A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of amylase supplementation upon the endogenous amylase levels and growth performance of male turkey poults. [In the first experiment, a multi-enzyme supplement containing amylase and an additional protease supplement were added to diets of low (24%) and high (28%) protein content. Enzyme supplements Significantly improved performance of birds on the low, but not on the high protein diet. Even with the improvement from enzyme addition, the performance of poults fed the low protein diet was not equal to poults fed the high protein diet. The second experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of varying levels of amylase and xylanase on bird performance, and to determine optimal level of enzyme inclusion in the basal corn-soybean meal diet. Feed utilization or growth of birds did not differ between the amylase diets, however 200 units of amylase per kilogram of feed produced numerically optimal growth and feed efficiency values. Xylanase inclusion greater than 160 units per kilogram of feed appeared to be detrimental to bird growth and feed efficiency. In the third experiment, endogenous amylase levels were measured to determine if supplemental amylase produced a quantitative, qualitative, or inhibitory effect upon the endogenous amylase activity. Amylase supplementation was found to be additive to the endogenous levels and did not inhibit endogenous activity. Amylase supplemented diets decreased body weight and feed efficiency loss due to weighing and handling stress on the birds when compared to the control and xylanase diets. Villi lengths within the jejunal and ileal sections of the small intestine were longer during the first three weeks for amylase supplemented birds when compared to intestinal villi of either the control or xylanase fed poults. The fourth experiment was conducted to compare the effect on growth and feed utilization of the serial addition of various enzyme preparations to corn-soybean poult diets. In retrospect, due to the serial application of the supplements, assessment of the benefits of a given supplement within a composite application was futile. Amylase, however, was present within the composite supplements fed to poults with the highest growth performance values. These experiments suggest that the addition of amylase to conventional corn-soybean meal turkey poult starter diets can be effective in improving growth and feed utilization during the first few weeks. The addition of amylase supplements to basal diets did not inhibit the poult endogenous amylase activity levels and were associated with increased intestinal villus length corresponding to increased utilization and absorption of nutrients. Xylanase appeared to be a detrimental enzyme additive to corn-soybean meal diets fed to male poults. / Ph. D.

Three series of experiments were conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of various phosphate products with an emphasis on the defluorinated phosphates. In Series I, phosphorus in commercial mono/dicalcium phosphates, commercial dicalcium phosphates, commercial defluorinated phosphates, and experimental defluorinated phosphates were found to be 93, 81, 70, and 76% as available as that in dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, respectively, using 3-week bodyweight and toe ash in a nonlinear regression analysis. In Series II, phosphorus in a commercial defluorinated phosphate was compared directly with that in a commercial dicalcium phosphate using poult from 1 to 4 weeks of age. No significant differences were found between the two products which may be attributed partly to the feeding of the starter diet during the pre-experimental period. The commercial defluorinated phosphate was numerically less available than the commercial dicalcium phosphate in all cases. In Series III, phosphorus in various defluorinated phosphates was compared with that in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate. Ash of dry unextracted tibia, ash of dry toe, and 0 to 3-week body weight gain as responses to added phosphorus followed a sigmoidal regression model while 0 to 2-week body weight gain followed an asymptotic model in Experiment 1. The defluorinated phosphate was found to be 53% as available as the standard. In Experiment 2, an experimental defluorinated phosphate from Series I which was found to be 76% as available as the standard was found to be 62% as available as the standard used in Series III, indicating differences in bioavailability of the two standards. In Experiment 3, two commercial defluorinated phosphates were found to have equal relative biological values, 67.2 and 67.6% as compared with the standard using poults from 0 to 2 weeks of age, and three experimental defluorinated phosphates 51.7, 74.0, and 88.2% with the product with the fine particles having the highest relative biological value. In cases where the sigmoidal regression gave a significantly better fit to the data than the asymptotic model, the relative biological values and the associated confidence limits from the asymptotic model were equal to those from the sigmoidal model. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Jeffery R. Williams / The objective of this thesis is to conduct a net present value analysis of installing a solar power generation system on company owned turkey grow out ranches. This research project provides information regarding the systems power production capacity, investment cost, maintenance requirements, amount of energy saved, useful life of the equipment, marginal state and federal tax brackets for the company. The investment cost of the system includes the price of the equipment and installation service. Many of the system costs may be offset by rebates, tax credits and grants from various government agencies. These must also be included in the financial analysis as they can greatly affect the financial viability of the project. The system is projected to have a useful life of 30 years with an inverter replacement planned for year 15. Four scenarios were evaluated using two levels of rebates and two electrical rate inflation levels. The evaluations conducted showed positive after tax NPV evaluations on three of four scenarios reviewed with the most financially attractive options available when the rebates, tax credits and grants were maximized. This was the case at both electrical rate inflation scenarios. These same scenarios produced favorable results when looking at reduction of live production ranch costs. The system effectively locked in electrical rates below current rates for the 30 year life of the system. This reduced ranch live production cost by as much as 11.73 percent. It also gives the company an advantage over the competition when used as a marketing tool due to the use of green technology in company production practices.

