No description available.

No description available.

Zweite Studienarbeit Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie Zürich, 2005.

Objective: Some adolescents and young adults who do not fulfill criteria for DSM-IV alcohol abuse (AA) report symptoms of DSM-IV alcohol dependence (AD) below the diagnostic threshold (diagnostic orphans, DOs; 1 or 2 symptoms). Contemporarily, little is known on the long-term stability, risk of progression to AD, impairment, and drinking patterns possibly associated with this status in the first decades of life. Aim: (1) To identify prevalence rates of the DO status from adolescence to early adulthood. To investigate (2) stability and variability of the DO status over time and (3) associations between DO status, drinking patterns and impairment in comparison to subjects with AA, with AD, or without any symptoms. Method: N = 2039 community subjects (aged 14–24 years at baseline) were assessed at baseline and at about four and ten years after baseline. DSM-IV AUD diagnoses were obtained with the DIA-X/M-CIDI. Results: About 11–12% of the sample was classified as DOs at all waves. Over a period of ten years, 18% of DOs were stable in their diagnosis and additional 10% progressed to AD. DOs were comparable to subjects with AA in drinking patterns, impairment and stability of diagnostic status. DOs progressed to AD significantly more often than AA. AD was associated with highest levels in all outcomes of interest. Conclusions: The DO status in adolescence and early adulthood is associated with considerable stability, risk of progression and problematic alcohol intake. In consequence, it can be meaningful for the timely identification of early stages of clinically relevant alcohol problems. For subjects with DO status early specific interventions are required.

Zugl.: Düsseldorf, Univ., Diss., 2005

Wortschatz aus den verschiedenen Bereichen des materiellen Lebens hat sich in der althochdeutschen Überlieferung, die sich zumeist auf die lateinische Tradition der Antike und des Christentums bezieht, nur spärlich und eher sporadisch erhalten. Dennoch kann die gründliche philologische Analyse des Belegmaterials auch für den Überlieferungsanfang des Deutschen eine vielfältige, zum Teil überraschend spezialisierte Lexik zum Sachgebiet der Nahrungszubereitung erschließen. Nach einer einleitenden Darstellung der sprachgeschichtlichen und methodischen Grundlagen werden Erkenntnisse der historischen Forschung zu den soziokulturellen Voraussetzungen der Nahrungsgewinnung und -verarbeitung im frühen Mittelalter, zu den Organisationsformen, Arbeitstechniken, verwendeten Geräten sowie zu den erzeugten Nahrungsmitteln und Getränken vorgestellt. Darauf aufbauend werden die aus dem Althochdeutschen überlieferten Bezeichnungen für Tätigkeiten bei der Nahrungsherstellung und Speisenzubereitung sowie entsprechende Personenbezeichnungen ermittelt. Die Basis der vorliegenden Untersuchungen bilden die im Archiv des Althochdeutschen Wörterbuchs an der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig verzeichneten Belege. Damit wird für die untersuchten Bezeichnungen der Wortschatz der althochdeutschen Denkmäler und Glossen vollständig erfasst. In Einzelartikeln werden an die hundert Verben und über dreißig Substantive mit ihren Belegen dargestellt und einer eingehenden semantischen Analyse an Hand der althochdeutschen bzw. lateinischen Kontexte unterzogen. Die daran anschließende systematisierende Auswertung beschäftigt sich mit Fragen der Überlieferung der Bezeichnungen, ihrer Herkunft, Wortbildung und Semantik sowie der Gliederung dieses Wortschatzbereiches.:Vorwort I Einleitung 1 Forschungssituation und Aufgabenstellung 2 Sprache und Kommunikation im frühen Mittelalter 3 Methode der Untersuchung 4 Bedeutungsanalyse im althochdeutschen Wortschatz 5 Materialbasis der Untersuchung II Nahrungsmittelherstellung und Speisenzubereitung im frühen Mittelalter III Materialsammlung und Bedeutungsanalyse 1 Bezeichnungen für Tätigkeiten bei der Nahrungsmittelherstellung und Speisenzubereitung 1.1 Produktspezifische Tätigkeiten zur Vorbereitung von Nahrungsmitteln 1.1.1 Getreide 1.1.1.1 Zerkleinern bôzen gibliuuuan niuuuan firniuuuan stamphôn stemphen griozan malan zisamanemalan mullen 1.1.1.2 Reinigen rîtarôn girîtarôn redan siften feuuen 1.1.1.3 Bereiten von Teig und Brei zitrîban zirlâzan sûren theismen knetan giknetan thuueran ruoren 1.1.2 Gemüse und Obst blatôn skelen scarbôn 1.1.3 Fleisch und Fisch slahan irslahan slahtôn skinten biskinten fillen bifillen gifillen lidôn houuuan scurphen gellen hackôn 1.1.4 Molkereiprodukte girennen thûhen Inhalt githûhen 1.2 Allgemeine Tätigkeiten bei der Zubereitung von Speisen 1.2.1 Garen siodan firsiodan fol(la)siodan kohhôn ûzsmelzen backan, bahhan brâtan brennen grouben roupen hersten rôsten girôsten suueizen 1.2.2 Würzen und Verfeinern soffôn salzan gisalzan suozen uuurzen pîmentôn temparôn anarîban milsken honagôn salbôn 1.2.3 Konservieren sulzen therren 1.2.4 Zerteilen brehhan brohhôn gibrockôn instungen thunkôn Inhalt 1.3 Tätigkeiten bei der Herstellung von Getränken 1.3.1 Pressen von Früchten tretan trotôn pressôn thûhen thrucken stôzan 1.3.2 Mischen und Ingangsetzen von Gärprozessen *briuuuan irsezzen jerien blantan misken zisamanemisken miskelôn zisamanegiozan gôzôn (?) 1.3.3 Weiterbehandeln der Flüssigkeiten siodan feimen ûzfeimôn lûttaren gilûttaren mûzôn sîhan ûzsîhan sêuuinôn ûzfliozan abaflôzen ûzflôzen 1.4 Auswertung 1.4.1 Zur Verteilung der Bezeichnungen in den Quellen 1.4.2 Zur Herkunft der Bezeichnungen 1.4.3 Semantische Aspekte 1.4.4 Zur Syntax 2 Bezeichnungen für bei der Nahrungsmittelherstellung und Speisenzubereitung tätige Personen Inhalt 2.1 Mühlenwesen mulinâri mulinersa 2.2 Bäckerei becka beckeri beckersa brôtbecko brôtbecka brôtbeckila brôtbeckeri brôtbeckere+ brôtbeckerin phistur knetârin 2.3 Fleischverarbeitung slahtâri fleiscslahtâri fleischacker+ fleischackel+ fleiscskerni fleiscmangeri mezzilâri mezziere+ lidâri uuurstâri salzman 2.4 Speisenzubereitung koh küchenmeister+ kuhhinkneht brâtâri 2.5 Getränkeherstellung briuuuino brouwer+ briumeistar grûzeri 2.6 Auswertung Inhalt 2.6.1 Zum Status der Bezeichnungen und zu ihrer Verteilung in den Quellen 2.6.2 Semantische Aspekte 2.6.3 Aspekte der Wortbildung IV Zusammenfassung V Verzeichnisse 1 Glossenhandschriften 2 Quellen des Belegmaterials 2.1 Althochdeutsche (und altsächsische) Quellen 2.2 Lateinische Vorlagen der Glossen und Texte 3 Sonstige Quellen 4 Verwendete Literatur 5 Siglen und Abkürzungen

