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Att leda projekt med myndigheter som kunder kan vara en utmaning, särskilt om kunden arbetar efter en annan projektledningsmetodik än den egna organisationen. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka olika projektledningsmetoder och se hur de påverkar projektets utkomst. Närmare bestämt hur projekt påverkas när kund och leverantör arbetar på olika sätt med olika projektledningsmetoder. Samt att undersöka vilka svårigheter och möjligheter som kan uppstå när olika aktörer arbetar med olika projektmetoder. Studien undersöker även hur sådana diskrepanser kan hanteras, genom att identifiera gemensamma kritiska framgångsfaktorer i de olika projektledningsmetoderna. Dessa framgångsfaktorer kan ses som en rekommendation för att leda projekt på ett effektivare sätt. Tidigare forskning på området är begränsat, det finns många studier om olika projektledningsmetoder samt när och hur de bäst används. Det finns även många studier kring hybridvarianter gällande projektledningsmetodiker men dessa gäller när ett och samma företag blandar traditionell och agil projektledning. Därmed finns ett tydligt kunskapsgap som denna studie ämnar undersöka. Som tidigare nämnt är när kund och leverantör arbetar efter olika projektledningsmetoder i samma projekt och hur dessa projekt kan effektiviseras. En kvalitativ fallstudie genomfördes på ett företag i Sverige där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem projektledare för att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar och uppfylla dess syfte. Frågorna som ställdes behandlade projektledningsområdet för att få en bra förståelse av området och få reda på kritiska framgångsfaktorer som kan bidra till att effektivisera projekt. Studiens undersökning resulterade i fem olika kritiska framgångsfaktorer som har inverkan på projekt och bör tas i beaktning vid att leda projekt på ett effektivt sätt. Framgångsfaktorerna togs fram genom en tematisk analys av intervjuerna som genomfördes med projektledarna på företaget. Dessa kritiska framgångsfaktorer är kommunikation, scope, människor, flexibilitet och planering. De kritiska framgångsfaktorerna bidrog med att uppfylla studiens syfte och frågeställningar men kan även användas som grund för att effektivisera projekt. / Managing projects with authorities as customers can be a challenge, especially if the customer works according to a different project management methodology than their own organization. The purpose of this study is to investigate different project management methodologies and see how they affect the outcome of the project. More specifically, how projects are affected when customer and supplier work in different ways with different project management methodologies. As well as investigating what difficulties and opportunities that can arise when different actors work with different project methods. The study also examines how such discrepancies can be managed, by identifying common critical success factors in the various project management methods. These success factors can be seen as a recommendation for managing projects more effectively. Previous research in the area is limited, there are many studies on different project management methodologies and when and how they are best used. There are also many studies on hybrid versions of project management methodologies, but these apply when the same company mixes traditional and agile project management. There is thus a clear knowledge gap that this study intends to investigate. As previously mentioned, is when the customer and supplier work according to different project management methodologies in the same project and how these projects can be made more efficient. A qualitative case study was conducted at a company in Sweden where semistructured interviews were conducted with five project managers to answer the study's questions and to fulfill its purpose. The questions asked dealt with the project management area in order to gain a good understanding of the area and find out critical success factors that can contribute to streamlining projects. The study's investigation resulted in five different critical success factors that have an impact on projects and should be taken into account when managing projects effectively. The success factors were developed through a thematic analysis of the interviews that were conducted with the project managers at the company. These critical success factors are communication, scope, people, flexibility and planning. The critical success factors contributed to answering the study's research questions and to fulfill its purpose but can also be used as a basis for streamlining projects.

