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“Vision Zero,” first adopted by Sweden in 1997, is a road safety policy that aims to achieve a transportation system having zero fatalities or serious injuries for all modes of transportation. It takes a proactive approach to road safety system by identifying risk and taking steps to prevent injuries. Historically, traffic related crashes have disproportionately impacted vulnerable communities and system users including people of color, low income individuals, seniors, children, and pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit users (who typically walk to and from public transport). These inequities are addressed in the Vision Zero framework by prioritizing interventions in areas that need safety improvements the most. In 2016, the Alexandria City Council voted unanimously to develop a “Vision Zero” policy and program as a part of its updated transportation master plan. It required an initial equity analysis to assess the impact of traffic crashes on the traditionally underserved communities / groups (groups from at least one of these categories: low-income; minority; elderly; children; limited English proficiency; persons with disabilities; and/or pedestrians/ bicyclists/ transit users). This study combines three different methods to investigate the equity issues regarding traffic safety: 1) descriptive analysis of the spatial pattern of crashes and their relationship with the demographic profiles of neighborhoods at census block group level (for 2010-2014 period); 2) descriptive analysis of the crash trends in Alexandria; and 3) exploratory regression analyses for two different units of analysis (an aggregate regression analysis of crashes at census block group, and a disaggregate regression analysis of the individual level crash reports of traffic crashes). The analysis found that the elderly, school aged children, rail/subway users, and pedestrians had a higher risk of fatalities and severe injuries in traffic crashes. Higher job densities, alcohol impairment, and speeding were significantly related to higher KSI, whereas, smaller block sizes (higher number of street segments per sq. mile area of census block group), higher housing density, and use of safety equipment were related to lower KSI. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

[ES] La región de América Latina ha tenido un fuerte crecimiento poblacional en las últimas décadas con una concentración a la par en núcleos urbanos, generando ciudades de gran tamaño. Junto a esos procesos demográficos, se ha generado la necesidad de construir sistemas de transporte público, y en las grandes ciudades latinoamericanas han surgido sistemas de metro, que en ocasiones surgen de inversión estrictamente de fondos públicos y en otros casos de una participación mixta con concesiones donde existe inversión pública pero también de las empresas privadas ante una época que ha generado una oleada de construcción de sistemas de metro en la región. La presente tesis realiza un estudio del estado del arte con un análisis de los modelos de gestión y administración de los sistemas de metro, partiendo desde el estudio de los actores y participantes en cada una de las macro etapas de los proyectos de desarrollo de un sistema de metro, avanzando en las relaciones de los niveles de gobierno con capacidad de inversión y gestión, grados de libertad al momento de diseñar un sistema de metro y experiencia para administrar el proyecto, alternativas de financiamiento para los proyectos de metro, riesgos asociados y mecanismos de mitigación de los mismos, y de manera especial los modelos de contratación y concesiones de metros. La investigación continúa con una revisión de los sistemas de metro existentes en América Latina, con un estudio descriptivo de las características físicas y de servicio de cada operación, así como los parámetros de demandas y económicas. Mediante una comparación con metros en otras regiones del mundo se logra una determinación de los elementos singulares que caracterizan a los metros de América Latina. El penúltimo capítulo de la investigación estudia los casos de concesiones en la región tanto de éxito como de fracaso, con un análisis de cuáles son los factores críticos en unos y otros casos. Y en base a ello se cierra la tesis con un último capítulo que genera una propuesta de un caso práctico para desarrollar una concesión con los aprendizajes adquiridos, para el mediano y largo plazo del sistema del Metro de Quito. / [CA] La regió d'Amèrica Llatina ha tingut un fort creixement poblacional en les últimes dècades amb una concentració a l'una en nuclis urbans, generant ciutats de gran grandària. Al costat d'aqueixos processos demogràfics, s'ha generat la necessitat de construir sistemes de transport públic, i en les grans ciutats llatinoamericanes han sorgit sistemes de metre, que a vegades sorgeixen d'inversió estrictament de fons públics i en altres casos d'una participació mixta amb concessions on existeix inversió pública però també de les empreses privades davant una època que ha generat una onada de construcció de sistemes de metre a la regió. La present tesi realitza un estudi de l'estat de l'art amb una anàlisi dels models de gestió i administració dels sistemes de metre, partint des de l'estudi dels actors i participants en cadascuna de les macro etapes dels projectes de desenvolupament d'un sistema de metre, avançant en les relacions dels nivells de govern amb capacitat d'inversió i gestió, graus de