Organic and inorganic nanostructured materials, nano- and mesoscale objects and devices, and their integration into existing microelectronic technologies have been at the center of recent fundamental and applied research in nanotechnology. One of the critical needs is to develop an enhanced predictive capability of structure-property correlations and enable robust high performance systems by design. My thesis work was concerned with the theoretical and experimental studies of electronic and mechanical properties of chemically functionalized nanowires. I will describe a theoretical approach for investigating structure-property correlations in atomic-sized metallic wires based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT) for structure calculations and the Non-equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) technique for electronic transport properties simulations. This synergistic approach is shown to yield the atomic structure of the smallest niobium nanowires. Furthermore, the method was applied to simulate electronic properties of chemically functionalized graphene nanoribbons. Further, I will demonstrate an experimental technique for simultaneous measurements of force and conductance in atomic-size objects based on quartz tuning fork piezoelectric sensors. A peculiar scaling effect, relevant for a broad range of test and measurement applications, namely the squeeze film effect, was observed during the development of the sensors. Using theoretical analysis based on finite element simulations of the hydrodynamic behavior of the sensors in a broad range of ambient conditions, I explain the observed phenomenon.

Orientador: Daniel Mario Ugarte / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T02:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oiko_VitorToshiyukiAbrao_M.pdf: 7596860 bytes, checksum: c9ed7c1eff25bf830795b90b88bdc6fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O estudo de nano-sistemas tem atraído grande atenção nos últimos anos, principalmente devido às suas possíveis e novas aplicações tecnológicas. Muitos esforços têm sido feitos nessa área, porém há ainda várias questões em aberto com relação à compreensão de nanoestruturas. Um dos principais desafios diz respeito à manipulação e o posicionamento controlado de nano-objetos, juntamente com a quantificação das forças envolvidas e a caracterização das propriedades mecânicas em nanoescala. Muitos avanços foram atingidos com a combinação de técnicas de microscopia de força atômica (AFM). Infelizmente nestes experimentos o sensor de forças também é utilizado para gerar uma imagem da amostra. Assim não é possível visualizar o nano-sistema ao mesmo tempo em que ele é submetido a algum esforço mecânico. Outros experimentos são realizados in situ em microscópios eletrônicos onde são utilizados porta-amostras especiais com sensores de força de microscópios de AFM.Combina-se dessa forma a capacidade de se observar diretamente o nano-sistema com a de aplicar e medir forças em sistemas nanométricos. Nesta dissertação é estudada então uma alternativa para a fabricação de um sensor de forças baseado no uso de diapasões de quartzo (tuning forks). Esse sensor deverá ser utilizado em experimentos de nanomanipulação. Este projeto abordou todos os aspectos necessários à instrumentação, desenho, construção e implementação do sensor. O sensor foi acoplado a um nanomanipulador que opera dentro de um microscópio eletrônico de varredura de alta resolução. Com essa montagem, realizaram-se experimentos preliminares de manipulação e deformação de nanofios semicondutores (InP, de alguns mícrons de comprimento, e de 50-200 nm de diamêtro). As forças foram quantificadas baseando-se nas imagens de microscopia dos fios sendo deformados e utilizando um modelo teórico de deformações elásticas. Esses valores foram correlacionados com as variações das curvas de ressonância do tuning fork, para finalmente obter a calibração do sensor de forças. O sistema permite medir forças com uma sensibilidade de 0:5m N baseando-se somente nas mudanças dos sinais elétricos utilizados para alimentar o diapasão de quartzo / Abstract: The study of nanosystems has attracted great attention in recent years, mainly due to their novel possible technological applications. Many efforts have been made in this area, however there are still several open questions concerning the comprehension of such systems. One of the biggest challenges is the manipulation and the controlled positioning of nano-objects, together with the quantification of the forces involved and the mechanical characterization at the nanoscale. Many advances have been achieved with the combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Unfortunately, in these experiments the force sensor is also applied to generate the sample's images. It doesn't allow the system's visualization simultaneously with the stress application. Other experiments are performed in situ electron microscopes where special sample-holders with AFM cantilevers are used. It combines then the ability of observing the nanosystem directly to the possibility of applying and measuring forces in nanometric scale. In this dissertation it is studied an alternative to the fabrication of a force sensor based on