Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Viajantes independentes de longa duraÃÃo â conhecidos como backpackers, notadamente, pela indÃstria turÃstica internacional e como mochileiros, no Brasil â podem ser caracterizados, em linhas gerais, em relaÃÃo à qualidade nÃo-institucionalizada de sua prÃtica (COHEN, 1972). Eles assumem a organizaÃÃo independente de sua viagem, evitando, assim, a compra de pacotes e demais mediaÃÃes prÃprias das agÃncias turÃsticas. Ao configurar independentemente seus deslocamentos, buscam mobilizar valores como autonomia e flexibilidade, o que os permite, por exemplo, trocar itinerÃrios, desfazer planos e extender sua mobilidade por longos perÃodos. Saber quem, concretamente, sÃo os sujeitos desses deslocamentos, que posiÃÃes sociais assumem em suas sociedades de origem, compreender por quais motivos desejam experimentar perÃodos tÃo alargados em trÃnsito, como atribuem sentido a essa forma especÃfica de viajar e como vivenciam o retorno a seus paÃses de origem, sÃo algumas das disposiÃÃes que conformam os objetivos deste trabalho. Mais claramente, a presente tese tem por objetivo apresentar uma etnografia de viagens independentes de longa duraÃÃo, considerando para tanto o movimento material, bem como as polÃticas de significado (CRESWELL, 2006), empreendidas por seus sujeitos. Por movimento material deve-se entender os deslocamentos fÃsicos dos viajantes, a maneira crua, como define Creswell (2006), de atingir um ponto partindo de outro. Jà no que concerne Ãs polÃticas de significado, tem-se como horizonte de reflexÃo tanto as representaÃÃes partilhadas pelos sujeitos no que se refere Ãs suas jornadas quanto a prÃtica das mesmas, a experiÃncia do movimento sendo incorporada e valorada individualmente. O que apresenta-se aqui, portanto, à uma pesquisa cuja construÃÃo teve como matÃria empÃrica privilegiada as situaÃÃes concretas de interaÃÃo, as configuraÃÃes de relaÃÃes de troca, de tensÃo, de conflito, e, igualmente, os momentos de invenÃÃo, de criaÃÃo e de elaboraÃÃo de discursos presentes em uma â alegada â maneira singular de viajar.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur planerare i svenska städer kan arbeta för att minska invånarnas bilresande. I studien har Umeå kommuns arbete med hållbara resor analyserats genom att studera olika plandokument som tagits fram för att vägleda den samtida och framtida planeringen. Tidigare studier visar att det finns ett antal gemensamma nämnare för städer som visar på goda resultat för invånarnas val av hållbara resandet.  Planerarna har haft olika angreppssätt på prioriteringen av trafikstrukturen i dessa städer. Det gemensamma för städerna med goda resultat är att de har planerat långsiktigt, med ett hållbart resande i fokus. Av Umeå kommuns planeringsdokument framgår att visionen för tätorten har många delar gemensamt med dessa städer, varav målen för hur bilberoendet i staden ska byggas bort är det tydligaste. Efter att ha studerat Umeå tätorts nuvarande markanvändning, uppsatta planeringsmål och politiska beslut framgår det dock att översiktliga planeringsdokument och faktiska resultat ligger relativt långt ifrån varandra. Anledningarna till detta är många. Planerna är relativt nya och beskriver ett paradigmskifte, från att bilismen har varit en självklar del av stadsbilden till att hanteras med restriktioner, i framförallt stadskärnan.  Informanterna beskriver hur detta måste implementeras hos invånarna, men även hos tjänstemän på kommunen.

