This study explored media discourse of gender violence against Black women in Black contemporary films. Four Tyler Perry films were examined using a novel, qualitative and analytical framework: Black Feminist Discourse Analysis. Discourses that were studied include, but were not limited to: portrayals of gender violence and victims, character dispositions and interactions, stereotypes, relationship dynamics as well as portrayals of race, gender, sexuality and religion. The use of new and existing controlling images based on systems of race, gender, sexuality and religion were revealed in a transitional and systemic model. Common themes across the films are provided. This research closes with concluding assertions grounded by existing literature and the current study’s findings, as well as recommendations for future film writing and production and implications for social work.

Esta dissertação é sobre filosofia do entendimento. Buscaremos responder questões como: O que é o conteúdo de um pensamento? Como entendemos um conteúdo de um pensamento? Como se dá uma deliberação? Qual o papel do conteúdo do pensamento em uma deliberação? Que tipo de acesso temos ao conteúdo do pensamento? Para tanto, nos deteremos em analisar a filosofia anti-individualista de Tyler Burge a partir das objeções levantadas por Åsa Wikforss (2006), que defende que o Princípio de Frege é incompatível com a teoria do entendimento incompleto e que a noção burgeana de conteúdo não é capaz de desempenhar à função de capturar a perspectiva cognitiva de primeira pessoa. Veremos como a leitura burgeana do Princípio de Frege é capaz de dissolver a incompatibilidade alegada. Defenderemos a tese de que o conteúdo do pensamento na concepção anti-individualista é capaz de capturar a perspectiva cognitiva de primeira pessoa mediante uma compreensão aprofundada do papel do conteúdo representacional na deliberação, considerando sua inserção no sistema filosófico de Burge que o relaciona com a teoria das garantias epistêmicas e da percepção. Ao atentarmos para a distinção entre significado lexical e significado de tradução, apresentaremos um argumento em defesa da tese de que a teoria do entendimento anti-individualista explica melhor a perspectiva cognitiva e é mais condizente com a prática comum do que as teorias do conteúdo que residem no plano de fundo da interpretação de Wikforss acerca do Princípio de Frege. Por fim, proporemos e defenderemos uma leitura alternativa do Princípio de Frege que julgamos exprimir melhor tanto a visão anti-individualista quanto a fregeana. / This thesis is concerned with the philosophy of understanding. We will try to answer questions such as: What is thought content? How do we understand a thought content? How do we deliberate? What is the role of a thought content in a deliberation? What kind of access do we have to a thought content? For this, we will focus on analyzing the anti-individualist philosophy of Tyler Burge with respect to the objections raised by Åsa Wikforss (2006), who argues that Frege's Principle is incompatible with the Theory of Incomplete Understanding and that the Burgean notion of content is not able to fulfill the function of capturing the cognitive perspective from a first person point of view. We shall see how the Burgean reading of Frege's Principle is capable of dissolving the alleged incompatibility. We will defend the thesis that thought content on the anti-individualist account is capable of capturing the cognitive perspective of the first person point of view through a deep comprehension of the role of the representational content in deliberation, considering that‟s insertion in the philosophical system of Burge‟s, who connects it with the theories of epistemic warrants and of perception. Moreover, when we look at the distinction between lexical meaning and translational meaning, we will present an argument in defense of the thesis that the anti-individualist theory of understanding better explains the cognitive perspective and is more genuine to the common practice than the content theories which are on the background of Wikforss‟ interpretation of the Frege‟s Principle. Finally, we will propose and defend an alternative reading of Frege's Principle that we think will better capture both the anti-individualistic and the Fregean views.