quartz tuning forks. This sensor will be used on nanomanipulation experiments. The project covered all the aspects necessary to the sensor's instrumentation, design, construction and implementation. The sensor was attached to a nanomanipulator that operates inside a high resolution scanning electron microscope. Semiconductor nanowires (InP, a few microns in length and 50-200nm in diameter) were manipulated and deformed with this experimental setup. The force quantification was based on microscopy images of the deformed nanowires and on theoretical model of elastic deformations. The force values were correlated with the variations of tuning fork's resonant curves in order to obtain a calibration curve for the sensor. Sensitivity of 0:5m N were achieved based only on changes on electrical signals fed to the quartz tuning fork / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física

Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) is a collective term for the symptoms arising from the prolonged use of vibrating hand tools. An investigation into the literature on available screening tools for HAVS was conducted. A screening tool is used for the quick identification of certain symptoms without a full medical check up, and is for use by mine medical personnel for the determination of workers with HAVS symptoms and those without. Twenty-two non-exposed volunteers were tested with the screening tools and forty-two rock drill operators. Only the rock drill operators had a medical examination and standardised tests for HAVS diagnoses, to determine their HAVS diagnosis and severity. This diagnosis was used as the standard for the evaluation, of existing screening tools and for developed screening tool, sensitivity for the detection of HAVS symptoms. The screening tools chosen were a traditional tuning fork, a similar tuning fork but mounted into a box with a set excitation unit and a two-point discriminator set a 3mm, 6mm, and 10mm apart. The results showed that a screening questionnaire that specifically focuses on the symptoms of HAVS has better sensitivity and specificity to identify cases. A two-point discriminator with variable distance points, where patients have to distinguish between one pin prick and two, was able to identify HAVS cases when the distance was set at 3mm. However, the sensitivity of the two-point discriminator was lower than the sensitivity of the questionnaire. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Industrial and Systems Engineering / Unrestricted

Orientadores: Daniel Mario Ugarte, Varlei Rodrigues / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T10:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oiko_VitorToshiyukiAbrao_D.pdf: 44112591 bytes, checksum: 93cb68b7fac3caf690848f58147ff259 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O estudo de nano-sistemas tem atraído grande atenção nos últimos anos, principalmente devido às suas possíveis e novas aplicações tecnológicas. Muitos esforços tem sido feitos nessa área, porém há ainda várias questões em aberto com relação a compreensão de nanoestruturas. Um dos principais desafios diz respeito à manipulação e o posicionamento controlado de nanoobjetos, juntamente com a quantificação das forças envolvidas e a caracterização das propriedades mecânicas em nanoescala. Muitos avanços foram atingidos combinando-se a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e a de força atômica (AFM), realizando experimentos in situ que aproveitam a resolução e a formação de imagens do SEM, e a capacidade de medir forças em sistemas nanométricos do AFM. Nesta tese discutimos a quantificação de forças de intensidade < N, aplicadas em experimentos de nanomanipulação in situ de SEM, através do desenvolvimento de um sensor baseado no uso de diapasões de quartzo (tuning fork). Abordamos os aspectos técnicos relevantes à construção do sensor e seu funcionamento, desde o problema de se medir forças da ordem de nN em nano-objetos individuais, até sua aplicação em sistemas dessa dimensão. Pontos fundamentais do desenvolvimento como a definição da sua configuração, da eletrônica de aquisição e da metodologia de calibração e de aplicação são tratados em detalhe. Um processo de calibração baseado na deformação in situ de cantilevers de AFM é utilizado para permitir a quantificação da força. Subsequentemente a medida dos valores é feita exclusivamente através das curvas de ressonância do tuning fork, independendo completamente das imagens de microscopia. Forças no intervalo de 1-100 nN foram medidas, e a aplicação do sensor foi dada no intervalo de 4-40 nN. A precisão obtida na quantificação foi de alguns nN, ?F ?1-4 nN. O sistema foi testado em experimentos de deformação de bundles de nanotubos de carbono in situ em um SEM, nos quais medimos quantitativamente a influência das forças de van der Waals no atrito dinâmico durante o escorregamento entre nanotubos. As forças obtidas nesses experimentos variaram entre 14-35 nN / Abstract: The study of nanosystems has attracted many attention in recent years, mainly due to their novel possible technological applications. Many efforts have been made in this area, however several open questions regarding the comprehension of such structures remain. A major challenge