After suffering heavy losses at the hands of the warriors of Zulu King Dingane (c. 1795-1840), a Voortrekker commando advanced against the former in December 1838. As it was evident that they would be faced by superior enemy numbers, the Voortrekkers were induced by A.W.J. Pretorius (1798-1853) and S.A. Cilliers (1801-1871), to enter into a covenant with God. Its exact words were not recorded, but eyewitnesses' later versions concurred that God had been requested to assist them in vanquishing the Zulu Army. Should they be victorious, the Voortrekkers undertook that they and their descendants would annually dedicate the day of the conquest to the glory of God alone. The Battle of Blood River took place on 16 December 1838, marking the Voortrekkers' desired victory. On the same day, the Covenant was fulfilled for the first time on the very battlefield. Thus the oldest Afrikaner national celebration, later known as Dingaan's Day or Day of the Covenant, came about. Initially the Covenant was commemorated in a small way by families and religious associates. In 1864 the General Synod of the Afrikaners' Natal Churches agreed that 16 December would henceforth be celebrated as ecclesiastical day of thanksgiving by all its congregations. This was the result of the efforts of two Dutch clergymen and supporters of Revival Theology, namely Revs. D.P.M. Huet (1827-1895) and F.L. Cachet (1835-1899). In 1865 the Executive Counsel of the South African Republic declared 16 December to be a public holiday in this Boer Republic. During the Anglo Transvaal (1880-1881) and Anglo Boer Wars (1899-1902), the commemoration of the Covenant inspired Afrikaners. The celebrations acquired a deeply nationalistic significance. A growing number of Covenant ceremonies were annually being organised throughout the Boer Republics and northern Natal. In 1894 the Government of the Free State also declared 16 December to be a public holiday. English-speaking compatriots and members of other races in general attached little importance to the Covenant, normally utilising 16 December for recreational purposes only. In 1910 an act was passed by Parliament according to which 16 December would be celebrated as a national holiday (Dingaan's Day) throughout the Union of South Africa, as of 1911. The celebration of the Covenant of 1838 has had an inestimable influence on Afrikaner and even South African cultural history. It played an important religious, national, social and educational role in everyday life, stimulating and shaping the Afrikaner's creativity, historical consciousness, ethics and intercultural relations. In 1952 the name of the day was changed from Dingaan's Day to Day of the Covenant. After 1994, in post-apartheid South Africa, it has still remained a public holiday, even though it is now known as Day of Reconciliation. The fact that it has been retained as a holiday is regarded as a significant gesture of goodwill towards Afrikaners. A study of South Africans' diverse attitudes towards the celebration of the Covenant of 1838, starting with the earliest commemorations between 1838 and 1910, may contribute towards mutual understanding and harmony. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

AFRIKAANS : Die Simboliese Ossewatrek wat op 8 Augustus 1938 by die Van Riebeeck-standbeeld in Kaapstad begin het en op 16 Desember 1938 met die hoeksteenlegging van die Voortrekkermonument in Pretoria geëindig het, het tydens die honderdjarige herdenking van die Groot Trek grootliks tot die oplewing van Afrikanernasionalisme en Afrikaneridentiteitsvorming bygedra. Tydens die Voortrekkereeufeesvieringe in 1938 het die waens na beraming by meer as vyfhonderd dorpe en plekke aangedoen waar entoesiasties feesgevier is met historiese optogte en opvoerings, kerkdienste, toesprake en feesredes en die lê van ’n klipstapel of die onthulling van ’n monument of gedenkteken wat spesiaal vir die geleentheid opgerig is. Die doel van die studie was om eerstens ’n gedetailleerde databasis saam te stel oor die minder bekende monumente en gedenktekens wat in 1938 dwarsoor Suid-Afrika opgerig is en om hulle sover moontlik behoorlik te dokumenteer. Tweedens is die relevansie, kulturele betekenis en bewaring van die tasbare onverskuifbare erfenis in ’n post-apartheid Suid-Afrika geëvalueer en bespreek. ENGLISH : The symbolic ox-wagon trek that started on 8 August 1938 at the Van Riebeeck statue in Cape Town and ended with the foundation stone laying of the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria on 16 December 1938, contributed to the revival of Afrikaner Nationalism and the forming of an Afrikaner identity. During the Voortrekker Centenary celebrations in 1938 the wagons visited more than five hundred towns where the inhabitants enthusiastically celebrated the event with historical pageants and processions, church services, speeches and usually stone cairns were layed or a monument or memorial was unveiled to commemorate the occasion. The main aim of this study was to compile a detailed database about these often unknown monuments and memorials that were erected all over South Africa in 1938 and to document them as far as possible. The second aim was to evaluate and discuss the relevance, cultural significance and preservation of these unmovable heritage structures in a post-apartheid South Africa. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

