O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a injeção intra-articular em altas doses de ácido hialurônico, imediatamente após o trauma, pode reduzir a apoptose de condrócitos. Para cumprir este objetivo foi desenvolvido um estudo experimental com 40 joelhos de coelhos adultos. Os animais foram anestesiados e, em seguida, cada joelho sofreu três contusões com um bloco de 1 kg, solto por meio de um cilindro, a 1 metro de altura. Logo após as contusões, foram administrados, no mesmo coelho, 2 ml de ácido hialurônico em um joelho e 2 ml de solução salina no outro. Desta forma, obteve-se uma intervenção pareada, com melhora do poder estatístico do estudo. As doses foram repetidas a cada 3 ou 4 dias por 30 dias. Os coelhos foram mantidos no mesmo ambiente sob controle de temperatura, de atividades diárias e de alimentação. Após 30 dias, os animais foram abatidos e, por meio de artrotomia, foram realizadas as coletas da cartilagem do côndilo femoral medial e da tróclea de cada joelho. As peças foram preparadas para análise em microscopia óptica e coloração por TUNEL. Os indivíduos envolvidos no preparo e análise das peças não tiveram qualquer tipo de informação a respeito do experimento. A análise estatística foi feita pelo Teste t-student para dados pareados na comparação entre o grupo ácido hialurônico (AH) e o grupo controle. Foram analisados um total de 36 joelhos e obteve-se uma redução significativa (p<0,001) na taxa de apoptose de 68,01% (+ 19,73) do grupo controle para 53,52% (+ 18,09) do grupo AH. Diante dos resultados, concluiu-se que a injeção intra-articular de altas doses de ácido hialurônico, iniciando imediatamente após o trauma, reduz as taxas de apoptose (pós-traumática) de condrócitos de coelhos / The aim of this study was to assess whether intra-articular injection of high doses of hyaluronic acid immediately after trauma, can reduce apoptosis of chondrocytes. We have developed an experimental study with forty knees of adult rabbits. Animals were anesthetized and each one had had three knee injuries with a block of 1kg, released through a cylinder, 1 meter tall. After the bruises, 2ml of hyaluronic acid were injected in one knee and 2ml saline in the other. Doses were repeated each 3 or 4 days during 30 days. Rabbits were kept in the same environment under controlled temperature, daily activities and meals. Thirty days later, animals have been sacrificed. The cartilage of the medial femoral condyle and trochlea of each knee was retrieved with a scalpel by artrothomy. Specimens were prepared for optical microscopy and TUNEL staining. No information about the experiment was given to individuals who were involved in the preparation and analysis of the slides. Statistical analysis was performed by Students t test for paired data when comparing a group of hyaluronic acid (HA) and control group. We have analyzed a total of 36 knees and have obtained a significant reduction (p <0.001) in apoptosis rate of 68.01% (+ 19.73) for the control group 53.52% (+ 18.09) in the HA group. We conclude that the intraarticular injection of high doses of hyaluronic acid starting immediately after trauma, reduces impact-induced chondrocytes apoptosis rates in rabbits

De Mary Barton à Wives and Daughters, les romans d’Elizabeth Gaskell mettent en scène des héroïnes qui affrontent des épreuves comme la mort, la maladie, la disparition de membres de leur famille, la naissance d’un enfant illégitime, la banqueroute, etc. Ses héroïnes sont forcées d’évoluer afin de survivre, d’autant plus que la période victorienne, jalonnée d’évolutions sociales, politiques, et scientifiques, ne les épargne pas. Si le trauma est souvent décrit comme un événement extraordinaire, les romans de Gaskell prouvent au contraire qu’il trouve sa source dans le quotidien. Même si les notions de trauma et de résilience n’existaient pas à l’époque victorienne, elles ne sont pas nées avec la psychanalyse, et Gaskell a su trouver son propre vocabulaire pour décrire l’intense vie psychique de ses personnages et leur capacité à se remettre de leurs blessures. Elle donne une voix aux répercussions mentales et physiques du trauma, saisissant les signes infimes, afin de rendre communicable ces expériences de la douleur. Nous verrons comment Gaskell parvient à construire un nouveau type de personnage féminin, l’héroïne gaskellienne, caractérisée par sa capacité à absorber les chocs traumatiques et par son héroïsme. Les adaptations cinématographiques de ses romans