concerns the manipulation and the controlled positioning of nano-objects, together with the quantification of the involved forces and the mechanical characterization at the nanoscale. Many advances have been achieved by combining the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM), conducting thus in situ experiments that profit from SEM¿s resolution and imaging and from AFM¿s ability to measure forces in nanoscale systems. In this thesis we treat the quantification of forces with intensity < N applied during in situ nanomanipulation experiments performed inside a SEM by developing a force sensor based on quartz tuning forks. Our approach comprises the technical aspects relevant to the sensor¿s assembly and its operation, from the issue of measuring forces of the order of nN on individual nano-objects, to its application on nanosystems. Key points of development such as the sensor¿s design, electronics, calibration and applications are described in details. A calibration process based on the in situ bending AFM cantilevers is carried out to enable the force quantification. Subsequently the force measurement is done exclusively by the TF¿s resonance curve, being completely independent of the microscopy images. Forces in the range of 1-100 nN were measured, and the sensor¿s application was considered between 4 nN and 40 nN. The precison acquired was of a few nN, ?F ?1-4 nN. To test the sensor in situ strain experiments were performed on bundles of carbon nanotubes from which we measured quantitatively the van der Waals¿ influence on the dynamic friction during the sliding of adjacent bundles. The forces acquired were then in the range of 14-35 nN / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

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Cette thèse synthétise les travaux récents de l’auteur sur l’utilisation de résonateurs mécaniques pour la détermination simultanée de la viscosité et de la masse volumique de liquides. Ces travaux ont été réalisés entre 2010 et 2015 dans le cadre d’une thèse en cotutelle entre l’Institut de Microélectronique et des Microcapteurs de l’Université Johannes Kepler à Linz en Autriche et le Laboratoire de l’Intégration du Matériau au Système de l’Université de Bordeaux en France. Dans des études précédentes effectuées sur ce sujet par les groupes des deux laboratoires, le concept de l’utilisation de résonateurs mécaniques actionnés et mesurés électriquement pour la détermination de la viscosité et de la masse volumique deliquide avait été établi et validé. Ces travaux antérieurs ont montré que la fréquence de résonance et le facteur de qualité de résonateurs immergés dépendent à la fois de la viscosité et de la masse volumique du fluide environnant.L’intérêt d’utiliser de tels microcapteurs résonants vient du fait qu’il est possible de les utiliser in-situ,notamment pour des applications industrielles. Pour ce type d’applications, il est important que les capteurs aient entre autre une bonne résistance physique, une bonne stabilité à long terme, une bonne fiabilité, ainsi qu’une bonne précision de mesure. Pour satisfaire ces exigences et compte tenu des résultats des travaux antérieurs, les objectifs principaux de cette thèse étaient (1) la mise en oeuvre de configurations de mesure robustes offrant une bonne stabilité à long terme et une bonne précision de mesure, ce qui nécessite une faible sensibilité à la température, (2) la mesure simultanée de la viscosité et de la masse volumique avec un seul capteur et (3) la modélisation et la comparaison des performances des différents dispositifs mis au point et testés. Ces trois objectifs ont été atteints en combinant des approches expérimentales et théoriques (hydrodynamique, mécanique du solide et électrodynamique). [...] / This thesis summarizes the author’s recent work on the topic of mechanical resonators for liquidviscosity and mass density sensing, which were achieved between 2010 and 2015 in the course of aninternational joint doctorate program performed at the Institute for Microelectronics and Microsensorsat the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria and the Laboratoire de l’Intégration du Matériau auSystème in Bordeaux, France. In previous studies performed by work groups of both laboratories,the concept of using electrically actuated and read-out mechanical resonators for the determination ofliquids’ viscosities and mass densities has been established and elaborated. These works showed that theresonance frequencies and quality factors of immersed resonators are affected by the liquids’ viscositiesand mass densities, respectively. The investigated concepts included devices using structured polymeror wet-etched new silver sheets as well as micro-machined silicon and screen-printed PZT resonators.The motivation for investigating and developing such miniaturized resonators was formed, amongstothers, by their capability for in-line, in-situ and handheld-devices for laboratory as well as for industrialapplications. Especially for the latter, physical robustness, long-term stability and reliability,as well as accurate measurement results are basic requirements. To satisfy these requirements andconsidering the results and insights of earlier works, the objectives of