In 1796, the first time the British occupied the Cape, a former Dutch colony in 1806 then definitely. British colonial policy in South Africa was initially influenced by the former practice of the Dutch East India Company. Problems inherited from the past involving government, law and the institution of slavery. Very thorny questions were slave trade and land ownership. In 1807 a law was adopted to ban the import of slaves in the colonies of the British Empire. In 1809 was issued collection of laws by Lord Calendon called Calendon code. In 1811 Governor John Cradock established circulation courts. In 1820 arrived in the Cape Colony of British settlers in 4000 to increase proportion of the white population of British origin. In 1828 was issued Ordinance 50, in 1833 Britain abolished slavery law with effect from 1838. These government actions led to disputes with the Boer population, which peaked in 1836, leaving Boers in the so-called Great Trek, which had a significant impact on indigenous communities strains disrupted at the time mfecane and led to the establishment of the independent Boer republics. Key words: Africans - Boers - Cape of Good Hope - colonial policy - emancipation - Great Britain - Great Trek - South Africa - slavery

Les canaux potassiques à deux domaines pore sont impliqués dans un grand nombre de mécanismes physiopathologiques. Lors de ma thèse je me suis intéressé à la sous famille TREK dont les membres, TREK-1, TREK-2 et TRAAK jouent un rôle dans la nociception, la dépression et la neuroprotection. Leur activité est finement régulée par des stimuli physicochimiques (Température, étirement, pH), pharmacologiques (anesthésiques volatils, fluxétine,…) et physiologiques (GPCR). Lors de ma thèse je me suis intéressé à deux nouveaux modes de régulation de ces canaux ainsi qu'à leur diversité combinatoire. Tout d'abord j'ai mis en évidence que la phospholipase D2, en interagissant avec TREK1, produit un microenvironnement riche en acide phosphatique qui va potentialiser le canal. Cette régulation explique comment un second messager peut spécifiquement réguler un canal ainsi que la sensibilité de TREK-1 à l'alcool. La seconde étude a porté sur l'hétérodimérisation des membres de la sous-famille TREK. Nous avons mis en évidence grâce à des techniques en molécule unique que les sous-unités TREK-1, TREK-2 et TRAAK peuvent hétérodimériser entre elles. Elles forment ainsi des canaux avec de nouvelles propriétés comme une sensibilité particulière au pH. Enfin j'ai étudié le mécanisme d'action d'une toxine, la mycolactone, sur le canal TRAAK. Nous avons montré que cette toxine est impliquée dans le l'hyperpolarisation des fibres nociceptives induisant une analgésie. Cela étant dû à l'activation du canal TRAAK via le récepteur à l'angiotensine II de type 2. La seconde partie du projet a consisté à caractériser la voie de signalisation non canonique induite par la mycolactone / Two pore potassium channel play a key role in the answers of cells of intra and extracellular signals. I have focus my PhD on the study of sub family TREK (TREK-1, TREK-2 and TRAAK). They involved in the nociception, the depression and the neuroprotection. The activity of this channels is finely tuned by several stimuli i) physicals agents like temperature and mechanical stree, ii) chemicals agents like intra and extracellular pH and phospholipids, iii) pharmacological agents like volatile anesthetics, and iv) neurotransmitters via the G protein–coupled receptor. During my PhD I have worked on two new regulation of this channel and are capacity to make heterodimer. In a first time I discovers that TREK-1 interacted with the phospholipase D2 that permit the local production of phosphatidic acid (PA). This made a PA rich microenvironment, this last will tonicaly potentiate the basal activity of the channel. This mechanism explain have a second massager can specifically regulate a channel and how TREK-1 is sensitive to ethanol. In a second time I have work on the heteromerisation of the sub family TREK. With the single molecule technics we have shown that TREK-1, TREK-2 and TRAAK can heterodimerize. This mechanism increase the functional diversity of the family. To finish I have study the action of the toxin mycolacton on the TRAAK channel. We have shown that the mycolacton induce the hyperpolarization of nociceptive nerfs. This is due to the activation of TRAAK channel by the toxin via the angiotensin 2 receptor type II. Next I have shown that the mycolacton induce a non-canonical pathway. This is independent of G-proteins and spatially restricted by a direct interaction between TRAAK and AT2R

