The Swedish Road Administration wants to compile all the national road database data from The Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority using a Geographical Information System compiler in order to increase the efficiency of data flow between their respective databases. The objective of this master’s thesis has been to build a software solution containing changed private road data input from The Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority and processing it into the OpenTNF standard format. This would enable automatic processing and of private road data to the national road database at the Swedish Road Administration. The work is divided into four parts; 1. Researching standards for databases and version control. 2. Plan the methodology using different resources. 3. Development of a software solution. 4. Analysis. The chosen software is FME by Safe Software. A number of shortcomings such as lack of information on the practical input for the future ANDA system were discovered, therefor some assumptions and simplifications had to be made. Using the assumptions and examples, a functioning solution was created according to the OpenTNF and INSPIRE standards. The examples to fills that gap in knowledge and provide a greater understanding of the usage of the INSPIRE and OpenTNF standards for transport networks. An analysis and a discussion about the existing solution, bottlenecks, faults with the existing database and version management between the databases related to found research is presented. Workflows on different examples for the software solution can be seen in the results. The national road database suffers from low implementation rate and creates issues for making new applications and the ability to adapt to ever-changing nature of planning. Creating a software for automatic update on network data is crucial for the Swedish Road Administration for implementing technologies that are dependent on frequent updates, such as self-driving vehicles.

Cette thèse porte sur les modèles d'équilibre dynamique sur un réseau de transport et de leurs applications à l'affectation de trafic. Elle vise à proposer une formulation à la fois générale, mathématiquement rigoureuse et microéconomiquement cohérente de l'équilibre dynamique. Une attention toute particulière est accordée à la représentation de la demande de transport et plus spécifiquement à la modélisation des hétérogénéités dans les préférences des usagers du réseau, ainsi que de leurs stratégies de choix d'horaires dans leurs déplacements. Tout d'abord nous exprimons l'équilibre dynamique comme un jeu de Nash avec un continuum de joueurs. Cette formulation nous permet d'obtenir un résultat d'existence. Celui-ci s'applique notamment au plus simple des modèles d'équilibre dynamique, où les usagers sont identiques et ne choisissent pas leurs horaires de départ. Ensuite, nous présentons deux modèles d'équilibre pour lesquels une solution analytique peut être établie. Le premier est une généralisation du modèle de goulot de Vickrey. Alors que Vickrey considère une distribution des horaires préférés d'arrivée en forme de S, nous traitons de distributions quelconques. Le deuxième modèle proposé est un réseau à péage avec deux routes et des usagers dont la valeur du temps est distribuée. Ce modèle nous permet d'investiguer les efficacités relatives de différentes stratégies de tarification et de voir comment celles-ci sont affectés par le niveau d'hétérogénéité dans la valeur du temps. Pour finir, un modèle calculable est présenté et des méthodes de résolution sont proposées. Le modèle est testé sur le réseau routier national. Par ailleurs, il est exploité pour tester une tarification modulée en fonction du temps dont l'objectif est d'atténuer la congestion lors des grands départs de vacances / This thesis is focused on dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) models and theirapplications to traffic assignment. It aims at providing a mathematically rigorous and general formulation for the DUE. Particular attention is paid to the representation of transport demand and more specifically to trip scheduling and users with heterogeneous preferences.The DUE is first expressed as a Nash game with a continuum of players. It strongly relies on up-to-date results from mathematical economics. This formulation allows to prove an existence result for DUE. This results notably applies to one of the simplest dynamic user equilibrium model, where users are homogeneous and departure time choice is not allowed.Then, two simple DUE models for which the solutions can be derived analytically are presented. The first one is a generalization of the Vickrey's bottleneck model. Whereas Vickrey assumed that the distribution of preferred arrival time is S-shaped, we consider more general distributions. In the second model, we have a two-route tolled network where users are continuously heterogeneous with respect to their value of time. This allows us to conduct a study on the relative efficiencies of various pricing strategy and how it is affected by the level of heterogeneity in users' value of time.Finally, a computable model is designed and corresponding solution methods are proposed. A test on the french national road network is conducted. The model is used to assess an hypothetical time-varying pricing scheme intended to ease summer traffic congestion