Esta dissertação é sobre filosofia do entendimento. Buscaremos responder questões como: O que é o conteúdo de um pensamento? Como entendemos um conteúdo de um pensamento? Como se dá uma deliberação? Qual o papel do conteúdo do pensamento em uma deliberação? Que tipo de acesso temos ao conteúdo do pensamento? Para tanto, nos deteremos em analisar a filosofia anti-individualista de Tyler Burge a partir das objeções levantadas por Åsa Wikforss (2006), que defende que o Princípio de Frege é incompatível com a teoria do entendimento incompleto e que a noção burgeana de conteúdo não é capaz de desempenhar à função de capturar a perspectiva cognitiva de primeira pessoa. Veremos como a leitura burgeana do Princípio de Frege é capaz de dissolver a incompatibilidade alegada. Defenderemos a tese de que o conteúdo do pensamento na concepção anti-individualista é capaz de capturar a perspectiva cognitiva de primeira pessoa mediante uma compreensão aprofundada do papel do conteúdo representacional na deliberação, considerando sua inserção no sistema filosófico de Burge que o relaciona com a teoria das garantias epistêmicas e da percepção. Ao atentarmos para a distinção entre significado lexical e significado de tradução, apresentaremos um argumento em defesa da tese de que a teoria do entendimento anti-individualista explica melhor a perspectiva cognitiva e é mais condizente com a prática comum do que as teorias do conteúdo que residem no plano de fundo da interpretação de Wikforss acerca do Princípio de Frege. Por fim, proporemos e defenderemos uma leitura alternativa do Princípio de Frege que julgamos exprimir melhor tanto a visão anti-individualista quanto a fregeana. / This thesis is concerned with the philosophy of understanding. We will try to answer questions such as: What is thought content? How do we understand a thought content? How do we deliberate? What is the role of a thought content in a deliberation? What kind of access do we have to a thought content? For this, we will focus on analyzing the anti-individualist philosophy of Tyler Burge with respect to the objections raised by Åsa Wikforss (2006), who argues that Frege's Principle is incompatible with the Theory of Incomplete Understanding and that the Burgean notion of content is not able to fulfill the function of capturing the cognitive perspective from a first person point of view. We shall see how the Burgean reading of Frege's Principle is capable of dissolving the alleged incompatibility. We will defend the thesis that thought content on the anti-individualist account is capable of capturing the cognitive perspective of the first person point of view through a deep comprehension of the role of the representational content in deliberation, considering that‟s insertion in the philosophical system of Burge‟s, who connects it with the theories of epistemic warrants and of perception. Moreover, when we look at the distinction between lexical meaning and translational meaning, we will present an argument in defense of the thesis that the anti-individualist theory of understanding better explains the cognitive perspective and is more genuine to the common practice than the content theories which are on the background of Wikforss‟ interpretation of the Frege‟s Principle. Finally, we will propose and defend an alternative reading of Frege's Principle that we think will better capture both the anti-individualistic and the Fregean views.

Esta dissertação é sobre filosofia do entendimento. Buscaremos responder questões como: O que é o conteúdo de um pensamento? Como entendemos um conteúdo de um pensamento? Como se dá uma deliberação? Qual o papel do conteúdo do pensamento em uma deliberação? Que tipo de acesso temos ao conteúdo do pensamento? Para tanto, nos deteremos em analisar a filosofia anti-individualista de Tyler Burge a partir das objeções levantadas por Åsa Wikforss (2006), que defende que o Princípio de Frege é incompatível com a teoria do entendimento incompleto e que a noção burgeana de conteúdo não é capaz de desempenhar à função de capturar a perspectiva cognitiva de primeira pessoa. Veremos como a leitura burgeana do Princípio de Frege é capaz de dissolver a incompatibilidade alegada. Defenderemos a tese de que o conteúdo do pensamento na concepção anti-individualista é capaz de capturar a perspectiva cognitiva de primeira pessoa mediante uma compreensão aprofundada do papel do conteúdo representacional na deliberação, considerando sua inserção no sistema filosófico de Burge que o relaciona com a teoria das garantias epistêmicas e da percepção. Ao atentarmos para a distinção entre significado lexical e significado de tradução, apresentaremos um argumento em defesa da tese de que a teoria do entendimento anti-individualista explica melhor a perspectiva cognitiva e é mais condizente com a prática comum do que as teorias do conteúdo que residem no plano de fundo da interpretação de Wikforss acerca do Princípio de Frege. Por fim, proporemos e defenderemos uma leitura alternativa do Princípio de Frege que julgamos exprimir melhor tanto a visão anti-individualista quanto a fregeana. / This thesis is concerned with the philosophy of understanding. We will try to answer questions such as: What is thought content? How do we understand a thought content? How do we deliberate? What is the role of a thought content in a deliberation? What kind of access do we have to a thought content? For this, we will focus on analyzing the anti-individualist philosophy of Tyler Burge with respect to the objections raised by Åsa Wikforss (2006), who argues that Frege's Principle is incompatible with the Theory of Incomplete Understanding and that the Burgean notion of content is not able to fulfill the function of capturing the cognitive perspective from a first person point of view. We shall see how the Burgean reading of Frege's Principle is capable of dissolving the alleged incompatibility. We will defend the thesis that thought content on the anti-individualist account is capable of capturing the cognitive perspective of the first person point of view through a deep comprehension of the role of the representational content in deliberation, considering that‟s insertion in the philosophical system of Burge‟s, who connects it with the theories of epistemic warrants and of perception. Moreover, when we look at the distinction between lexical meaning and translational meaning, we will present an argument in defense of the thesis that the anti-individualist theory of understanding better explains the cognitive perspective and is more genuine to the common practice than the content theories which are on the background of Wikforss‟ interpretation of the Frege‟s Principle. Finally, we will propose and defend an alternative reading of Frege's Principle that we think will better capture both the anti-individualistic and the Fregean views.