This thesis attempts to better understand how film reboots empower fans by offering unique insight as critiques of the original texts and by displacing hierarchies amongst audience, critic, and author. My hypothesis is that reboots, as an act of adaptation, allow audience members of the original franchise to become authors, in this case screenwriters. By extension these screenwriters become critics by highlighting, expanding, or even disregarding themes found in the original film series. This complicates the reboot beyond a simple capitalistic venture to make money and invites us to consider the way they position and displace interactants to better foster critical engagement with works of art, specifically films.

Les canaux potassiques forment la classe de canaux ioniques dont la diversité structurale et fonctionnelle est la plus grande. Trois grandes familles de canaux potassiques ont été identifiées, dont celle des canaux potassiques à deux domaines P, qui compte 15 membres. Ces canaux génèrent des courants « de fond », qui sont impliqués dans la régulation de l'excitabilité cellulaire et en particulier les épilepsies, l'anesthésie, la neuroprotection ou encore la dépression. Une étude approfondie des mécanismes régulant leur activité est nécessaire pour comprendre leurs rôles. Nous avons étudié l'environnement protéique du canal TREK1 et nous avons montré l'existence d'une interaction entre le canal et une protéine cytosolique associée aux microtubules Mtap2. Cette association augmente l'expression du canal à la membrane plasmique sans en modifier les paramètres biophysiques. Cette protéine est la seconde protéine associée à TREK1 décrite. Toutes deux sont capables de se fixer simultanément sur le canal et d'additionner leurs effets plaçant ainsi le canal au cœur d'un complexe multiprotéique. Ces résultats montrent combien l'environnement protéique des canaux est important pour leur activité. Nous avons aussi montré que le canal TWIK1 est localisé dans un compartiment subapical proche de la membrane plasmique. Il est en fait inséré dans la membrane puis très vite internalisé et envoyé dans les endosomes de recyclage. La sortie de ce compartiment et l'insertion à la membrane plasmique est déclenchée par l'activation de récepteurs couplés à la protéine Gi. Cette activation serait le signal physiologique permettant d'accroitre la quantité de canaux TWIK1 à la membrane plasmique.