Desde sua primeira impressão, em Londres, no ano de 1726, Viagens de Gulliver, de Jonathan Swift, tem sido amplamente lida e, conseqüentemente, reimpressa. No entanto, o evidente sucesso editorial do livro não permite concluir que ele tenha ganhado incontestável aprovação do público nem tampouco pode levar-nos a pensar que suas interpretações foram sempre consensuais. Prova disso reside nos dissensos do período pós-publicação os quais se estenderam e alargaram até a era vitoriana, no século XIX, a partir de quando a obra mais importante de Jonathan Swift adquiriu novas leituras, especialmente no mundo anglo-norte-americano, até que, por fim, ingressasse no panteão dos grandes textos da moderna literatura de língua inglesa. Apresentar algumas das leituras e interpretações de peso do período vitoriano, considerando as nuances da crítica e da historiografia que trataram de Viagens de Gulliver, bem como introduzir os argumentos de alguns autores que, do fim do século XIX até a primeira metade do XX, revisitaram tanto essa obra como certos comentários acerca dela são, pois, os objetivos primordiais deste trabalho. / Since Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift, was printed in London, in 1726, it has been largely read and, consequently, reprinted. However, the evident editorial success of the book does not let to conclude that it had gained incontestable public approval, neither lead to think that interpretations about it were always consensual. A proof for this lays on disagreements from the post-publication period which had spread and enlarged until the Victorian age, in the 19th century; since then the most important book of Jonathan Swift has acquired new readings, especially in the Anglo-North-American world, and after all it got into the pantheon of the great texts of the English modern literature. Presenting some important readings and interpretations from the Victorian age, considering the nuances of the criticism and historiography that dealt with Gullivers Travels, as well as introducing arguments of some authors whom, from the end of the 19th century to the begin of the 20th century, revisited both the book and some commentaries concerning to it, are the prime objectives of this work.

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605-1689), aventurier français parti dès 1631 sur les routes de l’Asie, est l’une des figures majeures du Grand Siècle. Ses voyages en Asie – au nombre de six et dont il publie les relations dès 1676 – témoignent du nouvel engouement européen pour l’Asie et ses contrées exotiques et mystérieuses. Mais au-delà de ses qualités de conteur, Tavernier est avant tout un négociant : pierres de couleurs, perles, pièces de joaillerie et d’orfèvrerie, et surtout diamants provenant des fameuses mines de Golconde en Inde, tous ces objets témoignent de la richesse et de la variété des produits négociés par Tavernier. A chacune des étapes de ses périples, ses cargaisons suscitent curiosité, envie et fascination. Sa clientèle est riche et diversifiée et prouve la facilité avec laquelle Tavernier maîtrise l’art du négoce et celui de la diplomatie. Homme de son temps, acteur majeur des relations entre Orient et Occident en pleine époque de création des nombreuses compagnies des Indes orientales, témoin de l’évolution de la société et des grands conflits socio politiques du XVIIe siècle, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier reflète parfaitement l’évolution du Grand Siècle et les diversités de son approche. Quel est l’héritage de ce personnage essentiel du commerce des pierres précieuses et de l’histoire de la joaillerie ? / Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605-1689), a French adventurer who left for Asia in 1631, is one of the major figures of the Grand Siècle. His voyages to Asia – six in total and told thanks to his travelogues he published for the first time in 1676 – bear witness of the new European interest for the Asian continent and its exotic and mysterious cultures. But beyond his qualities as a storyteller, Tavernier was first and foremost a merchant : colored stones, pearls, items of jewelry and gold, and especially diamonds from the famous Golconda mines in India, are examples of the opulent goods bought and sold by Tavernier. At each step of his expeditions, his cargoes arouse curiosity, envy and fascination. His clients are wealthy and eclectic and prove the ease with which Tavernier másters the arts of trading and diplomacy. A man of his time, playing a major role in the forging of relations between the East and the West during the creation of the various East Indian Companies, a witness to social changes and the great sóciopolitical conflits of the XVIIth century, Tavernier’s trajectory mirrors perfectly the evolution of the Grand Siècle and the particularities of his time. What is the legacy of this essential character in the History of jewelry and the precious gemstones trade?