Numerous studies have examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol use changes in Europe, with concerns raised regarding increased use and related harms. Approach. We synthesised observational studies published between 1 January 2020 and 31 September 2021 on self-reported changes in alcohol use associated with COVID-19. Electronic databases were searched for studies evaluating individual data from European general and clinical populations. We identified 646 reports, of which 56 general population studies were suitable for random-effects meta-analyses of proportional differences in alcohol use changes. Variations by time, sub-region and study quality were assessed in subsequent meta-regressions. Additional 16 reports identified were summarised narratively. Key Findings. Compiling reports measuring changes in overall alcohol use, slightly more individuals indicated a decrease than an increase in their alcohol use during the pandemic [3.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00–7.6%]. Decreases were also reported more often than increases in drinking frequency (8.0%, 95% CI 2.7–13.2%), quantity consumed (12.2%, 95% CI 8.3–16.2%) and heavy episodic drinking (17.7%, 95% CI 13.6–21.8%). Among people with pre-existing high drinking levels/alcohol use disorder, high-level drinking patterns appear to have solidified or intensified. Implications. Pandemic-related changes in alcohol use may be associated with pre-pandemic drinking levels. Increases among high-risk alcohol users are concerning, suggesting a need for ongoing monitoring and support from relevant health-care services. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that more people reduced their alcohol use in Europe than increased it since the onset of the pandemic. However high-quality studies examining specific change mechanisms at the population level are lacking.