réalisées ces dernières années (North and South, Cranford, Wives and Daughters) participent à la nouvelle popularité de Gaskell. Le cinéma offrant un nouveau régime de visibilité et d’audibilité aux expériences traumatiques, nous analyserons les choix faits par les réalisateurs et scénaristes (utilisation du son, montage, ajouts de personnages, etc.) pour transposer à l’écran la subtilité de Gaskell. / From Mary Barton to Wives and Daughters, Elizabeth Gaskell’s novels portray heroines who have to deal with ordeals such as death, disease, missing family member, illegitimate child, bankruptcy, etc. Her heroines are forced to evolve in order to survive, especially as they live in a period riddled with social, political and scientific changes which does not spare them. If trauma, which Greek origin refers to the wound, is often described as an extraordinary event, Gaskell’s novels, on the contrary, demonstrate that trauma arises in daily life. Even if these notions did not exist in the Victorian period, trauma and resilience were not born with psychoanalysis. Gaskell found her own language to describe her characters’ deep psychic life and their aptitude to resist and to recover from their wounds. She gives voice to the mental and physical repercussions of trauma, grasping all the hardly perceptible signs, in order to communicate these experiences of pain. We will see how these writing strategies enable Gaskell to build a new type of feminine character, the Gaskellian heroine, characterized by her aptitude to absorb traumatic shocks and by her heroism.Screen adaptations of her novels (North and South, Cranford, Wives and Daughters) were made in the last few years, thus contributing to Gaskell’s new popularity. As cinema offers a different regime of visibility and audibility to traumatic experiences, we will analyse the choices made by directors and scriptwriters (use of sound, editing processes, addition of characters, etc.) to adapt for the screen Gaskell’s subtlety.

The relation between dissociative symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was investigated in women who had experienced trauma or sexual assault. Subjects were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Sexual Experiences Scale (SES), and the PTSD Interview (PTSD-I). Subjects were grouped according to their scores on the SES and the PTSD-I. Analysis of variance revealed a relation between DES scores and PTSD symptom severity scores. Correlational analyses showed a relation between dissociative symptoms and PTSD symptom severity but not recency of trauma. Three factors from a previously published factor analysis of the DES were found to contribute to the DES scores of PTSD subjects.

M.A. / Little is known about how police officers who are exposed to daily traumatic stressors in their working environment cope with these experiences, or how the coping strategies that they utilize mediate the levels of psychological distress and possible development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Focusing on 109 Brixton Flying Squad members of the South African Police Service, this exploratory study assessed the coping strategies and levels of psychological distress reported by these officers following traumatic exposure. The study examined the relative frequency of using eight ways of coping (as assessed by the Ways of Coping Checklist-Revised) with traumatic policing experiences and the association between the use of those coping strategies and subsequent development of symptomatologies and PTSD. Consistent with previous studies with combat veterans, police officers predominantly used emotion-focused coping strategies to cope with traumatic stressors. Nearly a third of the police officers met psychometric criteria for a positive screening diagnosis for PTSD. Results indicated that PTSD positive subjects tended to use relatively more escape –avoidance in coping with trauma, as opposed to PTSD negative subjects. Significantly higher levels of psychological distress, especially depression were also found for PTSD positive subjects, and the use of emotion-focused strategies was positively related to greater PTSD symptom severity and elevated levels of psychological distress. Findings demonstrated the mediating role of coping strategies that have the potential to become either adaptive or maladaptive to occupational and psychological functioning. These preliminary findings are discussed in-relation to methodologic and clinical issues.