A consistent feature of Saul Bellow???s fiction is the protagonist???s encounter with one or more teaching figures. Dialogue with such individuals prompts the Bellovian protagonist to reject his current state of selfhood as inadequate and provokes him to re-form as a new person. The teacher figure offers a better self to which the protagonist is attracted; or, more frequently in Bellow, the protagonist is repelled by both his teacher and his own current state to form a new, previously unrepresented self. This thesis argues that Bellow???s self inherits and modifies the perfectionist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, in a literary reinterpretation that parallels Stanley Cavell???s philosophical revaluation of the American Transcendentalists. In Emerson and Thoreau, and in Cavell???s reading of perfectionism, the self is attracted onward only by a better representation of selfhood in another, while Bellow???s self may also be, and often is, provoked by a repellent other to inhabit a new form of selfhood. This thesis takes the evolution of selfhood in Bellow to be structured by travel. In The Adventures of Augie March, Augie???s movement between selves is impelled by conversation with teacher figures and paralleled by his unending journeys. In Herzog, Herzog???s self-transformations and travels are provoked by reading and writing, and by the ecstasy of loss revealed to him through apostrophic conversations with the dead and absent in a series of unsent and mental letters. Letter-writing, the provocation for Herzog???s self-perfection, becomes a form of travel in Herzog. This thesis further argues that Bellow???s travelling self is a critical response to two poles of modern subjectivity, structured by European mythologies of travel: Bellow???s fiction is critical, first, of a Hegelian, egoist mode of selfhood structured after the Odyssey; but equally critical of examples of Levinasian openness to the Other, patterned on Abraham???s exile. Bellow does not accept either the Odyssean or the Abrahamic mode of selfhood on its own, recognizing oppressive possibilities in both. Travelling selfhood in Bellow, initiated by conversation with others, both fuses and rereads Odyssean and Abrahamic constructs within a new, but perpetually unfinished American mode of selfperfection.

This thesis argues that all subjects are constructed through discourse or ideology and are incapable of acting or thinking outside the limits of that discursive or ideological construction. Based on Louis Althusser¡¦s theory, ¡§individuals are always-already subjects,¡¨ living in ¡§the system of the ideas and representations which dominate the mind of a man or a social group.¡¨ This Marxist notion serves as the point of departure for the thesis, which defines a subject¡¦s imaginary relation to the world. For Defoe and Swift, their ideological subjection to ¡§the system of the ideas and representations¡¨ is presented in their narratives, which relate the respective subject¡¦s imagination to the world in the eighteenth century. The first chapter begins with Ian Watt¡¦s critique of the eighteenth century individualism, which demands domestic alienation. It argues that if Gulliver¡¦s misanthropy loses its moral dimension, his domestic alienation is questionable. As Gulliver¡¦s counterpart, Crusoe bases his autonomy upon nonreciprocal human relationships, and his self-claimed omnipotence, under constant threats, is false and illusory. The second chapter modifies Helene Moglen¡¦s dualistic interpretation of Crusoe¡¦s consciousness and analyzes his internal contradictions from the perspective of Hegelian dialectics. The course of establishing the colonial hierarchy in Robinson Crusoe further exposes the dialectical reality of colonial tension and contradiction, which also lends itself to interpreting the triangular relationships among the Houyhnhnms, Gulliver, and the Yahoos in Gulliver¡¦s Travels. In the third chapter, the focus of concern shifts to the representation of sexual other. Though Roxana and Moll are constructed to emulate Crusoe and embody the female versions of economic autonomy, these two female-based narratives, Roxana and Moll Flanders, bring to light the paradoxes of eighteenth-century male subjectivity that discriminates men from women in terms of domesticity and individualism. While Roxana is further commodified to be enlisted in the service of imperialist ideology to mask the reality of colonial aggression and imperialist expansion, the same sleight of substitution also underlies Swift¡¦s systematic attacks on women in his Irish Tracts and misogynist poems. Lastly, the fourth chapter aims to bring these two categories of difference together. Through Swift¡¦s and Defoe¡¦s imagination, the racial other and their sexual counterpart enter into a metaphorical alliance. Thus Defoe¡¦s Amazon and Swift¡¦s Yahoo trope not only synthesize what are considered two discrete and separate categories of discrimination, but also demonstrate that their creations of race and gender derive from the same source of reference.