this thesis were first, implementingrobust measuring setups featuring long-term stability and high measurement accuracy, where thelatter furthermore requires low cross-sensitivity to temperature. Second, investigating the capabilityof measuring both, a liquid’s mass density and viscosity with a single device as well as providing anestimate of achievable measurement accuracies for both quantities. And third, enabling the modelingof the performance of different viscosity and mass density sensors on the one side and their comparisonon the other side. These three specifications were accomplished by following mainly experimental approachesand investigations but also by elaborating the underlying theory of hydrodynamics, structuralmechanics, and electrodynamics. [...] / Die vorliegende Dissertation fasst die rezenten Forschungsergebnisse des Verfassers im Bereich mechanischerResonatoren für Viskositäts- und Dichtesensorik zusammen, welche zwischen 2010 und 2015 imRahmen eines international joint doctorate programs am Institut für Mikroelektronik und Mikrosensorikder Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, sowie am Laboratoire de l’Intégration du Matériau auSystème der Université de Bordeaux erreicht wurden. In den Vorarbeiten von Arbeitsgruppen beiderInstitute wurden bereits Konzepte für elektrisch angeregte und ausgelesene mechanische Resonatorenzur Bestimmung von Viskosität und Dichte von Flüssigkeiten erarbeitet und umgesetzt. Hierbei konntegezeigt werden, dass die Resonanzfrequenz und Güte eingetauchter Resonatoren abhängig sindvon Viskosität und Dichte der jeweiligen Flüssigkeiten. Die dabei untersuchten Konzepte beinhaltetenstrukturierte Polymerfolien, nass-chemisch geätzte Neusilberbleche, mikromechanisch hergestellte Siliziumstrukturen,sowie siebgedruckte PZT Resonatoren.Die Motivation zur Untersuchung und Entwicklung solcher miniaturisierter Resonatoren resultiert unteranderem aus deren Anwendbarkeit für Inline-, Insitu- und Handgeräte für Labor- bzw. industrielle Anwendungen.Besonders für Letztere sind Robustheit, Langzeitstabilität und Zuverlässigkeit, aber auchpräzise Messergebnisse Grundvoraussetzung. Um den Anforderungen der Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisseder zuvor genannten Arbeiten gerecht zu werden, wurden folgende Ziele für diese Dissertationdefiniert. Erstens, die Entwicklung robuster, langzeitstabiler Messaufbauten zur Erreichung präziserMessergebnisse, wodurch eine geringe Temperaturquerempfindichkeit als weitere Bedingung aufgestelltwurde. Zweitens sollte untersucht werden ob und mit welcher Genauigkeit sowohl Viskosität als auchDichte mit einem einzigen Instrument gemessen werden können. Drittens, sollte einerseits das Verhaltenverschiedener Viskositäts- und Dichtesensoren modelliert bzw. deren Vergleich ermöglicht werden.Basierend auf einer vorwiegend experimentellen Herangehensweise und unter Miteinbeziehung der zugrundeliegendenTheorien von Strömungs- und Strukturmechanik sowie der Elektrodynamik, konntendie o.g. Anforderungen erfüllt werden. [...]

Ce mémoire de thèse s’inscrit dans le développement d’un microscope thermique à sonde locale.Ce système d’imagerie présente deux modes de fonctionnement permettant de déterminer soit unetempérature de surface soit des propriétés thermophysiques de matériaux. Un micro-thermocouplebifilaire a été utilisé comme capteur thermique. Il est peu invasif et permet d’accéder à destempératures de surface sur une large gamme de température. De plus, le microscope offrel’avantage d’être moins sensible à la nature optique des échantillons que les méthodes en champlointain. Dans le but de maitriser le contact entre la sonde et la surface, un résonateur à quartz(diapason) a été utilisé comme capteur de force. Un système d’excitation original basé sur l’effetphoto-thermo-élastique a été mis au point. Le microscope fonctionne donc comme un SThM puisqu’ilpermet d’extraire simultanément des images topographiques et thermiques (régime périodique 2 et3 oméga). En revanche, les résultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en évidence les avantages dumicro-thermocouple en termes de résolutions spatiales topographiques vis-à-vis des techniques àsondes résistives fonctionnant en mode 3 oméga. / This PhD thesis deals with the development of a thermalmicroscope using a local probe. This imagingsystem presents two functioning modes that allow determining either surface temperature or thermalproperties of materials. A micro-wire thermocouple is used as a thermal sensor. It is less invasiveand allows measuring the surface temperature with a large temperature range. Furthermore, themicroscope offers an advantage to be less sensitive to the optical nature of a sample surface thanoptical methods. To control the contact between the probe and the surface, a quartz tuning fork hasbeen used as a force sensor. An original excitation system has been developed based on the photothermaleffect. The microscope works also as a SThM since it permits to extract simultaneouslytopographical and thermal pictures (2 and 3 omega periodical modes). Results underlining themicro-thermocouple advantages, in terms of topographical compared to resistive probe techniquesfunctioning with the 3 omega method, have been obtained.