Objective: Some adolescents and young adults who do not fulfill criteria for DSM-IV alcohol abuse (AA) report symptoms of DSM-IV alcohol dependence (AD) below the diagnostic threshold (diagnostic orphans, DOs; 1 or 2 symptoms). Contemporarily, little is known on the long-term stability, risk of progression to AD, impairment, and drinking patterns possibly associated with this status in the first decades of life. Aim: (1) To identify prevalence rates of the DO status from adolescence to early adulthood. To investigate (2) stability and variability of the DO status over time and (3) associations between DO status, drinking patterns and impairment in comparison to subjects with AA, with AD, or without any symptoms. Method: N = 2039 community subjects (aged 14–24 years at baseline) were assessed at baseline and at about four and ten years after baseline. DSM-IV AUD diagnoses were obtained with the DIA-X/M-CIDI. Results: About 11–12% of the sample was classified as DOs at all waves. Over a period of ten years, 18% of DOs were stable in their diagnosis and additional 10% progressed to AD. DOs were comparable to subjects with AA in drinking patterns, impairment and stability of diagnostic status. DOs progressed to AD significantly more often than AA. AD was associated with highest levels in all outcomes of interest. Conclusions: The DO status in adolescence and early adulthood is associated with considerable stability, risk of progression and problematic alcohol intake. In consequence, it can be meaningful for the timely identification of early stages of clinically relevant alcohol problems. For subjects with DO status early specific interventions are required.

Pavlovian cues can influence ongoing instrumental behaviour via Pavlovian-toinstrumental transfer (PIT) processes. While appetitive Pavlovian cues tend to promote instrumental approach, they are detrimental when avoidance behaviour is required, and vice versa for aversive cues. We recently reported that susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control assessed via a PIT task was associated with risky alcohol use at age 18. We now investigated whether such susceptibility also predicts drinking trajectories until age 24, based on AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) consumption and binge drinking (gramme alcohol/drinking occasion) scores. The interference PIT effect, assessed at ages 18 and 21 during fMRI, was characterized by increased error rates (ER) and enhanced neural responses in the ventral striatum (VS), the lateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices (dmPFC) during conflict, that is, when an instrumental approach was required in the presence of an aversive Pavlovian cue or vice versa. We found that a stronger VS response during conflict at age 18 was associated with a higher starting point of both drinking trajectories but predicted a decrease in binge drinking. At age 21, high ER and enhanced neural responses in the dmPFC were associated with increasing AUDIT-C scores over the next 3 years until age 24. Overall, susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control might be viewed as a predisposing mechanism towards hazardous alcohol use during young adulthood, and the identified high-risk group may profit from targeted interventions.

Background: The alcohol-attributable burden of disease is high among socially disadvantaged individuals. Interventional efforts intending to have a public health impact should also address the reduction of social inequalities due to alcohol. Objective: The aim was to test the moderating role of educational background on the efficacy of a computer-based brief intervention addressing the full spectrum of alcohol use. Methods: We recruited 1646 adults from the general population aged 18 to 64 years (920 women, 55.9%; mean age 31 years; 574 with less than 12 years of school education, 34.9%) who reported alcohol use in the past year. The participants were randomly assigned a brief alcohol intervention or to assessment only (participation rate, 66.9%, 1646/2463 eligible persons). Recruitment took place in a municipal registry office in one German city. All participants filled out a self-administered, tablet-based survey during the recruitment process and were assessed 3, 6, and 12 months later by study assistants via computer-assisted telephone interviews. The intervention consisted of 3 computer-generated and individualized feedback letters that were sent via mail at baseline, month 3, and month 6. The intervention was based on the transtheoretical model of behavior change and expert system software that generated the feedback letters automatically according to previously defined decision rules. The outcome was self-reported change in number of alcoholic drinks per week over 12 months. The moderator was school education according to highest general educational degree (less than 12 years of education vs 12 years or more). Covariates were sex, age, employment, smoking, and alcohol-related risk level. Results: Latent growth modeling revealed that the intervention effect after 12 months was moderated by educational background (incidence rate ratio 1.38, 95% CI 1.08-1.76). Individuals with less than 12 years of school education increased their weekly alcohol use to a lesser extent when they received the intervention compared to assessment only (incidence rate ratio 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.62; Bayes factor 3.82). No difference was found between groups (incidence rate ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.84-1.07; Bayes factor 0.30) among those with 12 or more years of school education. Conclusions: The efficacy of an individualized brief alcohol intervention was moderated by the participants’ educational background. Alcohol users with less than 12 years of school education benefited, whereas those with 12 or more years did not. People with lower levels of education might be more receptive to the behavior change mechanisms used by brief alcohol interventions. The intervention approach may support the reduction of health inequalities in the population at large if individuals with low or medium education can be reached. Trial Registration: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00014274; https://www.drks.de/DRKS00014274