Held in 1977, the Utah State International Women's Year (IWY) Conference became a battleground. Mobilized by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) and conservative groups, 14,000 women revolted against the state coordinating committee. Chaired by Jan Tyler, Utah's IWY committee tried to plan the conference to include both liberals and conservatives; however, they found themselves overwhelmed by the audience. The participants rejected all nationally formulated resolutions, voted against or reworded workshop sponsored resolutions, and elected to the National IWY Conference an overwhelmingly LDS, conservative slate of delegates. Mobilization of conservatives at Utah's meeting was complex. The LDS Church enlisted the help of state representative Georgia Peterson to encourage LDS members to attend and to promote a slate of conservative LDS women. Concurrently, Dennis Kerr and the Conservative Caucus mobilized conservatives through political channels to encourage attendance. Conservatives were suspicious of the National IWY Committee and Utah's IWY committee, their motives, and practices. They feared resolutions would be passed that they did not endorse. Conservatives believed this meeting was part of a national conspiracy to pass the Equal Rights Amendment. In addition, they wanted delegates who would represent them and their values at the National IWY Conference in Houston. While some conservatives voted blindly against resolutions, the rhetoric within workshops shows that many women who attended the conference had defendable reasons for rejecting resolutions. These conservatives opposed resolutions that favored increased taxes, federal control, reverse discrimination, the Equal Rights Amendment, abortion, and homosexuality. Conservatives rewrote or altered resolutions to advocate local control, community involvement, reform of government agencies, protection of traditional gender roles, and volunteerism. Understanding conservatives' motivations and rhetoric in this conference explains why they acted the way they did and their objections to many liberal tenets. Conservatives saw Utah's meeting as a battleground, and they came prepared to fight.

Cette étude propose de réviser le postulat selon lequel le roman américain ne naît que dans les années 1820, pour suggérer que cette forme émerge plus tôt, entre 1789 et 1819. La période qui suit la fin de la guerre d’Indépendance n’est pas favorable à la naissance du roman : les élites craignent alors la déchéance de la jeune République, et la fiction risque de faire basculer le pays dans l’anarchie. Les œuvres des premiers auteurs américains sont fortement façonnées par l’impératif de didactisme et d’utilité sociale et morale qui pèse alors sur la création littéraire. Toutefois, le roman qui émerge dans les années 1790 demeure une forme sombre, plurielle et paradoxale qui résiste à toute tentative de recadrage et de maîtrise, comme en témoigne particulièrement l’œuvre de Charles Brockden Brown. Alors qu’une première tradition littéraire a commencé à se mettre en place au tournant du siècle, le roman subit une transformation esthétique majeure au cours des années 1800 et 1810. Il dépeint à présent avec nostalgie, dans une forme lisse, mesurée et linéaire, une Amérique qui n’existe plus ou qui n’a jamais existé, dans laquelle tout est perpétuellement ordonné et transparent. Ces ouvrages ne marquent pourtant pas l’avènement du roman américain, car leur équilibre est artificiel et les éléments sombres sont toujours lisibles au cours de ces deux décennies. Nous concluons qu’un roman spécifiquement américain se développe effectivement entre 1789 et 1819, qui, au moyen de deux esthétiques opposées mais complémentaires, s’interroge sur l’individualité, le temps et l’écriture, dans une quête perpétuelle d’équilibre et de maîtrise qui ne se réalise jamais vraiment. / Although critics still widely consider the American novel only emerges in the 1820s, this dissertation invalidates this assertion and suggests that it rises between 1789 and 1819 and has specific aesthetic characteristics. The period that follows the close of the Revolution is not favorable to the development of the novel: the elites fear the fall of the early Republic, and the novel might precipitate the nation into anarchy. The first American authors’ works are fashioned by the social and moral imperatives that influence writing at that time. Despite these measures, the novels published in the 1790s are dark, fragmented and paradoxical and resist any attempt at order and control, as Charles Brockden Brown’s works show. While the 1790s seem to witness the development of a specifically American tradition, the novel