llibertat al moment de dissenyar un sistema de metre i experiència per a administrar el projecte, alternatives de finançament per als projectes de metre, riscos associats i mecanismes de mitigació d'aquests, i de manera especial els models de contractació i concessions de metres. La investigació continua amb una revisió dels sistemes de metre existents a Amèrica Llatina, amb un estudi descriptiu de les característiques físiques i de servei de cada operació, així com els paràmetres de demandes i econòmiques. Mitjançant una comparació amb metres en altres regions del món s'aconsegueix una determinació dels elements singulars que caracteritzen als metres d'Amèrica Llatina. El penúltim capítol de la investigació estudia els casos de concessions a la regió tant d'èxit com de fracàs, amb una anàlisi de quins són els factors crítics en uns i altres casos. I sobre la base d'això es tanca la tesi amb un últim capítol que genera una proposta d'un cas pràctic per a desenvolupar una concessió amb els aprenentatges adquirits, per al mitjà i llarg termini del sistema del Metre de Quito. / [EN] The Latin American region has had a strong population growth in recent decades with a concentration in urban centers, generating very populous cities. Together with these demographic processes, the need to build public transportation systems has arisen, and metro systems have emerged in large Latin American cities, which sometimes arise from investment strictly from public funds and in other cases from a mixed participation with concessions, where public investment is shared with that of private companies, at a time when a wave of construction of metro systems has been generated in the region. This thesis carries out a study of the state of the art with an analysis of the management models of the metro systems, starting from the study of the actors and participants in each of the macro stages of the development projects of a system of metro, advancing in the relations of levels of government with investment and management capacity, degrees of freedom when designing a metro system and experience to manage the project, financing alternatives for metro projects, associated risks and mechanisms of mitigating them, and especially the contracting models of metro concessions. The research continues with a review of the existing metro systems in Latin America, with a descriptive study of the physical and service characteristics of each operation, as well as the demand and economic parameters. Through a comparison with metro systems in other regions of the world, a determination of the unique elements that characterize Latin American metros is achieved. / Bastidas Zelaya, EA. (2023). Aportaciones a la definición del equilibrio concesional en líneas de ferrocarriles metropolitanos urbanos: estudio de concesiones en América Latina [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194337

Abstract in English, Xhosa and Afrikaans / In South Africa, the number of households owning private cars has increased from 22.9% in 2003 to 28.5% in 2013. The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (City of Tshwane) in South Africa had the largest increase in population that was using private cars between 2003 and 2013 of approximately 11.3%; hence, a need was identified to shift from private cars to sustainable modes of transport. The purpose of this study was to develop guidelines for sustainable urban transport. Geographical location was used for quota sampling to ensure that all seven regions of the Tshwane municipal area would be represented. The sample size of the study comprised 418 participants. The primary data were gathered in Tshwane during the month of August 2017 using a structured questionnaire. The Likert scale was employed to ascertain the public's attitudes towards sustainable urban transport. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that the private car is the most frequently used mode of transport in the City of Tshwane. The results further indicated that the majority of the residents of the City of Tshwane had a negative attitude towards sustainable transport modes, which was attributed to safety, reliability and convenience concerns. Regions 4 and 6 differed statistically and significantly from region 5 regarding their opinions on the safety and comfort of private cars. In order to promote sustainable transportation, it is recommended that the City of Tshwane implement transport initiatives that can improve the service quality and safety features of sustainable transport modes. Each region of the City of Tshwane made specific recommendations that were based on the results of the study. The findings of this study provide insights that can be useful to the city planners to secure sustainable urban transportation for the City of Tshwane. Future research could investigate the feasibility of public bicycle rental programmes in the City of Tshwane. / EMzantsi Afrika, inani lamakhaya aneenqwelo mafutha landile ukusukela kuma-22.9% ngonyaka wama-2003 ukuya kuma-28.5% ngowama-2013. Umasipala Wesixeko Esimbaxa saseTshwane (Isixeko saseTshwane) eMzantsi Afrika ube nelona nani lamakhaya asebenzisa iimoto zabucala elande ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye ooMasipala phakathi kowama-2003 nama-2013, landa ngesithuba se-11.3%. Le nto idale isidingo sokushenxa kwisimbo sokusebenzisa iimoto zabucala, ukuze kusetyenziwe ezinye iindlela zokuhamba eziya kuhlala zihleli. Injongo yesi sifundo kukuvelisa isikhokelo seendlela zokuhamba eziya