La mesure des polluants fait l'objet depuis la fin du XXème siècle d'une attention toute particulière pour la préservation de la planète. Les espèces gazeuses, plus précisément le méthane, présent dans le MIR, possède des forces de raies très intenses, ce qui rend la technique plus sensible. La technique de détection de gaz utilisée durant ma thèse est choisie après une large comparaison entre différentes techniques appartenant à la SDLA. Cette technique est la technique QEPAS. Elle a montré depuis son invention en 2002, une grande sensibilité et sélectivité dans le domaine d'analyse de gaz. La source de lumière utilisée dans la QEPAS est une diode laser accordable (laser à SC), ce qui permet de rendre la technique plus sélective, en variant sa longueur d'onde d'émission en fonction du courant injecté et/ou température de régulation, pour se localiser sur une raie souhaitée à détecter. Le détecteur de la QEPAS est le diapason à quartz (QTF). Ce dernier est très sensible à la force minime appliquée par l'onde acoustique, ce qui rend la technique très sensible aux faibles concentrations. Plusieurs étapes de caractérisations sont exigées pour déterminer les caractéristiques de la diode laser et du QTF. Après le choix de la diode laser et du QTF, idéaux pour la spectroscopie, on passe à l'évaluation de la technique QEPAS dans le domaine d'analyse de gaz. Les limites de détection du méthane obtenues avec la technique QEPAS sont 0.8 ppmv et 400 ppbv à 2.3 µm avec un laser à Fabry-Pérot et un laser à cristaux photoniques, respectivement, et 100 ppbv à 3.3 µm avec un laser DFB.Ce travail a permis d'obtenir une technique performante (sensible, sélective, pas cher…), dans le domaine d'analyse de gaz. / The measurement of the pollutants is the subject since the late twentieth century especially in attention to protecting the planet. The gaseous species, specifically methane, present in the MIR, has strengths rays very intense, making the technique more sensitive.The detection technique of gas used during my PhD was chosen after an extensive comparison of different techniques belonging to the SDLA. This technique is the QEPAS technique. It has shown since its invention in 2002, a high sensitivity and selectivity in gas analysis. The light source used in the QEPAS is a tunable diode laser (Laser SC), thus making the technique more selectively, by varying the wavelength of emission as a function of injected current and / or control temperature to be located on a line desired to detect. The detector is QEPAS of quartz tuning fork (QTF). The latter is very sensitive to small force applied by the acoustic wave, which makes the technique very sensitive to low concentrations. Several steps are required characterization to determine the characteristics of the laser diode and the QTF. After choosing the laser diode and the QTF, ideal for spectroscopy, we pass to the evaluation of the technique QEPAS in gas analysis. The detection limits of methane obtained with the technique are QEPAS 0.8 ppmv and 400 ppbv to 2.3 microns with a Fabry-Perot laser and a photonic crystal laser, respectively, and 100 ppbv to 3.3 microns with a DFB laser.This work has provided a powerful technique (sensitive, selective, cheap ...) in gas analysis.