No description available.

L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser des altérations de qualité de la viande du porc et de la dinde. Chez porc, la qualité de la viande est handicapée par une lésion de type de myopathie exsudative appelée PSE ou viandes déstructurées dans sa forme localisée. La transformation de ces viandes conduit à de faible rendements suite à une perte d’eau importante et un grave défaut de présentation du produit fini et donc à des pertes économiques importantes. Parmi les facteurs conditionnant l’apparition de la lésion, la génétique des animaux aux loci HAL et RN occupe un premier plan. Au second plan, l’environnement pre-mortem a une influence tout aussi importante et en particulier les conditions d’abattage. L’histologie comparative des muscles montre que la structure du réseau vasculaire et la typologie des fibres musculaires chez le porc des différents génotypes HAL et RN sont responsables de leur vulnérabilité. Chez la dinde, les expressions du problème PSE dans le muscle sont vraisemblablement similaires à celles observées chez le porc. Les caractéristiques de qualité de 3 souches de dinde (Hybride, Nicholas et BUT9) ont été étudiées : la chute du pH post mortem et la couleur de la viande évaluée dans le système L*a*b* nous confortent dans cette position / The objective of this study is to characterize the alteration of meat quality of the pork and the turkey. In pork, the quality of the meat is handicapped by a lesion exsudative myopathy called PSE (Pale Soft Exsudative) or localized destructured meats. The transformation of these meats leads to a reduced performance following an important water loss and a serious defect of presentation of the end product will cause massive losses in economy. Among the factors influencing the appearance of the lesion, HAL and RN genotypes occupy the first plan to limit these effects in pork. In the second plan, the pre-mortem environment has an all-important influence also and in particular the slaughter conditions. Comparative histology of muscles shows that the structure of the vascular network and the typology of muscle fibers of various genotypes HAL and RN in pork are responsible for their vulnerability. In turkey, the expressions of PSE muscle problem are probably similar to those observed in pork. Quality characteristics of 3 lines of turkey (Hybride, Nicholas and BUT9) were studied. The rate of pH fall post-mortem and the colour of the meat (which were evaluated in the L*a*b* system) have reinforced us in this position.

Orientador: Raphael Lucio Andreatti Filho / Resumo: O agronegócio representa uma fatia expressiva do PIB (produto interno bruto) nacional e no setor produtivo, frangos e perus de corte são responsáveis por boa parte da produção e exportação de produtos cárneos. A Salmonella spp. continua sendo uma toxinfecção alimentar de importância em saúde pública, sendo que nos últimos anos o sorovar Heidelberg (SH) vem ganhando destaque por sua característica mais invasiva, com plasmídeos responsáveis pela transmissão de genes de resistência. Ele também pode provocar danos à mucosa intestinal, semelhantes aos causados pelo sorovar Enteritidis (SE) e sua detecção pode ser realizada por cultivos microbiológicos e através de suabes, mesmo que estes apresentem uma baixa confiabilidade devido à excreção intermitente da bactéria. Devido a carência de informações a respeito da patogenia da SH em ambas as espécies, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade de frangos e perus de corte às ações da SH. / Abstract: Agribusiness represents a significant share of GDP (gross domestic product) national and the productive sector, broilers and turkeys are responsible for much of the production and export of meat products. Salmonella spp. continues to be a food poisoning of public health importance, and in recent years serovar Heidelberg (SH) has been highlighted by its more invasive characteristics, with plasmids responsible for the transmission of resistance genes. It can also cause damage to the intestinal mucosa, similar to those caused by serovar Enteritidis (SE), and their detection can be performed through swabs, even if they present a low reliability due to the intermittent excretion of the bacteria. Due to the lack of information about the pathogenicity in both species, the objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of broilers and turkeys poults to SH actions. / Mestre