Enjeu de santé publique, la violence conjugale occasionne diverses conséquences chez les nombreuses femmes qui la subissent. En quittant leur partenaire violent, la majorité des survivantes se retrouvent sans logement et se heurtent à des risques liés à leur habitation (p. ex. itinérance, précarité financière, retraumatisation, insécurité, instabilité, discrimination, etc.). Laissées à elles-mêmes, peu de femmes obtiennent du soutien professionnel et une place en maison d’hébergement. L’environnement bâti où elles habitent peut autant favoriser leur guérison que menacer d’y nuire. Ainsi, un aménagement adapté peut impacter positivement leur expérience post-traumatique. Récemment, les spécialistes du design souhaitent ajuster leur pratique aux besoins spatiaux résultant de la violence conjugale par une approche centrée sur les traumatismes. Cependant, il manque de connaissances sur le contexte du domicile privé, puisque les études se concentrent davantage sur l’hébergement collectif d’urgence. Cette recherche questionne comment le design tenant compte des traumatismes (TID) peut intervenir dans le domicile privé des survivantes afin de faciliter leur processus de guérison. Ce mémoire vise à vérifier s’il est nécessaire de développer une offre en TID et à évaluer les besoins des femmes dans leur chez-soi. Par la théorisation enracinée, la méthodologie mixte se déroule en trois phases pour pallier le vide théorique. Tout d’abord, un cadre conceptuel sur le TID détermine les thèmes à aborder avec les informatrices. Ensuite, une enquête par questionnaire en ligne explore la perception des prestataires de services québécois. Enfin, une étude de cas comparative se concentre sur deux femmes par des entrevues semi-dirigées, une documentation photographique et une analyse des conditions environnementales. Les résultats révèlent que le domicile privé doit s’adapter au parcours de vie de chaque survivante et au contexte de sa séparation pour tendre vers la stabilité résidentielle et la projection vers un avenir émancipant. Il importe de comprendre les besoins et défis spécifiques à l’environnement bâti pour supporter une guérison holistique par le chez-soi. De la sorte, cet espace doit valoriser une perception positive et sécuritaire, une personnalisation des lieux, une utilisation libre de l’intimité et un rapport sain avec l’extérieur. À ce jour, le continuum de services existants offre un début d’assistance en habitation et gagnerait à se compléter par une spécialisation en TID. En conclusion, des réflexions émergent sur la reconnaissance légale de l’adaptation du domicile des survivantes ainsi que sur la conscientisation aux multiples visages et expériences de vie intersectionnelles. En alliant l’aménagement à l’intervention sociale, la participation active des femmes au processus de conception encourage leur autodétermination. Il est aussi question de suggérer des pistes de services qui peuvent s’offrir aux femmes survivantes et aux professionnel.les travaillant auprès d’elles. Néanmoins, cette exploration théorique ne propose pas de stratégies applicables directement par une pratique en design d’intérieur. Il reste nécessaire de poursuivre ce premier effort pour traduire les résultats de recherche en des moyens concrets de les opérationnaliser dans une démarche de conception. / A public health issue, domestic violence has various consequences for the many women who experience it. By leaving their violent partner, the majority of survivors find themselves without a home and face risks related to their housing (eg homelessness, financial precariousness, re-traumatization, insecurity, instability, discrimination, etc.). Left to themselves, few women obtain professional support and a place in a shelter. The built environment where they live can promote their healing as well as threaten to hinder it. Thus, a custom-designed layout can positively impact their post-traumatic experience. Recently, design specialists wish to adjust their practice to the spatial needs resulting from domestic violence through a trauma-centered approach. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the context of the private home, since studies focused more on collective emergency accommodation. This research questions how trauma-informed design (TID) can intervene in the private home of survivors in order to facilitate their healing process. This master aims to verify whether it is necessary to develop an offer in TID and to assess the needs of women in their homes. Through grounded theory, mixed methodology takes place in three phases to fill the theoretical gap. First, a conceptual framework on TID determines the themes to be discussed with the informants. Next, an online survey explores the perception of Quebec service providers. Finally, a comparative case study focuses on two women through semi-structured interviews, photographic documentation and analysis of environmental conditions. The results reveal that the private home must adapt to the life course of each survivor and to the context of her separation to tend towards residential stability and the projection in an emancipating future. It is important to understand the specific needs and challenges around the built environment to support holistic healing through home. In this way, this space must promote a positive and safe perception, a personalization of the premises, a free use of privacy and a healthy relationship with the outside. To date, the existing continuum of services offers a start in housing assistance and would benefit from being supplemented by a specialization in TID. In conclusion, reflections emerge on the legal recognition of the adaptation of survivors’ home as well as on the awareness of the many faces and intersectional life experiences. By combining design with social intervention, the active participation of women in the design process encourages their empowerment. It is also suggested avenues of services that can be offered to women survivors and professionals working with them. Nevertheless, this theoretical exploration does not offer strategies that can be applied directly to an interior design practice. It is still necessary to continue this initial effort to translate the research results into concrete means of operationalizing them in a design process.