O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar a eficiência dos sistemas de transporte público e individual através da modelagem de redes em SIG. Foram revisados os conceitos de acessibilidade e indicadores de acessibilidade, modelos de rede de transportes, abordadas as etapas para criação dos modelos de rede, bases de dados utilizadas, configurações e atributos no sistema SIG. Os comparativos foram realizados através de dois níveis de detalhamento (simples e avançado) para as redes de transporte e elaborados índices de acessibilidade para os bairros do município de São Paulo através de parâmetros extraídos das redes modeladas. O estudo de caso consiste na medição de um índice de acessibilidade para empregos de baixa renda. Como resultado, os bairros centrais do município apresentam maior acessibilidade, porém, para o transporte público, alguns bairros fora da zona central também apresentaram alta acessibilidade devido à oferta de transporte público (metrô). / This study aims to compare the efficiency of the public and individual transportation systems by modeling networks in GIS environment. The concepts of accessibility, accessibility measures and transportation models were reviewed. The stages for modelling transportation networks, databases, configurations and attributes in the GIS system were specified. The comparison was carried out through two models with different detail levels (simple and advanced). Accessibility indexes were developed for the neighborhoods in the municipality of Sao Paulo using the parameters extracted from the models. The study case consists in calculating the accessibility measure for low income jobs. As a result, the central neighborhoods have greater accessibility, but for the public transportation system, few neighborhoods out of the central zone also shown high accessibility due to the high availability of public transportation (metro).

Sistemas Complexos são característicos por possuir uma rede interna representando o relacionamento estrutural entre seus elementos e uma forma natural de interpretar essa interação é através de um grafo. Neste trabalho, o sistema de transporte público urbano de São Paulo é reinterpretado de forma acoplada (ônibus e metrô juntos) como uma rede complexa, abstraindo detalhes operacionais e focando na conectividade. Pelo grafo empiricamente gerado, é feita uma caraterização estatística nas métricas de redes complexas, onde diferentes valores de raio de distância são usados para agrupar pontos e estações próximas que antes se apresentavam desconectados. Esse agrupamento pode ser interpretado como uma ferramenta de política pública, representando a disposição do usuário em se locomover ao ponto mais próximo para acessar o transporte. O processo mostrou que aumentar essa disposição gera grande redução na distância e número de passos entre ônibus, trens e linhas de metrô para atingir todos os destinos da rede. É utilizado um modelo exploratório que testa a robustez da rede aleatoriamente, deterministicamente e probabilisticamente tendo como alvo pontos e linhas. De acordo com os raios de agrupamento, definido como disposição, diferentes valores de fragmentação foram obtidos diante dos ataques simulados. Esses resultados suportam duas principais características observadas na literatura de redes deste tipo: possuem um elevado grau de robustez à falhas aleatórias, mas são vulneráveis a ataques tendo como alvo nós ou links importantes / Complex systems are characteristic by having an internal network representing the structural relationship between its elements and a natural way to interpret this interaction is through a graph. In this work, the urban public transport system of São Paulo is reinterpreted as a coupled (bus and subway) complex network, bypassing operational details and focusing on connectivity. Using the empirically generated graph, a statistical characterisation is made by network metrics where different radius values are used to group nearby stops and stations that were disconnected before. That can be interpreted as a public policy tool, representing the user\'s willingness to get around the nearest point to access transportation. This process has shown that increasing this willingness generates great reduction in the distance and in the number of jumps between buses, trains and subways lines to achieve all the network destinations. An exploratory model is used to test the robustness of the network by randomly, deterministically and preferentially targeting the stops and service lines. According to the grouping radius, aka willingness, different fragmentation values were obtained under attack simulations. These findings support two main characteristics observed in such networks literature: they have a high degree of robustness to random failures, but are vulnerable to targeted attacks

This master thesis focuses on the Trans-European Transport Network and especially on the possibilities of financing the TEN-T with private-sector participation. The thesis is devided in three chapters. In the first part of the thesis, the author discusses the importance of transport in the economy of the European Union and summarises the development, principles and objectives of the Common Transport Policy. The concept of the Trans-European Network is also introduced in this chapter. The key documents related to the TEN-T are briefly summarized and the gains and lasting setbacks of the TEN-T are discussed in this part of the thesis. The second chapter provides an overview of the costs of the TEN-T and the existing possibilities of their financing. The last chapter introduces the Public Private Partnerhip as a possible efficient means of the TEN-T financing.

