor supply models when studying anti-congestion policy: (i) endogenous working hours; (ii) endogenous workdays but given daily working hours; (iii) labor supply as a residual. We study whether the outcome of anti-congestion policies that change the relative cost of labor supply margins, and, thus, may affect decisions on working hours and working days, is robust against the model applied. In particular, we focus on welfare implications in the presence of other taxes when there is a congestion externality. We find surprisingly strong differences in quantity and sign. Further, we develop a clear recommendation for future research on issues that include decisions on commuting trips. Researchers shall apply both a model of endogenous working hours that provides an upper limit and a model of endogenous workdays that provide a lower limit of results for welfare changes, optimal policies and two optimal tax components (Pigouvian and Ramsey terms).

Cycling and walking are typical forms of local locomotion. especially common in the urban environment. During the last five years, portable electric scooters were developed and quicldy gained popularity and, at the same time, generated previously unknown challenges associated with safety [1]. Their users compete with pedestrians and cyclists to occupy the same space [2], which may create conflicts and cause accidents. The balance between the safety of pedestrians and ES riders is still being sought [3], while the legislation process lags behind the rapid emergence and popularity of this new micromobility transportation mode [ 4, 5]. Tue aim of this research was a comparison of visual gaze behaviour of cyclists, electric scooter users, and pedestrians passing the same route stretch - a broad busy underpass in city centre. Visual interaction of the test participants with other road users was analysed to understand threats and risks for each of these modes of transport during selection of the path; speeds and behaviour during manoeuvres were also assessed. Differences in perception. depending on the utilized mode of transport, should bring better understanding of their specific needs and may support appropriate regulation. This research work could be considered as an extension of previous study when, in the similar way, behaviours of road-users utilizing a shared road were analysed [ 6]. [From: Introduction]

In this study, travel behavior for the users of E-scooter is analyzed based on survey questions. The main purpose of the study is to understand the nature of E-scooters users and their preferences as well as analyzing their trip parameters. The survey was designed to cover most ofthe behavioral influential factors. To represent the motives and barriers towards E-scooter adoption in greater Stockholm. it was sectioned into demographic data, general travel preferences, E-scooter choice preferences, last trip parameters and general discussion questions. Findings of this study suggested that E-scooters are mainly used by residents aged between 18-24. In Stockholm, public transportation facilities are very accessible and affordable than other private transportation modes. Travel time and travel cost were highly evaluated by the users and were considered as deciding criteria prior to making any trip in Stockholm. Findings suggested that trips made by E-scooters are mainly for fun and leisure rather than commuting and services. However, regarding normal trips, it was found that walking replaced the use of E-scooters more often. Historical data was used to validate and support the survey findings. Survey questions did not consider questions regarding impacts of COVID-19 on travel behaviours as well as the changes in travel patterns. Furthermore, the absence of highlights on research areas such as safety which covers the adoption of risky behaviours (i.e., driving on sidewalks, driving opposing traffic flow) and helmet use. The tool was used for research purposes was ‘Questionpro’. / I denna studie analyseras resebeteendet för användarna av E-scooter baserat på enkätfrågor. Huvudsyftet med studien är att förstå E-scooters användares natur och deras preferenser samt att analysera deras tripparametrar. Undersökningen var utformad för att täcka de flesta av debeteendemässiga inflytelserika faktorerna. Att representera motiv och barriärer mot e-scooteradoption i större Stockholm. den delades in i demografisk data, allmänna resepreferenser, val av E-scooter-val, parametrar för sista resan och allmänna diskussionsfrågor. Resultaten av denna studie föreslog att E-skotrar huvudsakligen används av invånare i åldrarna 18-24. I Stockholm är anläggningar för kollektivtrafik mycket tillgängliga och prisvärda än andra privata transportsätt. Restid och resekostnader utvärderades mycket av användarna och ansågs vara avgörande kriterier innan de gjorde en resa i Stockholm. Resultaten föreslog att resor med e-skotrar främst är för skoj och fritid snarare än pendling och tjänster. När det gäller normala resor fann man dock att promenader ersatte användningen av E-skotrar oftare. Historiska data användes för att validera och stödja undersökningsresultaten.