It is agreed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy and transport systems must be reduced. Technical means exist to reduce GHG emissions from these sources. However, these emission-reduction measures are not implemented to a high enough degree. In this thesis, it is assumed that this is because the reduction of GHG emissions from energy and transport systems is a wicked problem. Unlike a tame problem, which has an unambiguous definition and a finite number of well-defined solutions, a wicked problem is difficult to define, and its solutions are often intertwined with the problem. The “wickedness” of a wicked problem lies in the extreme difficulty of solving the problem, rather than in the problem itself. In this thesis, the wicked problem of reducing GHG emissions from energy and transport systems is studied by applying a sociotechnical systems approach to the introduction of renewable vehicle fuels, the production and use of biogas, the introduction of electric vehicles, and the sustainability of district heating. In addition, this thesis discusses how energy issues are approached in different contexts, and what implications different actions can have on GHG emissions. The analysis shows that a sociotechnical approach to energy systems analysis can offer insights with regard to how system boundaries are handled within GHG-emission assessments and energy and transport policy. By problematising the use of system boundaries in GHG-emission assessments, this thesis explains how attempts to reduce GHG emissions could add to the wicked problem of GHGemission reductions from energy and transport systems. GHG-emission assessments can give very different results depending on system boundaries. While these results can be used in attempts to solve this wicked problem, they can also contribute to complicating it. As solutions to wicked problems are mainly found in policy, the use of system boundaries in policy is studied. Results show that narrow system boundaries in energy and transport policy can hamper sustainable development of energy and transport systems. The use of wider system boundaries could facilitate approaches to solve the wicked problem of reducing GHG emissions from energy and transport systems by making the consequences and effects of policy actions more clearly visible. / Det är välkänt att energi- och transportsystemens utsläpp av växthusgaser måste minska. Tekniska förutsättningar för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser från användning av energi och transporter existerar. Ändå genomförs inte åtgärder för att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser i tillräcklig utsträckning. I föreliggande avhandling antas detta bero på att minskandet av utsläpp av växthusgaser från energi- och transportsystem är ett ’wicked problem’. Ett sådant problem är svårdefinierat och motståndskraftigt mot lösningar, eftersom lösningarna ofta är sammanflätade med problemet. I avhandlingen studeras frågan om hur utsläpp av växthusgaser från energi- och transportsystem kan minska. Introduktion av förnybara drivmedel, produktion och användning av biogas, introduktion av elbilar, samt hållbarhet i fjärrvärmesystem är områden som studeras med hjälp av ett sociotekniskt angreppssätt. Detta innebär att teknik studeras som en integrerad del av samhället, där teknik både påverkar och påverkas av aktörer och sociala strukturer. Analysen visar att ett sociotekniskt angreppssätt kan ge insikter om hur systemgränser hanteras inom energisystemforskning samt inom energi- och transportpolicy. Värderingar av växthusgasutsläpp, som utförs inom energisystemforskning, kan ge vitt skilda resultat beroende på hur det studerade systemet avgränsats. Resultaten kan användas i försök att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser från energi- och transportsystem, men detta kan leda till att problemet försvåras ytterligare. I avhandlingen förklaras detta genom problematisering av systemavgränsningar i värderingar av växthusgasutsläpp. Eftersom lösningar på ’wicked problems’ oftast återfinns inom policy, studeras även systemavgränsningar i policy. Det visas att snäva systemgränser inom energi- och transportpolicy kan hindra hållbar utveckling av energi- och transportsystem. Vidgade systemgränser skulle kunna underlätta ansatser att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser från energi och transportsystem genom att synliggöra konsekvenser och effekter av policyåtgärder.

Current literature on the developmentally disabled indicates they represent a large untapped labor pool that is significantly inhibited in its inclusion in the community. To address this unnecessary isolation, Right in the Community (RitC), a voluntary agency in Cobb County, Georgia, wanted to innovate its service offering by providing meaningful and sustainable work opportunities for those that are severely developmentally disabled. The Competing Values Framework (CVF) offers a dynamic and robust theoretical framework that has been adapted to explain many business factors in addition to organizational effectiveness. Based on a fourteen-month action research engagement at RitC, I adapted the CVF to concentrate on the dimensions of organizational focus, strategy formation and motivational traits to understand and guide service innovation in a voluntary organization. My research aided RitC’s development of a program to provide meaningful and sustainable work opportunities for those that are severely developmentally disabled. From a theoretical standpoint, I have added new knowledge on managing service innovation in voluntary organizations and adapted CVF for understanding and guiding service innovation in that particular context.