Ce travail concerne le développement d’un nouveau type de microscopie optique en champ proche (SNOM) basé sur la mise en œuvre de sondes dite actives qui utilisent le signal de génération de seconde harmonique (SHG) d’un petit nombre de molécules orientées. L’orientation de ces molécules est obtenue par l’application d’un champ électrique statique dans une jonction constituée d’une pointe métallique effilée placée à proximité d’un substrat conducteur et immergée dans une solution de molécules dipolaires non-linéaires. L’excitation laser de ces molécules localement orientées permet d’obtenir une polarisation non-lineaire à fréquence double qui constitue une nanosource de lumière intrinsèquement localisée et pouvant interagir avec le champ proche du substrat. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’imagerie de nano-objets lithographiés par cette technique de SNOM-SHG. Nous avons pu démontrer la possibilité d’obtenir une résolution de l’ordre de 200 nm, soit une résolution meilleure d’un facteur 2 par rapport à la limite de diffraction.Nous avons ensuite étudié les moyens d’optimiser les performances de ce nouveau type de sondes SNOM-SHG. Une voie consiste à exploiter les propriétés d’antenne optique de pointes métalliques effilées, qui peuvent être le siège d’effets d’exaltation du champ électromagnétique résultant de la singularité géométrique de ces objets (extrémité effilée) ou de l’excitation de résonances plasmons. Afin de pouvoir quantifier ces effets, nous avons entrepris la caractérisation, par luminescence à 2 photons (TPL), de nanofils d’or considérés comme objets de référence pour mimer une pointe. Des fils lithographiés ainsi que des fils issus de chimie colloïdale ont été étudiés de façon à mieux comprendre à la fois l’influence de la forme et de la cristallinité des objets sur les exaltations de champ. Des études simultanées de la géométrie et des propriétés optiques d'un nanofil unique ont été menées au moyen d'un microscope optique inversé associé à une excitation laser et couplé à un microscope à force atomique (AFM) dont la pointe est préalablement réglée pour coïncider avec le spot laser. En balayant l’échantillon, nous pouvons directement confronter l’image topographique de l’objet à la cartographie de points chauds enregistrés à sa surface, le signal de TPL étant directement corrélé à la densité locale d’états électromagnétiques. Nous avons pu montrer que les fils lithographiés et les fils colloïdaux présentaient des facteurs d’exaltation locale de champ différents, la cristallinité des objets pouvant aussi être révélée que via l’analyse spectrale du signal de TPL émis. Enfin, un dernier volet important de mon travail a consisté à faire évoluer le banc expérimental précédemment développé au laboratoire de façon à pouvoir réaliser simultanément des caractérisations de type SNOM-SHG et des caractérisations topographiques. Dans ce but, nous avons travaillé à l’intégration d’une tête AFM diapason sur notre banc de microscopie non-linéaire. Au-delà des aspects électroniques liés à l’optimisation du fonctionnement de ce diapason, le couplage du faisceau laser dans le microscope a également été entièrement reconfiguré. / This work deals with the development of a new kind of scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) based on the realization of so-called active probes taking advantage of the second harmonic generation (SHG) signal coming from a few oriented molecules. The orientation of these molecules is obtained by applying a static electric field in a junction made of a sharp metallic tip placed close to a conductive substrate and immersed in a solution containing dipolar non-linear molecules. A second order nonlinear polarization is obtained from these locally oriented molecules following their excitation with a laser beam finally leading to a nanosource of light intrinsically localized and able to interact with the near-field of the substrate.We have investigated this SNOM-SHG technique to image nano-objects made by e-beam lithography. We were able to demonstrate that a resolution of about 100 nm could be reached, which appears better (of a factor2) than the diffraction limit.We have then been focusing on the way to improve the capabilities of this new type of SNOM-SHG probes. One approach consists in taking advantage of the optical antenna effects that can occur at the end of sharp tips, where the electromagnetic field can be enhanced due to geometrical effects (sharp extremities) or due to the excitation of plasmon resonances. In order to quantify these field enhancements, we have carried out the characterization of gold nanowires using two-photon luminescence (TPL) ; considering these wires as reference objects that can mimic tips. Nanowires made by e-beam lithography and nanowires synthesized by colloidal chemistry have both been studied in order to have a better understanding of the influence of the shape and the crystallinity on the field enhancements. Simultaneous analysis of the geometry and the optical properties of a single nanowire has been carried out using an inverted microscope associated to a laser excitation and coupled to an atomic force microscopy (AFM) which tip is previously aligned with the laser spot. When scanning the sample, we can directly correlate the topographic image of the object to the mapping of the hotspots recorded on its surface, the TPL signal being directly linked to the electromagnetic local density of states. We were able to evidence that both nanowires made by e-beam lithography or synthesized by colloidal chemistry exhibit different field enhancement factors, the crystallinity of the objects being also revealed following the spectral analysis of the emitted TPL signal.Finally, a last important part of my work has dealt with the evolution of the experimental setup previously developed in the laboratory in order to be able to achieve simultaneously SNOM-SHG type and topographic characterizations. We have therefore been working on the integration of an AFM tuning fork head to our nonlinear optical bench. Above the electronic aspects related on the optimization of the tuning fork implementation, the coupling of the laser beam in the microscope has also been reconfigured.