<p>Titel: Genusframställningen i Star Trek – en utopi eller dystopi</p><p>Författare: Gustav Ekholm och Torbjörn Karlsson</p><p>Handledare: Malin Nilsson</p><p>Examinator: Veronica Stoehrel</p><p>Typ av arbete: C-uppsats i Medie och Kommunikationsvetenskap, 10p HT-06</p><p>Plats: Högskolan i Halmstad</p><p>Syfte: Uppsatsen syfte är att fastställa huruvida åtta olika avsnitt ur tv-serien Star Trek belyser genusfrågor och utmanar avsnitten i så fall de rådande genusdiskurserna.</p><p>Metod: Den här uppsatsen fokuserar på åtta Star Trek avsnitt som producerades mellan 1960-talet och 2000-talet.</p><p> Metoden för analysen är en kritisk diskursanalys med utgång från Norman Fairclougs diskurskritiska modell.</p><p>Resultat: Uppsatsens slutsats är att Star Trek-serierna berör genusfrågor i olika utsträckning beroende på vilket årtal avsnitten är från. Det konstateras också att viktiga genusämnen, likt homosexualitet, tas upp men beroende på olika omständigheter saknas ofta ett djup i framställningen.</p><p>Nyckelord: Star Trek, Gene Roddenberry, science fiction, genus, diskurs, diskursanalys, textanalys, makt, tv-serier, dominansförhållanden.</p>

Titel:Genusframställningen i Star Trek – en utopi eller dystopi Författare:Gustav Ekholm och Torbjörn Karlsson Handledare:Malin Nilsson Examinator:Veronica Stoehrel Typ av arbete:C-uppsats i Medie och Kommunikationsvetenskap, 10p HT-06 Plats:Högskolan i Halmstad Syfte:Uppsatsen syfte är att fastställa huruvida åtta olika avsnitt ur tv-serien Star Trek belyser genusfrågor och utmanar avsnitten i så fall de rådande genusdiskurserna. Metod:Den här uppsatsen fokuserar på åtta Star Trek avsnitt som producerades mellan 1960-talet och 2000-talet. Metoden för analysen är en kritisk diskursanalys med utgång från Norman Fairclougs diskurskritiska modell. Resultat:Uppsatsens slutsats är att Star Trek-serierna berör genusfrågor i olika utsträckning beroende på vilket årtal avsnitten är från. Det konstateras också att viktiga genusämnen, likt homosexualitet, tas upp men beroende på olika omständigheter saknas ofta ett djup i framställningen. Nyckelord:Star Trek, Gene Roddenberry, science fiction, genus, diskurs, diskursanalys, textanalys, makt, tv-serier, dominansförhållanden.

Denna studie vill undersöka om koloniala strukturer genomsyrar den senaste i raden av Star Trek-serierna, Enterprise. Med utgångspunkt i äldre forskning om just koloniala strukturer i Star Trek kommer en jämförelse göras om Enterprise först och främst har dessa strukturer och om så är fallet, göra en jämförelse med de andra serierna. Det postkoloniala forskningsfältet tillsammans med ett strukturalistiskt och post-strukturalistiskt tillvägagångssätt som innefattar semiotik och diskursanalys används för att kunna peka på hur de koloniala strukturerna genomsyrar serien. Analysen, som bland annat innefattar besättningens inbördes hierarki, hur andra främmande raser ser ut och vilka egenskaper de har och hur mötet går till med andra kulturer, visar att de koloniala strukturerna fortfarande genomsyrar Star Trek. Enterprise skiljer sig dock från de äldre serierna på ett sådant sätt att det koloniala tar mindre plats, bland annat seriens handling och även hur alla besättningsmedlemmar är med och skapar seriens handling.

Apart from a sense of racial superiority, which was certainly not unique to white Cape colonists, what is clear is that at the turn of the nineteenth century, Afrikaners were a disparate group. Economically, geographically, educationally, and religiously they were by no means united. Hierarchies existed throughout all cross sections of society. There was little political consciousness and no sense of a nation. Yet by the end of the nineteenth century they had developed a distinct sense of nationalism, indeed of a volk [people; ethnicity] ordained by God. The objective of this thesis is to identify and analyze three key historical events, the emotional sentiments evoked by these nationalistic milestones, and the evolution of a unified Afrikaner identity that would ultimately be used to justify the abhorrent system of apartheid.