Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Bremen.

L’étude qui s’ouvre se propose d’explorer, de définir et de valider une question d’un grand intérêt épistémologique transdisciplinaire, celui de l’existence des rôles, de la conscience de rôle et des relations de rôles. Elle veut donner un statut et une fonction à cette notion de rôle pour les sciences humaines, cela en prêtant attention aux évolutions de ces rôles au cours des derniers siècles. Partant de l’idée que nous sommes toujours en rôle, qu’il n’y a pas d’hors-rôle possible, que la rencontre intersubjective se fait toujours à travers des rôles, transitoires ou pérennes, cette recherche veut voir les aspects positifs et structurants, et aussi ses écueils, autant pour l’individu que pour le corps social, de ce système ou dispositif des rôles. La constitution de ces rôles et de leurs contenus réalise en effet un dispositif médiateur d’une importance particulière, définissant selon diverses modalités les attentes et accords que nous avons les uns vis-à-vis des autres, régulant l’organisation des liens et des tâches. Nous verrons comment les rôles se constituent, s’édifient, se redéfinissent et se réinventent constamment. Cette question du partage des rôles et de l’adhésion de chacun aux rôles, éventuelle et toujours problématique, doit être pensée dans la perspective du vivant. Un regard phylogénétique permet d’inscrire la formation du système des rôles comme une nécessité du vivant : pour confirmer cette thèse, on a eu recours non seulement à l’observation du monde animal mais on a voulu considérer également l’hypothèse de la néoténie humaine. S’approchant des implications psychologiques et psychopathologiques de la question, il revient à cette recherche d’explorer les différentes manières et modalités par lesquelles on se rapporte aux rôles. Sommes-nous toujours conscients du fait que nous occupons un ou plusieurs rôles et que c’est à nous d’en élaborer ou concevoir le cahier de charge ? Comment et pourquoi y adhérer ? C’est à partir de ces questions que s’est imposée l’analyse de la désinvolture, attitude qui porte la marque d’une légèreté ou négligence dans l’engagement et l’investissement de ces rôles que chacun s’est assigné d’occuper : par cette légèreté, par des impensées ou des négligences, faute d’une conscience de rôle pas ou peu élaborée, l’individu est souvent amené à échouer dans son rôle, à le manquer, sans lui restituer de réponses de substitutions. Une analyse anthropo-phénoménologique de la désinvolture montrera comment cette attitude, très proche de l’immaturité au point d’en être, dans certains cas, considérée comme une ultime manifestation, est présente, de manières différentes, aussi dans divers contextes pathologiques (personnalités pathologiques ou parfois pathologies véritables) soit par excès ou par défaut (chez le Typus Melancolicus, la désinvolture est totalement absente). Entre normalité et pathologies (pathopsychologiques aussi bien que pathoéducatives), le statut de la désinvolture est complexe car cette attitude est également associée à de nombreuses transgressions, que ce soit volontairement ou involontairement, par les nombreux impensés de rôle qui la caractérisent : le domaine de la sécurité routière exprime bien la dynamique désinvolte par le grand nombre de fautes d’imprudences, imprévoyances, inconséquences ou négligences ressortissant à ce registre des comportements désinvoltes. L’étude des liens entre désinvolture et transgressions alimente ainsi l’analyse formelle de la transgression (transgressologie générale). Une transgressologie générale se doit de mettre en évidence les modalités et raisons primaires de ces transgressions, quels que soient les accords préalables et la nature de ce qui est transgressé. / This study aims to explore, define and validate a topic of great epistemological transdisciplinary interest, which is the existence of roles (anthropological, emotional and social roles), the role-consciousness and the role relationships. Indeed, the study aims to provide a status and a function to the notion of role for the human sciences, paying attention to the evolution of roles over the latest centuries. Taking into the account that we are always in the role (thrown to roles), the out-role is not possible, the inter-meeting is carried out through transient or everlasting roles, this research aims to consider its positive and its structuring aspects but also its obstacles, both referred to the individual and the social body. In fact, the establishment of roles and their contents outlines a particularly important mediator device, defining, in different ways, expectations and agreements that might have both elements, adjusting the organization of ties (benefits, obligations and constraints) and tasks. We will analyze whether this system of roles allows a limitation of the conflicts and an optimization of ergonomic or emotional subdivision, whether these roles can receive adaptations, redefinitions and necessary modulations. We will see how the roles are constantly built, redefined and reinvented. The issue of the partition of roles and the compliance of each person to his own role, if any and always problematic, must be analyzed from the living perspective. A phylogenetic perspective allows us to look at the formation of the system of roles as one of the living necessities: to confirm this thesis, we have observed not only the animal world, but we have also considered the possibility of human neoteny.Approaching the psychological and psychopathological implications of the matter, the task of this research is to explore the different ways by which we relate to the roles. Are we always aware of the fact we play one or more roles, and that we are in charge of elaborating the relevant tasks? How and why to join them? Starting from these questions, an analysis on nonchalance has emerged. The nonchalance, also defined as ease or calmness, is the attitude of carelessness or negligence in the commitment and investment of the roles that each person has chosen to play: through this carelessness or negligence, through what has not been thought (or evaluated) the individual is often led to fail in his role, to miss it, without giving him alternative answers. This happens due to a little or not elaborate role-consciousness. An anthropological-phenomenological analysis will show how this attitude of nonchalance - very close to immaturity to the point of being considered, in some cases, as a last manifestation of immaturity - is present in a different ways, also in various pathological contexts (pathological personality or sometimes true pathologies), both for defect and for excess (the Typus melancolicus does not express nonchalance at all).Stuck between normality and pathology, the status of nonchalance is complex since this attitude is associated with numerous voluntary or involuntary transgressions, due to the many aspects that have not been previously taken into account and that characterize it: the field of road safety shows the ease dynamic works, because of the many errors committed by imprudence, improvidence, incoherence or negligence that belong to the register of nonchalant behavior. The study of the links between confidence and transgressions feeds the formal analysis of the transgression (General transgressology). A general trasngressology has the task of highlighting the mode and the primary reasons for these transgressions, whatever the agreement and nature of what has been transgressed is.