A partir de amostras de campo de diferentes regiões do país, o TCoV foi identificado em aves de 13-84 dias, em órgãos como intestino, rins e traqueia, por uma reação em cadeia pela polimerase para a região 3\' UTR e o gene 3. A presença deste coronavírus nesses diferentes órgãos, que não o intestino, sugere a presença de uma diferente estirpe, com características fenotípicas mais próximas em relação ao vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa das Galinhas (BIG), o IBV. Ao mesmo tempo, um perfil considerando a idade das aves positivas foi desenhado por um teste T de duas amostras, que mostrou maior positividade em aves mais jovens. Com a finalidade de desenvolver um novo ensaio de PCR, várias sequências do TCoV disponíveis no GenBank foram alinhadas, um segmento gênico foi desenhado e submetido a diferentes condições de reação. Um fragmento de 436 pb foi obtido, sequenciado e apresentou 100% de identidade quando sua sequência foi comparada a sequência completa do TCoV. A reação mostrou boa repetibilidade, bem como boa reprodutibilidade, e algumas amostras de campo não se apresentaram positivas. / TCOV was identified from field samples of birds with 13-84 days, from different regions of the country, and from organs such as intestine, kidneys and trachea, by polymerase chain reaction for 3\' UTR region and gene 3. The presence of this coronavirus in these different organs, not intestine, suggest a different strain, with similar phenotype observed in Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV). At the same time, a profile considering age of positive birds was designed by a Two sample T-test, which showed higher positivity in younger poults. Several TCOV sequences obtained from GenBank were aligned, and a genic segment was designed and submitted to different conditions in reaction in pursuit to develop a new PCR assay. A 436bp fragment was obtained, sequenced and presented 100% ID when compared to a TCOV complete sequence. The reaction featured good repetition, and reproduction as well, and some field samples did not turn out on positive results.

A partir de amostras de campo de diferentes regiões do país, o TCoV foi identificado em aves de 13-84 dias, em órgãos como intestino, rins e traqueia, por uma reação em cadeia pela polimerase para a região 3\' UTR e o gene 3. A presença deste coronavírus nesses diferentes órgãos, que não o intestino, sugere a presença de uma diferente estirpe, com características fenotípicas mais próximas em relação ao vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa das Galinhas (BIG), o IBV. Ao mesmo tempo, um perfil considerando a idade das aves positivas foi desenhado por um teste T de duas amostras, que mostrou maior positividade em aves mais jovens. Com a finalidade de desenvolver um novo ensaio de PCR, várias sequências do TCoV disponíveis no GenBank foram alinhadas, um segmento gênico foi desenhado e submetido a diferentes condições de reação. Um fragmento de 436 pb foi obtido, sequenciado e apresentou 100% de identidade quando sua sequência foi comparada a sequência completa do TCoV. A reação mostrou boa repetibilidade, bem como boa reprodutibilidade, e algumas amostras de campo não se apresentaram positivas. / TCOV was identified from field samples of birds with 13-84 days, from different regions of the country, and from organs such as intestine, kidneys and trachea, by polymerase chain reaction for 3\' UTR region and gene 3. The presence of this coronavirus in these different organs, not intestine, suggest a different strain, with similar phenotype observed in Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV). At the same time, a profile considering age of positive birds was designed by a Two sample T-test, which showed higher positivity in younger poults. Several TCOV sequences obtained from GenBank were aligned, and a genic segment was designed and submitted to different conditions in reaction in pursuit to develop a new PCR assay. A 436bp fragment was obtained, sequenced and presented 100% ID when compared to a TCOV complete sequence. The reaction featured good repetition, and reproduction as well, and some field samples did not turn out on positive results.