Thèse univ. : Paris : Lettres : 1929. / Bibliogr.: p. 296-303.

Transculturalism refers to how cultural barriers are transcended and how cultures meet. Because the transcultural perspective reflects hitherto unrepresented spaces, it revises and innovates literary canons. This study investigates aspects of transculturalism in texts dealing with travel by the Canadian writer Janice Kulyk Keefer. It also explores how these aspects might alter our view of Canadian literature. The transcultural perspectives between mainstream Canada and Ukraine, Europe and Acadie have been analysed through three tropes of travel: departure, passage and arrival. Keefer’s texts have been read in accordance with Mikhail Bakhtin's dialogic theories to chart transcultural encounters and clashes. This thesis argues that a historic consciousness of their ethnic group gives the young generation a transcultural position that enables them to profit from their dual cultural competence. Although Imagined Communities are affirmed as receptacles of the cultural heritage, the impending environmental catastrophe demands that the national interests that they represent be abandoned for international co-operation. In Keefer’s European texts the transcultural aspects reflect how travel becomes synonymous with quests and epiphanies. Travelling is described as a learning process in Rest Harrow where the protagonist’s increasing cultural competence changes her from a tourist to a real traveller. The transcultural aspects also unmask prejudices, collisions and failed transitions. In this context Imagined Communities are criticized as agents of the colonial discourse, chauvinism, and intolerance. The transcultural perspective also reveals that patriarchal paradigms and the silencing of persecutions victimize the young generation. Furthermore, their ignorance of the mother tongue works as a linguistic barrier shutting them out from their ethnic group. Keefer's Acadian texts support Bakhtin's contention that isolated groups become intolerant to strangers and deviants. While the transcultural perspective unmasks tourists' perception of other countries as idiosyncratic, also the travellers' own ironic postmodernist view of themselves as tourists and of the artificiality of tourism is featured. The cultural assumptions of literary discourse are challenged by border blurring phenomena such as story-telling, the camivalesque, intertextuality and historiographic metafiction. Thus the morality of Keefer's transcultural approach lies also in her literary technique. The alternative perspective inherent in transculturalism makes individuals break away from their given cultural context to embrace a new transcultural ethos. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1996</p> / digitalisering@umu

George Heriot's, Travels Through The Canadas, Containing a Description of the Picturesque Scenery on some of the Rivers and Lakes; with an account of the Productions, Commerce, and Inhabitants of those Provinces to which is Subjoined a Comparative View of the Manners and Customs of Several of the Indian Nations of North and South America, was first published in London in 1805. Presenting the Canadas in a documentary and picturesque mode, Heriot's Travels since its publication has been valued as an important source of data and information. It has thus participated in and formed part of the received notions concerning Canada and its peoples in the 19th century. My thesis explores how Heriot's Travels constructs and represents Upper and Lower Canada and the diverse inhabitants of these regions. I argue that the text and its illustrations far from providing an objective description, in fact give form to contemporaneous perceptions and values and to aesthetic criteria that had colonialist implications. In particular the thesis examines how the visual material within the publication functions to reinforce or contradict the text's agenda. My contention is that Heriot's aims are much broader than those to which he admitted. For his readers the representation of Canada was tied to prospects of vast expansionist possibilities for British capital, technology, commodities and systems of knowledge. The unacknowledged aims of the book, as elaborated in my thesis were: to confirm the superiority of British rule in comparison to the earlier French administration in Canada; to define the British by a comparison to others, thus marking out existing inhabitants, specifically the French Canadians and First Nations peoples, as simple, indolent and inferior; to tame and commodity Canada through the use of the picturesque, thus ordering and civilizing the landscape for a British audience and would-be immigrants; and, finally, to reinforce Britain's economic claims in British North America. As in other travel writing of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Heriot employs in his representation of Canada the discursive languages of science, taxonomy, technology and ethnology. The picturesque descriptions in text and image work in conjunction with these and serve to demonstrate the role of art and aesthetics in maintaining an established order, and in asserting its classificatory regimes and exclusions. iii