Wicked problems are a special subset of particularly complex issues that current problem-solving tools fail tofully address. Because of this deficiency, a new tool for evaluating and resolving wicked problems must be developed. Theories such as anti-positivism and systems thinking are explored in order to understand the nature of wicked problems, which are often defined by the involvement of multiple stakeholders as well as non-linear interrelations between various elements of the problem. Although traditional problem-solving methods are inadequate for wicked problems, there are certain tools that are more appropriate for handling such problems. These tools include the analytic hierarchy process, positional analysis, mess maps and heat maps. With their organized structures, visual languages and collaborative processes, these methods provide features that are well suited for tackling wicked problems. However, no single tool incorporates all of the necessary features. Therefore, a combination of the tools explored can yield a new and even more effective tool for wicked problems. This new tool, called STORM, is demonstrated through an evaluation of oil shale exploitation in Estonia. With Estonia currently dependent on energy from oil shale despite the environmental drawbacks, the situation is an ideal example of a wicked problem. The Estonian example shows how STORM can provide a greater understanding of wicked problems and allow resolutions to be negotiated. As sustainable development issues are usually considered to be wickedto sustainable development research.

Current literature on the developmentally disabled indicates they represent a large untapped labor pool that is significantly inhibited in its inclusion in the community. To address this unnecessary isolation, Right in the Community (RitC), a voluntary agency in Cobb County, Georgia, wanted to innovate its service offering by providing meaningful and sustainable work opportunities for those that are severely developmentally disabled. The Competing Values Framework (CVF) offers a dynamic and robust theoretical framework that has been adapted to explain many business factors in addition to organizational effectiveness. Based on a fourteen-month action research engagement at RitC, I adapted the CVF to concentrate on the dimensions of organizational focus, strategy formation and motivational traits to understand and guide service innovation in a voluntary organization. My research aided RitC’s development of a program to provide meaningful and sustainable work opportunities for those that are severely developmentally disabled. From a theoretical standpoint, I have added new knowledge on managing service innovation in voluntary organizations and adapted CVF for understanding and guiding service innovation in that particular context.

Rooted in legal theory and environmental studies, this thesis aims to (re)define the ‘population problem’ and related regulatory resolutions in constructive and clear terms, within a broad concept of 'law’. Green legal theory, wicked problem theory, and legal pluralism viewed from a wide-angle, first-person perspective, are applied together. To control birth rates and consumption demands in Canada/America, state-made laws are not central. We are ruled by rules: Certain law-like non-state rules aim to prod procreation and consumption ever-upward. Materially speaking, Can-American population numbers and consumption/waste form one inseparable factor relevant to global ecological degradation, and ‘legally’ speaking, specific religious doctrine amounts to 'population-UP control' and specific economic dogma 'consumption-UP control'. Together, these material and ‘legal’ factors form a wicked problem called ‘population demands.’ This problem formulation points away from state-made resolutions. Instead, the author recommends deconstructing degrading rules from the bottom-up and, in relation to consumption-UP control, reforming social norms. / Graduate / 0398 / 0768 / 0938

The thesis asks two crucial questions, (a) what are the normative frameworks available for protecting the rights and status of a person migrating due to climate change related hydro-metrological changes? (b) why is there a non-uniformity and inadequacy in the deliverance of assistance from the state? To address these questions, I have analysed the perception, framing and assistance a climate change migrant receives from the state of Assam in India, while also explaining the reasons for the differential nature and deficits in protection. Based on interviews with senior bureaucratic officials (elite actors), group-discussions, field surveys, and engagements at the block and village level, the thesis makes three critical arguments. First, the sub-national government perceive climate-induced migrations as a developmental issue. Second, the way in which climate change migration is framed as a developmental issue by elite actors does not correspond with how the issue is understood by street-level bureaucratic actors. Instead, the routine judgements and discretions exercised by street-level actors are complexly tied to the political and social circumstances of local areas. Finally, while it is known that socio-political and demographic factors (such as gender, membership of a social group, and religion) contribute to forced forms of migration, the thesis argues that these demographic factors also adversely affect the performance of the programs meant to reduce climate vulnerabilities.