undergoes a major aesthetic change at the beginning of the 19th century. Long fictions now depict, with nostalgia and in a smooth, balanced, strongly linear form, an ordered and transparent American nation that is no more or that never existed. Yet these works do not indicate that the American novel has reached its mature form, as their balance is purely artificial and unruly elements are still at work during those decades. We conclude that a specifically American novel emerges during the thirty years following the Revolution: under two different but complementary aesthetics, this genre questions matters linked to individuality, time and writing, and is haunted by a quest for control and balance that never really comes to completion.

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This work is a study of the origins, development, and contributions of the black religious colleges of East Texas. The central purpose of the study is to reexamine the role Wiley, Bishop, Texas, and Jarvis colleges have played in black higher education. Although prior to 1960 most studies of Negro institutions of higher education described such schools as total failures in their effort to uplift American Negroes, since that time many scholars have published works which pointed up the achievements as well as the problems of those colleges. In addition to their efforts to provide the Negro community with capable leaders, the black religious colleges of East Texas also directed public service projects. Especially beneficial, these efforts, which included farm demonstration programs and home demonstration classes, were designed to help black people at whatever level needed. Wiley, Bishop, Texas College, and Jarvis have not been total failures. Although always academically weak, they have served the black community well. However, in spite of the valuable service they have rendered, unless these schools can generate new and larger sources of revenue, they stand little chance of remaining viable institutions. Each of these colleges desperately needs more money. Ironically, it may be that black colleges will decline in the future primarily not because their raison d' etre has been eliminated, but because the public and government agencies have concluded that such institutions no longer warrant their support.

[ES] Las ciudades portuarias se benefician de diseños innovadores a un ritmo más rápido que los asentamientos del interior, sirviendo como campos de prueba y laboratorios técnico-edilicios. Este fue el caso de las tecnologías edilicias y los pioneros que se arriesgaron a utilizarlas en la región rodeada del Mar Caribe y el Océano Atlántico. Estas obras fueron importantes exponentes de una evolución y revolución tecnológica, desde 1895-1930, enmarcados por la Revolución Industrial y las guerras que definieron el período. Las tecnologías de construcción de principios del siglo XX que utilizaron el cemento pórtland, han sido poco estudiadas en los trópicos. Lograr un entendimiento del importante papel que jugaron los elementos arquitectónicos fabricados con materiales de vanguardia en esta época como las armaduras de acero, forman la base de este estudio, ya que promovieron la evolución de la arquitectura tropical, particularmente en Cuba. El diseño de componentes estructurales, fachadas e interiores fueron profundamente impactados por elementos arquitectónicos posibilitados por un molde con mezcla de cemento que permitió todo tipo de siluetas y formas y que facilitó la instalación, y proporcionó competitividad en costo. Durante la última década del siglo XIX, tanto empresarios como artesanos de España y Estados Unidos emigraron al Caribe Hispano. Productos de cemento pórtland fueron inicialmente importados del Viejo Mundo hasta que se establecieron las primeras fábricas de cemento locales. Luego de la Guerra Hispano-cubano-americana de 1898, durante un período de crecimiento económico debido a la productividad y ventas del azúcar, hubo un aumento en los proyectos de construcción de cemento y aquellos con estructuras de acero estructural como nuevos materiales edilicios. La instauración de un gobierno temporero por los E.E. U.U. en Cuba, proveyó un activo amanecer a la industrialización en la región y la inmigración de profesionales de la industria de la construcción. En las islas progresistas del Caribe Hispano, el furor por la "modernización" aumentó debido a los logros estructurales exitosos en los E.E. U.U. para esta época, donde edificios en ciudades como Chicago y Nueva York habían alcanzado nuevas alturas y estructuras mucho más ligeras construidas con esqueletos fabricados de acero. Durante este período de experimentación y riesgo descontrolado, el