The conservation status of the widely-distributed whale shark Rhincodon typus is presently listed as 'Indeterminate - Data Deficient'. One of the main hindrances to obtaining biological data on whale sharks that is relevant to determining its 'conservation status' is that this species has rarely been recorded as occurring in sufficient numbers to obtain quantitative data. However, R. typus does form aggregations at Ningaloo Marine Park (NMP), Western Australia, annually between March and June. This has enabled studies to be made of aspects of the biology of R. typus and of the possible impacts of the ecotourism industry on this species. Using a position provided on vessels involved with the whale shark ecotourism industry at NMP, R. typus was observed on 360 separate occasions in 1995, 1996 and 1997, and it was possible to sex 90.3% of these sharks. The majority of the sexed sharks (84.6%) were male and ranged in length from 4 to 12 m, with a mean of 7.4 m, while the females ranged in length from 4.5 to 8.5 m, with a mean of 6.2 m. The size and degree of abrasion of the claspers was used as an indicator of whether or not a male shark had mated. Using such criteria, it was estimated that male whale sharks start to mature at ca 8 m and that ca 50% are mature by the time they reach 8.6m. Observations suggested that R. typus feeds by using both suction and flow-through mechanisms. The prey that were observed being ingested included coral spawn, tropical krill, mysids and small jellyfish. The contents of a faecal sample contained parts of the exoskeleton of copepods and the scales of small fishes. The degree of mouth distension, which is assumed to be related to feeding activity, was low during most observation periods. Photographs of the scars and natural patterning on the skin of individual sharks were used to construct a photographic library for subsequent identification of these sharks. The features used for identifying individual sharks were chosen because they were considered likely to remain for a protracted period. The Whale Shark Photo -identification Library that was produced provides details on the characteristic features of 52 R. typus that were present at NMP. Six individuals were recorded at NMP in both 1995 and 1996, four in both 1996 and 1997, and one in both 1995 and 1997. No identified whale sharks were recorded in all three years. Rhincodon typus was distributed widely throughout NMP, with most boat and aerial sightings lying within 1 - 2 Ism of the reef crest between Tantabiddi and Turquoise Bay. Rhincodon typus was typically sighted in water depths of 10 to 30 m. The sharks were predominantly travelling parallel to Ningaloo Reef, with significantly more moving in a northward than southward direction. Acoustic tracking of R. typus in 1997 suggested that this species remains within NMP for extended periods and is at the surface for ca 17% of daylight hours. The number and species of fauna observed to be associated with R. typus were recorded, and a new species of copepod, Pandarus sp. nov., which lives on the skin of R. typus has been described. Golden trevally (Gnathanodon speciosus), miscellaneous trevally (Carangid sp.), remora (Remora sp.) and slender suckerfish (Echeneis naucrates) were common. The prevalence of Pandarus sp. nov. was inversely proportional to the number of Remora sp. and E. mucrates in 1996, while the opposite was true in 1997, suggesting that Pandarus sp. nov. were preyed on by these diskfish. Rhincodon typus is the basis of the ecotourism industry that operates within NMP each year. While there was considerable variation in the number of tour vessels searching for whale sharks at NMP each year, the greatest mean number of vessels operating per week in successive whale shark seasons were 6.7 during Week 8 (April 19 - 25) of 1995, 6.1 during Week 7 (April 12 - 18) of 1996 and 6.9 during Week 8 (April 19 - 25) of 1997. The greatest mean numbers of whale sharks sighted per week in each year were 5.1 during Week 14 (May 31 - June 6) of 1995,4.2 during Week 6 (April 5 - 11) of 1996 and 4.1 during Week 8 (April 19 - 25) of 1997. Tourists, who were permitted to swim alongside R. tyus, interacted with sharks for a mean period of 19.3 rnin in 1995, 14.2 min in 1996 and 9.5 rnin in 1997. The reduction in the duration of interaction in three successive years suggests that, over time, R. typus may have become slightly less tolerant of the ecotourism industry at NMP. The mean minimum distance between vessel and shark during each interaction was 20.7 m in 1995, 21.3 m in 1996 and 31.0 m in 1997. The mean minimum distance between tourist and shark during each interaction was 1.5 m in 1995, 2.05 m in 1996, and 2.1 m in 1997. The mean minimum distance of vessel and tourist from R. typus during each individual interaction decreased as the duration of the interaction increased. Therefore, both R. typus and this industry must be carefully monitored to ensure that the impacts of humans are kept to a minimum and thereby ensure that whale sharks return to NMP each year. An ethology of whale shark behaviours, which included banking, porpoising, diving and eye-rolling, was produced in an attempt to determine whether there is evidence that the ecotourism industry has a negative impact on R. opus at NMP. The frequency of behavioural change was greatest in the first 0 - 5 min of an observation. Eye-rolling by R. typus was recorded as a reaction to flash-photography, while banking was often recorded when SCUBA was used and/or tourists swam beneath the head of the shark. The swimming speed of R. typus at NMP was rarely too fast for tourists to maintain proximity to the sharks. Several sharks possessed both recent and healed scars, which were probably inflicted by vessel contact. The recent wounds indicate that vessels had caused injuries to R. typus within NMP. These individuals tended to display a higher frequency of avoidance behaviours and reduced interaction times. Recommendations are provided to the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management which are aimed at reducing the potential deleterious effects of the ecotourism industry on the whale sharks at NMP.

Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2007

Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2007

In a recent global study of whale shark population genetics, aggregations were found to belong to either the Indo-Pacific or Atlantic population. This overview included an aggregation found within the Red Sea near Al Lith, Saudi Arabia, however the Mafia Island, Tanzania, aggregation was not part of the study. Both aggregations have unique aspects with the Saudi Arabian individuals showing sexual parity with no segregation, while recent acoustic results have revealed cryptic residency at Mafia Island. Genetic analysis using 11 microsatellite markers was performed on whale sharks from both locations. A combination of primers sourced from previous studies and newly designed primers were used to compare both aggregations and the individuals within. Samples were collected in the Red Sea for 5 seasons spanning 6 years, and for 2 seasons in Tanzania. Analysis with STRUCTURE showed a lack of significant genetic differences between the two aggregations, confirming that whale sharks in Tanzania are part of the Indo-Pacific population. Kinship analysis using COLONY found two potential pairs of full siblings in Tanzania. One pair had a high probability (.993) of being a full sibling dyad while the other had a lower probability (.357). There were no sibling pairs identified from the Red Sea aggregation. Genetic diversity was investigated using allelic richness over the 6 seasons at Al Lith, with values showing no significant change. This is in contrast to results that showed a decline in genetic diversity at Western Australia’s Ningaloo reef. These differences, however, only highlight the need for genetic diversity studies over longer time periods and at other aggregations within the Indo-Pacific.