Sistemas Complexos são característicos por possuir uma rede interna representando o relacionamento estrutural entre seus elementos e uma forma natural de interpretar essa interação é através de um grafo. Neste trabalho, o sistema de transporte público urbano de São Paulo é reinterpretado de forma acoplada (ônibus e metrô juntos) como uma rede complexa, abstraindo detalhes operacionais e focando na conectividade. Pelo grafo empiricamente gerado, é feita uma caraterização estatística nas métricas de redes complexas, onde diferentes valores de raio de distância são usados para agrupar pontos e estações próximas que antes se apresentavam desconectados. Esse agrupamento pode ser interpretado como uma ferramenta de política pública, representando a disposição do usuário em se locomover ao ponto mais próximo para acessar o transporte. O processo mostrou que aumentar essa disposição gera grande redução na distância e número de passos entre ônibus, trens e linhas de metrô para atingir todos os destinos da rede. É utilizado um modelo exploratório que testa a robustez da rede aleatoriamente, deterministicamente e probabilisticamente tendo como alvo pontos e linhas. De acordo com os raios de agrupamento, definido como disposição, diferentes valores de fragmentação foram obtidos diante dos ataques simulados. Esses resultados suportam duas principais características observadas na literatura de redes deste tipo: possuem um elevado grau de robustez à falhas aleatórias, mas são vulneráveis a ataques tendo como alvo nós ou links importantes / Complex systems are characteristic by having an internal network representing the structural relationship between its elements and a natural way to interpret this interaction is through a graph. In this work, the urban public transport system of São Paulo is reinterpreted as a coupled (bus and subway) complex network, bypassing operational details and focusing on connectivity. Using the empirically generated graph, a statistical characterisation is made by network metrics where different radius values are used to group nearby stops and stations that were disconnected before. That can be interpreted as a public policy tool, representing the user\'s willingness to get around the nearest point to access transportation. This process has shown that increasing this willingness generates great reduction in the distance and in the number of jumps between buses, trains and subways lines to achieve all the network destinations. An exploratory model is used to test the robustness of the network by randomly, deterministically and preferentially targeting the stops and service lines. According to the grouping radius, aka willingness, different fragmentation values were obtained under attack simulations. These findings support two main characteristics observed in such networks literature: they have a high degree of robustness to random failures, but are vulnerable to targeted attacks

Disertacijoje nagrinėjama gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistema darnos požiūriu. Pagal sukurtą susisiekimo sistemos analizei naudojamą rodiklių sis-temą, disertacijoje nagrinėjami sprendimų paramos sistemos metodai, tinkantys gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos analizes uždaviniams spręsti, tai pat analizuojamos šių metodų integracijos galimybės su geografinėmis informa-cinėmis sistemomis (GIS). Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – sudaryti teorinį modelį, kuris leistų daugiatiksliais sprendimų priėmimo metodais bei GIS technologi-jomis įvertinti gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos darną ir darniai planuoti gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos vystymąsi ateityje. Dis-ertacijoje siūlomas modelis suteikia galimybę atlikti skirtingų gyvenamųjų teri-torijų susisiekimo sistemų rangavimą, analizuoti įvairias gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos vystimosi alternatyvas, jas palyginti bei atrinkti geriausią. Modelis yra integruotas su GIS ir suteikia galimybė atlikti gyvenamųjų teritorijų plėtros tendencijų modeliavimą. / The main goal of the current PhD thesis is urban transport system analysis according sustainability. In dissertation have been analyzed urban areas transport system using integrated decision support system methods with GIS. These methods have been adopted for urban transport system analysis, urban territories ranking according transport system level. Also the indicators system for urban transport system analysis was filled with other important indicators groups for urban sustainability (environmental, socio economic). The aim of the paper cov-ers creation of theoretical model, which could evaluate urban transport system sustainability and perform rational planning of urban future development ac-cording decision support methods and GIS technologies. Also this model could allow executing urban transport system ranking by engineering infrastructure, socio economic and environment aspects. Model could perform comparing of urban development scenarios and to indicate the best one, which satisfies trans-port systems indicators.

The main goal of the current PhD thesis is urban transport system analysis according sustainability. In dissertation have been analyzed urban areas transport system using integrated decision support system methods with GIS. These methods have been adopted for urban transport system analysis, urban territories ranking according transport system level. Also the indicators system for urban transport system analysis was filled with other important indicators groups for urban sustainability (environmental, socio economic). The aim of the paper cov-ers creation of theoretical model, which could evaluate urban transport system sustainability and perform rational planning of urban future development ac-cording decision support methods and GIS technologies. Also this model could allow executing urban transport system ranking by engineering infrastructure, socio economic and environment aspects. Model could perform comparing of urban development scenarios and to indicate the best one, which satisfies trans-port systems indicators. / Disertacijoje nagrinėjama gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistema darnos požiūriu. Pagal sukurtą susisiekimo sistemos analizei naudojamą rodiklių sis-temą, disertacijoje nagrinėjami sprendimų paramos sistemos metodai, tinkantys gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos analizes uždaviniams spręsti, tai pat analizuojamos šių metodų integracijos galimybės su geografinėmis informa-cinėmis sistemomis (GIS). Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – sudaryti teorinį modelį, kuris leistų daugiatiksliais sprendimų priėmimo metodais bei GIS technologi-jomis įvertinti gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos darną ir darniai planuoti gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos vystymąsi ateityje. Dis-ertacijoje siūlomas modelis suteikia galimybę atlikti skirtingų gyvenamųjų teri-torijų susisiekimo sistemų rangavimą, analizuoti įvairias gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos vystimosi alternatyvas, jas palyginti bei atrinkti geriausią. Modelis yra integruotas su GIS ir suteikia galimybė atlikti gyvenamųjų teritorijų plėtros tendencijų modeliavimą.