uso de elementos importados para edificar una estructura de acero sirvió como sustituto viable a la construcción tradicional. Esto ayudó a que se convirtiese en la tecnología preferida para la construcción de estructuras altas, ligeras, con menos divisiones interiores, grandes ventanales y a prueba de fuego y de huracanes. Como resultado de estas iniciativas, entre los años 1899-1900, se estableció en La Habana la primera sucursal ultramar de los ingenieros estadounidenses Purdy & Henderson. Los esfuerzos y visión de esta empresa exitosa de diseño, compuesta por ingenieros y arquitectos talentosos y experimentados, los trajeron a Cuba, donde podrían establecerse con sus conocimientos vanguardistas y experiencia innovadora. Poco se ha escrito sobre la importante obra habanera de P&H, y esta tesis llena este vacío. Los primeros proyectos cubanos de esta compañía, que coincidieron con los años fundacionales de la República de Cuba, incluyeron múltiples edificios con estructura de acero revestidos con distintos materiales arquitectónicos. Entre estas estructuras emblemáticas se encuentran el Centro Gallego, el Capitolio, y el Hotel Nacional. Sus labores incluyeron una estrecha colaboración con arquitectos e ingenieros cubanos, sirviendoles como sus consultores. A la vez, P&H incorporó servicios de construcción y supervisión de obras a esta sucursal de su empresa, e incluyó también la importación de materiales y equipos para proyectos. Sus contribuciones en Cuba (y específicamente en La Habana), como poder importante en la región, merecen el enfoque de esta tesis doctoral. / [CA] Les ciutats portuàries es beneficien de dissenys innovadors a un ritme més ràpid que els assentaments de l'interior, servint com a camps de prova i laboratoris tècnic-edilicis. Aquest va ser el cas de les tecnologies edilícies i els pioners que es van arriscar a utilitzar-les a la regió envoltada de la Mar Carib i l'Oceà Atlàntic. Aquestes obres van ser importants exponents d'una evolució i revolució tecnològica, des de 1895-1930, emmarcats per la Revolució Industrial i les guerres que van definir el període. Les tecnologies de construcció de principis del segle XX que van utilitzar el ciment pòrtland, han estat poc estudiades en els tròpics. Aconseguir un enteniment de l'important paper que van jugar els elements arquitectònics fabricats amb materials d'avantguarda en aquesta època com les armadures d'acer, formen la base d'aquest estudi, ja que van promoure l'evolució de l'arquitectura tropical, particularment a Cuba. El disseny de components estructurals, façanes i interiors van ser profundament impactats per elements arquitectònics possibilitats per un motlle amb mescla de ciment que va permetre tot tipus de siluetes i formes i que va facilitar la instal·lació, i va proporcionar competitivitat en cost. Durant l'última dècada del segle XIX, tant empresaris com artesans d'Espanya i els Estats Units van emigrar al Carib Hispà. Productes de ciment pòrtland van ser inicialment importats del Vell Món fins que es van establir les primeres fàbriques de ciment locals. Després de la Guerra Hispà-cubà-americana de 1898, durant un període de creixement econòmic a causa de la productivitat i vendes del sucre, va haver-hi un augment en els projectes de construcció de ciment i aquells amb estructures d'acer estructural com a nous materials edilicis. La instauració d'un govern temporer pels E.E. U.U. a Cuba, va proveir un actiu començar el dia a la industrialització a la regió i la immigració de professionals de la indústria de la construcció. A les illes progressistes del Carib Hispà, el furor per la "modernització" va augmentar a causa dels assoliments estructurals reeixits en els E.E. U.U. per a aquesta època, on edificis en ciutats com Chicago i Nova York havien aconseguit noves altures i estructures molt més lleugeres construïdes amb esquelets fabricats d'acer. Durant aquest període d'experimentació i risc descontrolat, l'ús d'elements importats per a edificar una estructura d'acer va servir com a substitut viable a la construcció tradicional. Això va ajudar al fet que es convertís en la tecnologia preferida per a la construcció d'estructures altes, lleugeres, amb menys divisions interiors, grans finestrals i a prova de foc i d'huracans. Com a resultat d'aquestes iniciatives, entre els anys 1899-1900, es va establir a l'Havana la primera sucursal ultramar dels enginyers estatunidencs Purdy & Henderson. Els esforços i visió d'aquesta empresa reeixida de disseny, composta per enginyers i arquitectes talentosos i experimentats, els van portar a Cuba, on podrien establir-se amb els seus coneixements avantguardistes i experiència innovadora. Poc s'ha escrit sobre la