Title: Consistency in Constant Change: A Sensemaking Perspective to Uncover How Marketers Justify Budget for Branding Activities. Background: Branding activities are part of marketers’ everyday work life and have increased in organisational importance of how marketing is conducted. However, due to the lack of a direct linkage to conversion, branding activities are challenging to know the output of. Despite this, marketers continue to spend part of the marketing budget on branding activities. To understand how marketers justify decisions for branding activities, this Thesis views justifying branding activities as a wicked problem. It uses decision-making theory with a sensemaking lens to uncover patterns of decision input and output. Purpose: Taking the organisational perspective, this study seeks to clarify and bring insights into how branding decisions are justified by surfacing underlying patterns when marketers justify decisions for branding activities. Methodology: This Thesis uses an abductive qualitative study approach. To uncover the problem and guide the study direction, 12 pre-interviews were conducted. Then, a literature review and 12 in-depth, exploratory and semi-structured interviews with marketing professionals were conducted to understand directly from the budget owners regarding how budget is justified for branding activities. Findings: The introduced conceptual framework shows that justifying branding activities is an ongoing process that faces constant change. Three main patterns are found for how marketers justify budget for branding decisions. First, marketers clarify what identity and preference to use by identifying ‘what matters’ during the decision-making process and they either claim or share the right of deciding. Second, a general understanding is that branding activities are immeasurable in nature and marketers tell a plausible story of their effectiveness by measuring what can be measured, measure changes, or use financial results as a final judge. Third, internal and external constraints exist throughout the process of justifying branding activities, including technology limitations, loss of other’s branding sense, and limited budget and resources.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån Sveriges förändrade agenda avseende samhällets beredskap att hantera kriser, studera krisberedskapsprocessen på regional och lokal nivå genom informantintervjuer av nyckelbefattningar inom länsstyrelse och kommun. Uppsatsen svarar genom en deskriptiv fallstudie med kvalitativ metod av länsstyrelser och kommuner på frågeställningarna: Hur genomförs den komplexa krisberedskapsprocessen vid regional och lokal nivå samt vilket behov av stöd kräver krisberedskapsprocessen? I studien sammanställs en empirisk krisberedskapsprocess vilken jämförts med den normativa krisberedskapsprocesen genom att använda Lundqvists (1992) implementeringsteori baserad på Förstå, Kan, Vill. Studiens mest signifikanta resultat är att en väl utvecklad samverkan har identifierats mellan aktörer på regional och lokal nivå. Studien har funnit viss liknelse mellan den empiriska krisberedskapsprocessen och Lundqvists Policyprocessens stadier med förvaltningens huvuduppgifter. Även om informanterna upplever vissa problem inom krisberedskapen, finner vi att aktörerna genom ett stort engagemang anses kunna hantera krisberedskapsprocessen. / The purpose of this essay is to examine the crisis management process in the context of Sweden’s changed agenda in terms of community preparedness to crisis management. The study is conducted through interviews with key positions at county governments and municipalities. Through a descriptive case study using a qualitative method the essay answers the following question: How is the complex crisis management process performed at county and local level and what requirements of support does the crisis management process demand? The results from the interviews were compiled to an empirical crisis management process and with help of Lundqvist´s (1992) implementation theory based on Understand, Can, Will, compared to the normative crisis management process. The most significant conclusion of the essay is a well evolved collaboration has been identified in the relation between actors at regional and local level. The study has found certain parables between the empirical crisis management process and Lundqvist´s Policy process stages with main tasks in administration. Even though the informants experience some problem within the crisis management, we find that the actors due to a great dedication are able to handle the crisis management.