kuhlala zihleli kwimimandla yasezidolophini. Ekukhetheni abathathi nxaxheba, kwasetyenziswa indawo abahlala kuyo abantu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zosixhenxe iingingqi zomasipala waseTshwane zinabameli. Ubukhulu besampulu yaba ngabathathi nxaxheba abangama-418. Iinkcukacha zolwazi ezingundoqo zaqokelelwa eTshwane ngenyanga yeThupha kowama-2017, kwaye kwasetyenziswa uluhlu lwemibuzo ecwangcisiweyo. Kwasetyenziswa isikali esaziwa ngokuba yiLikert scale ekufumaniseni izimvo zoluntu jikelele ngeendlela zokuhamba eziya kuhlala zihleli kwimimandla yasezidolophini. Iinkcukacha zolwazi (idata) zahlelwa ngokusebenzisa indlela yamanani okucacisa iipatheni zezimvo zoluntu (descriptive statistics), indlela yokufumana iimpawu eziphambili kulwazi olufunyenweyo (exploratory factor analysis) nendlela yokungqinisisa izimvo ebezifudula zikho ngaphambi kophando (inferential statistics). Iziphumo zophando zadiza ukuba ukusebenzisa imoto yabucala yeyona ndlela yokuhamba esetyenziswa kakhulu kwisixeko saseTshwane. Ezi ziphumo zaphinda zabonisa ukuba uninzi lwabahlali besixeko saseTshwane abazithandi iindlela zokuhamba zikawonkewonke ngenxa yokungabikho kokhuseleko, ukuthembeka nokuba luncedo. Ingingqi yesi-4 neyesi-6 zahlukana kakhulu nengingqi yesi-5 ngokwamanani, malunga nezimvo ezingokhuseleko nokuhlala ntofontofo kwiimoto zabucala. Ukuze kukhuthazwe iindlela zokuhamba zikawonkewonke eziya kuhlala zihleli kucetyiswa ukuba Isixeko saseTshwane senze amalinge okuthutha abantu anokuphucula ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo yothutho, iphucule nokhuseleko. Ingingqi nganye yesixeko saseTshwane yenza iingcebiso ezathi zafakwa kwiziphumo zesifundo. Okufunyaniswe kwesi sifundo kunika iimbono ezinokuba luncedo kubacebi nabalungiseleli besixeko ekuveliseni iindlela zothutho eziya kuhlala zihleli kwisixeko saseTshwane. Uphando oluzayo lusenokuphanda ngokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokuqeshisa ngeebhayisikili kwisixeko sase Tshwane. / Die aantal huishoudings in Suid-Afrika wat private motors besit, neem van 22.9% in 2003 tot 28.5% in 2013 toe. In die Stad Tshwane- Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit (Stad Tshwane) in Suid-Afrika toon die aantal inwoners wat private motors tussen 2003 en 2013 gebruik, die grootste toename van nagenoeg 11.3%. Daar word op grond hiervan ’n behoefte geïdentifiseer om van die gebruik van private motors weg te beweeg na volhoubare vervoerwyses. Die doel van hierdie studie is om riglyne vir volhoubare stedelike vervoer te ontwikkel. Geografiese ligging is vir die kwotasteekproefneming gebruik om te verseker dat al sewe streke van die Tshwane- munisipale gebied verteenwoordig word. Vir die steekproef wat vir die studie geneem word, word 418 deelnemers gebruik. Die primêre data word met behulp van ’n gestruktureerde vraelys in die loop van Augustus 2017 in Tshwane ingesamel. Die publiek se houdings jeens volhoubare stedelike vervoer word aan die hand van die Likert-skaal vasgestel. Beskrywende statistiek, verkennendefaktor-ontleding en inferensiële statistiek word gebruik om die data te ontleed. Dit blyk uit die resultate dat die private motor die vervoerwyse is wat die gereeldste in die Stad Tshwane gebruik word. In die resultate word verder aangedui dat die meerderheid inwoners van die Stad Tshwane ’n negatiewe houding teenoor volhoubare vervoerwyses het, wat toegeskryf word aan kwessies van veiligheid, betroubaarheid en gerief. Streek 4 en 6 verskil statisties aansienlik van streek 5 betreffende hul menings oor die veiligheid en gemak van private motors. Om volhoubare vervoer te bevorder, word aanbeveel dat die Stad Tshwane vervoerinisiatiewe implementeer wat die diensgehalte en veiligheidskenmerke van volhoubare vervoerwyses kan verbeter. Elke streek van die Stad Tshwane het vorendag gekom met spesifieke voorstelle wat by die resultate ingesluit is. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie bied insigte wat bruikbaar vir stadsbeplanners kan wees om volhoubare stedelike vervoer in die Stad Tshwane moontlik te maak. Die uitvoerbaarheid van openbare fietshuurprogramme in die Stad Tshwane kan in toekomstige navorsing ondersoek word. / Transport Economics, Logistics and Tourism / M. Com. (Transport Economics)

The main aim of transport stakeholders has always been to transport freight efficiently, as this efficiency contributes to the growth and success of their business. A country like Namibia is no different as the efficiency of transport lies in the effective utilisation of carrier capacity in any direction. Due to the various types of freight, transport operators rarely have the capacity to cover all freight movement requests. This research put the empty runs experienced by most of the Namibian transporters at 33%. Empty runs could however be reduced through collaboration and sharing of capacity among transport stakeholders. Multi-agent systems (MAS) are various individual computer agents that are configured independently to interact with other agents to achieve one goal. These systems have been explored as an approach to achieve collaboration among transporter stakeholders. Taking into consideration the characteristics and requirements of MAS, this research was able to conduct a feasibility of its implementation within Namibia. Concluding with an evaluation of available Multi-agent based systems that could achieve collaboration and reduce empty runs in the Namibian transport environment. / Information Science / M. Tech. (Information Technology)