important obra havanera de P&H, i aquesta tesi plena aquest buit. Els primers projectes cubans d'aquesta companyia, que van coincidir amb els anys fundacionals de la República de Cuba, van incloure múltiples edificis amb estructura d'acer revestits amb diferents materials arquitectònics. Entre aquestes estructures emblemàtiques es troben el Centre Gallec, el Capitoli, i l'Hotel Nacional. La feina de casa van incloure una estreta col·laboració amb arquitectes i enginyers cubans, sirviéndoles com els seus consultors. Alhora, P&H va incorporar serveis de construcció i supervisió d'obres a aquesta sucursal de la seva empresa, i va incloure també la importació de materials i equips per a projectes. Les seves contribucions a Cuba (i específicament a l'Havana), com a poder important a la regió, mereixen l'enfocament d'aquesta tesi doctoral. / [EN] Port cities benefit from innovative designs at a faster rate than inland settlements, serving as testing grounds and structural-technical laboratories. This was the case of the building technologies and pioneers who risked using them in the region surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. These projects were important exponents of a technological evolution and revolution, from 1895-1930, framed by the Industrial Revolution and the wars that defined the period. Early 20th century construction technologies using Portland cement have been under studied in the tropics. Achieving an understanding of the important role these architectural elements played as avant-garde materials of the time, such as the steel frame, form the basis of this study, since they promoted the evolution of tropical architecture, particularly in Cuba. The design of structural components, facades and interiors were deeply impacted by architectural elements made possible by a cement mix and a mold that allowed for all kinds of forms and shapes and facilitated installation while providing cost competitiveness. During the last decade of the 19th century, both businessmen and artisans from Spain and the United States immigrated to the Hispanic Caribbean. Portland cement products were initially imported from the Old World until the first local cement factories were established. After the Spanish-Cuban-American War of 1898, during a period of economic growth due to the productivity and sales of sugar, there was an increase in construction projects with cement as well as those with structural steel structures as new building materials. The establishment of a temporary government by the USA in Cuba, provided the dawn for industrialization in the region and the immigration of professionals from the construction industry. In the progressive islands of the Spanish Caribbean, the rage for "modernization" increased due to successful structural achievements in the USA by this time, where buildings in cities like Chicago and New York had reached new heights and much lighter structures built with frames made of steel. During this period of experimentation and uncontrolled risk, the use of imported elements to build a steel structure served as a viable substitute for traditional construction. This helped make it the preferred technology for building tall, lightweight structures with fewer interior divisions, large windows, and that were fire and hurricane proof. As a result of these initiatives, between the years 1899-1900, the first overseas branch of American engineers Purdy & Henderson was established in Havana. The efforts and vision of this successful design firm, comprised of talented and experienced engineers and architects, brought them to Cuba, where they could establish themselves with their cutting-edge knowledge and innovative expertise. Little has been written about the important Havana work of P&H, and this thesis fills this gap. The first Cuban projects of this company, which coincided with the founding years of the Republic of Cuba, included multiple buildings with steel structures covered with different architectural materials. Amongst their emblematic structures are the Centro Gallego, the Capitolio, and the Hotel Nacional. Their work included a close collaboration with Cuban architects and engineers, serving as their consultants. Concurrently, P&H added construction and supervision services to this branch of its company, and also included the importation of plumbing materials and project equipment. Their contributions in Cuba (and specifically in Havana), as an important power in the region, deserve the focus of this doctoral thesis. / Cueto De Pantel, BD. (2023). Nuevos materiales y tecnologías edilicias en el Caribe Hispano y sus pioneros (1895-1930) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/193685