[pt] Atualmente mais da metade da população mundial mora em cidades. O deslocamento na região urbana, mediante a utilização de transporte público se dificulta devido ao planejamento deficiente das rotas e redes de transporte, longos tempos de viagem, aumento do custo das passagens, dos tempos de espera, etc. Como consequência, a busca de operações mais eficientes no sistema de transporte público urbano tem aumentado visando atender as necessidades de transporte de forma mais sustentável. Após a revisão da literatura relacionada ao problema de desenho de rede de transporte público urbano, foi escolhido o método proposto por Aquino, (1980), aplicável para redes de ônibus urbanos. Por médio da modernização do programa do método escolhido e as melhorias nele, o número de rotas que define a rede conectada diminuiu. O número de transbordos na rede foi minimizado até zera-lo com um menor conjunto de rotas. Análise de indicadores e de rentabilidade das rotas que minimizam o número de transbordo na rede, permite ao planejador ter uma visão geral do comportamento dessas rotas possibilitando tomar decisões mantendo os requerimentos iniciais e o objetivo de estudo. O programa do método desenvolvido, adaptado a uma linguagem moderna, Cmais mais, oferece, tanto ao meio acadêmico quanto ao profissional, uma ferramenta de fácil aplicação para dar solução ao Problema de Desenho de Rede de Transporte Público Urbano. Contribuindo potencialmente ao incremento da eficiência do processo de planejamento e, portanto, à redução de não conformidades do serviço de transporte resultando em economia dos custos para as empresas prestadoras deste serviço. / [en] Nowadays, more than half of the world s population lives in cities. Displacement in the urban area through the use of public transportation is hampered by poor planning of transport routes and networks, long travel times, increased ticket costs and waiting times, etc. As a consequence, the search for more efficient operations in the urban public transport system has increased in order to meet the transport needs in a more sustainable way. After the literature review related to the urban public transport network design problem, the method proposed by Aquino (1980), applicable to urban bus networks, was chosen. By means of the program s modernization of the chosen method and the improvements in it, the number of routes defining the connected network has decreased. The overflow number on the network has been minimized to zero with a smaller set of routes. Analysis of indicators and profitability of the routes that minimize the number of transfer in the network, allows the planner to have an overview of the behavior of these routes allowing to make decisions keeping the initial requirements and the objective of study. The developed method program, adapted to a modern language, C plus plus, offers both an academic and a professional environment an easy application tool to solve the Urban Public Transport Network Design Problem. Potentially contributing to the increase of the efficiency of the planning process and, therefore, to the reduction of nonconformities of the transport service, resulting in cost savings for the companies that provide this service.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar a eficiência dos sistemas de transporte público e individual através da modelagem de redes em SIG. Foram revisados os conceitos de acessibilidade e indicadores de acessibilidade, modelos de rede de transportes, abordadas as etapas para criação dos modelos de rede, bases de dados utilizadas, configurações e atributos no sistema SIG. Os comparativos foram realizados através de dois níveis de detalhamento (simples e avançado) para as redes de transporte e elaborados índices de acessibilidade para os bairros do município de São Paulo através de parâmetros extraídos das redes modeladas. O estudo de caso consiste na medição de um índice de acessibilidade para empregos de baixa renda. Como resultado, os bairros centrais do município apresentam maior acessibilidade, porém, para o transporte público, alguns bairros fora da zona central também apresentaram alta acessibilidade devido à oferta de transporte público (metrô). / This study aims to compare the efficiency of the public and individual transportation systems by modeling networks in GIS environment. The concepts of accessibility, accessibility measures and transportation models were reviewed. The stages for modelling transportation networks, databases, configurations and attributes in the GIS system were specified. The comparison was carried out through two models with different detail levels (simple and advanced). Accessibility indexes were developed for the neighborhoods in the municipality of Sao Paulo using the parameters extracted from the models. The study case consists in calculating the accessibility measure for low income jobs. As a result, the central neighborhoods have greater accessibility, but for the public transportation system, few neighborhoods out of the central zone also shown high accessibility due to the high availability of public transportation (metro).