Setenta e seis amostras intestinais de lotes de perus apresentando ou não sinais clínicos de enterite foram avaliadas quanto à presença de adenovírus grupo 1 (TAV), vírus da enterite hemorrágica dos perus (HEV), astrovírus tipo 1 e 2 (TAstV-1 e TAstV-2), coronavírus dos perus (TCoV), reovírus, rotavírus e vírus da nefrite aviária (ANV) através da reação em cadeia da polimerase. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados quanto à região geográfica de origem das amostras, idade das aves e presença de sinais clínicos nos lotes. Foi detectada elevada positividade das amostras para pelo menos um vírus (93,4%), e grande número de amostras com associações de mais de um vírus (69,7%). Santa Catarina foi o estado com maior média de número de vírus detectados em associação nas amostras (3,14) e Goiás o estado com menor média (1,73). As amostras provenientes de aves em fase inicial de criação (1 a 4 semanas de idade) tiveram média de 3,20 vírus detectados por amostra, e 85% de detecção de TAstV-1 e TCoV (os mais frequentes), enquanto que na fase de terminação (5 a 18 semanas) foi observada menor média de vírus associados nas amostras (2,41), e os agentes mais detectados foram TAstV-1 (57,1%) e rotavírus (51,8%), no entanto, todos os vírus apresentaram menor frequência na fase de terminação do que na inicial, com exceção do TAV e reovírus. Quando os sinais clínicos estavam presentes todos os vírus foram detectados em maior percentual (sendo TAstV-1, TAstV-2 e TCoV os mais frequentes) do que nos lotes sem sinais clínicos, onde TAstV-1 e rotavírus foram os mais frequentes. Estudos posteriores são necessários para a compreensão do papel de cada vírus no desenvolvimento de enterites. / Intestinal samples from seventy-six Brazilian turkey flocks affected or not with intestinal disorders were evaluated for the presence of Adenovirus group 1 (TAV), hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), Astrovirus type 1 and 2 (TAstV-1 e TAstV-2), turkey Coronavirus (TCoV), Reovirus, Rotavirus and avian nephritis virus (ANV) using the polimerase chain reaction. Geographic location, age of the flocks and the presence of clinical signs were analyzed in order to find a relationship with the viral detection. A high frequency of positive samples for at least one virus was observed (93,4%) and 69,7% of the samples showed an association of more than one agent. The highest average number of viruses detected in association (3,14) was found in the state of Santa Catarina and Goias showed the lowest average (1,73). An average of 3,20 viruses per sample was detected in poults in initial phase of the production cycle (1 to 4 weeks of age), and TAstV-1 and TCoV were detected in 85% of the samples (the most frequent viruses), while the terminanting phase (5 to 18 weeks) showed lower average number of viruses in association (2,41), and the most frequent viruses were TAstV-1 (57,1%) and rotavírus (51,8%). However, all the viruses were detected more frequently in the initial phase rather than in the terminating phase, in exception of TAV and reoviruses. A higher detection of the viruses was observed in poults with clinical signs (as TAstV-1, TAstV-2 and TCoV were the most frequent) compared to normal birds (as TAstV-1 and rotavirus were the most frequent). Furher researches should focus on the description and comprehension of the role of each virus, and the different combinations of viruses, in the development of enteric disease.

Orientador: Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt / Banca: Antonio Carlos Paulillo / Banca: Adriano Sakai / Resumo: O Brasil possui a terceira maior produção mundial de perus, e é o segundo maior exportador desta ave. As proteínas de fase aguda são sintetizadas principalmente nos hepatócitos, porém, também há produção extra-hepática. Isto é causado por citocinas pró inflamatórias, tais como Interleucinas IL-1, IL-6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), responsáveis pela indução da síntese e secreção dessas proteínas, principalmente pelo fígado, frente uma infecção ou inflamação. O principal propósito desta investigação é demonstrar como as proteínas de fase aguda podem servir de ferramenta para monitorar a eficácia da vacinação contra a doença de Newcastle, utilizando-se as cepas LaSota ativada e inativada em perus fêmeas em fase de produção, ao se comparar com um grupo controle não vacinado. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para as concentrações da alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida entre o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota inativada e o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota ativada, na 36ª semana. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para as concentrações de IgG cadeia pesada entre o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota inativada e o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota ativada, na 38ª semana. Na 46ª semana, as concentrações de proteínas totais apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05), entre o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota inativada e o grupo controle. Na 48ª semana foram observadas diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para as concentrações da ovotransferrina, entre o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota ativada e o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota inativada e as concentrações séricas da IgG de cadeia leve apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota inativada em relação ao grupo controle. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para as concentrações da alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida entre o grupo controle e o grupo vacinado com cepa LaSota inativada, na ... / Abstract: Brazil has the third largest worldwide production of turkeys, and is the second largest exporter of this bird. The acute phase proteins are synthesized mainly in hepatocytes, but there is also an extrahepatic production. This is promoted by inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins IL-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), responsible for the induction of synthesis and secretion of these protein in response to an infection or inflammation. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how the acute phase proteins could be used as tools to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination against Newcastle disease, using the LaSota activated and inactivated strains in female egg-laying turkeys when compared with a non-vaccinated control group. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found for the concentrations of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein between the group vaccinated with the LaSota inactivated strain and the group vaccinated with LaSota activated strain at 36 weeks. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found for the concentrations of IgG heavy chain from the group vaccinated with the LaSota inactivated strain and the group vaccinated with the LaSota activated strain at 38 weeks. In the 46th week, the total protein concentrations showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the group vaccinated with the LaSota inactivated strain and the control group. On week 48 significant differences (p<0.05) were found for the concentrations of ovotransferrin, between vaccinated birds with LaSota activated strain and the group vaccinated with the LaSota inactivated strain, and serum concentrations of IgG light chain showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the group vaccinated with the LaSota inactivated strain in the control group. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found for the concentrations of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein between the control group and the group vaccinated with LaSota inactivated ... / Mestre