Tesis presentada como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias de la Acuicultura / La creciente demanda mundial de productos pesqueros y el estancamiento de la pesca extractiva, ha llevado a la acuicultura a la búsqueda de nuevas especies para ser cultivadas. Nowadays, en la región del Bío Bío se potencia al Camarón de Roca como recurso cultivable. La presente investigación genera información base para desarrollar su cultivo, estableciendo parámetros de diversidad genética de sus poblaciones naturales y determinando su grado de estructuración genética. Para ello se utilizaron marcadores moleculares tipo RAPD (Random Amplified Polimorphic DNA) y el gen mitocondrial de la Citocromo Oxidasa subunidad I (COI). Las zonas de muestreadas fueron Guayacán (29°58’0,02”S, 71°21’0,312”W), Zapallar (32º33’01,5”S, 71º27’35,6”W) y Chome (36º46’26”S; 73º12’47”W). De un total de 186 individuos colectados, 170 fueron genotipados con 5 primer RAPD identificándose 34 fragmentos polimórficos. En cuanto a COI se analizaron 54 secuencias que contienen 18 haplotipos. Los resultados de los estadísticos genéticos en el caso de los marcadores RAPD (GST, FST (θ) y Nm) al comparar todas las poblaciones fueron de 0,0425, 0,0486 y 11,27 respectivamente, observándose además identidades genéticas de Nei de 0,926 (Chome- Guayacán), 0,952 (Zapallar-Guayacán) y 0,966 (Chome-Zapallar). Para el caso de COI, el índice de diversidad genética total fue de 0,786. El estadístico FST fluctuó entre -0,029 y - 0,017, las correlaciones de distancias genéticas con las geográficas mediante pruebas de Mantel resultaron ser bajas 0,32 (RAPD) y 0,62 (COI). En el análisis network usando la aproximación Median Joining, se observa una forma de estrella, patrón consistente con una expansión poblacional geográfica reciente. Los análisis realizados indican que no hay presencia de estructuración genética entre las localidades muestreadas. Este estudio es una primera aproximación al conocimiento a nivel genético de esta especie y su estructura poblacional. El análisis de la estructura genética poblacional brindó información importante con respecto a la forma en que se encuentra distribuida la diversidad genética dentro y entre las áreas muestreadas y que estaría apoyando la hipótesis de que no existe estructuración poblacional a una escala geográfica, no obstante para tomar decisiones de manejo en esta especie se recomienda incluir un mayor número de localidades a lo largo de la distribución de la especie. La información aquí expuesta nos permite inferir además la forma de plantear futuros programas de selección asistida por marcadores (MAS) en esta especie. / The growing global request for sea food and the decrease of capture fisheries, aquaculture has led to the search for new species for cultivate. Actually, the rock shrimp (Rhynchocinetes typus) in the Bío Bío is enhanced as the resource rock shrimp cultivation. This research generates basic information to develop this commodity, determining parameters of genetic diversity in natural populations and their degree of genetic structuring. For this objective we used molecular markers RAPD (Random Amplified Polimorphic DNA) and the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI). The areas sampled were Guayacán (29 ° 58'0, 02 "S, 71 ° 21'0, 312" W), Zapallar (32 º 33'01, 5 "S, 71 º 27'35, 6" W) and Chome (36 ° 46'26 "S, 73 º 12'47" W). From a total of 186 individuals collected, 170 were genotyped with 5 RAPD primers identifying 34 polymorphic fragments. Regarding COI 54 sequences were analyzed containing 18 different haplotypes. The results of genetic analysis in the case of RAPD markers (GST, FST (θ) y Nm) when comparing all populations were 0.0425, 0.0486, and 11.27 respectively, also the observed Nei genetic identities were 0.926 (Chome-Guayacán), 0.952 (Zapallar- Guayacán) y 0.966 (Chome-Zapallar). For the case of COI, the total genetic diversity index was 0.786. The FST statistic ranged between -0.029 and -0.017, genetic correlations with geographic distances using Mantel tests were found to be low 0.32 (to RAPD markers) and 0.62 (COI gene). In network analysis using Median Joining approximation, there is a starshaped pattern consistent with a recent geographic population expansion. Analyses indicate no presence of genetic structure among localities sampled. This study is a first approach to knowledge at the genetic level of this species and its population structure. Analysis of population genetic structure provided important information regarding the manner in which genetic diversity is distributed within and between sampled areas, that would support the hypothesis that there is no population structure at a geographical scale, however to take management decisions in this species is recommended to include a greater number of locations along the distribution of the species. The information presented also allows us to infer how to approach future programs of marker assisted selection (MAS) in this species.

In 1938 Dr. Eugene Gudger concluded of the Red Sea that "whale sharks must surely abound in this region." Seventy years later, multi-method research began on a whale shark (Rhincodon typus) aggregation at Shib Habil, a reef near Al Lith, Saudi Arabia. However, in 2017 and 2018, a dramatic decline in encounters at this site drew questions about the aggregation's future and overall whale shark population trends in the region. In this dissertation, I describe and discuss the two-year decline in encounters and show that neither remotely sensed sea surface temperature nor chlorophyll-a concentrations were significantly different in seasons with or without sharks. Citizen science-based photo identification was used to characterize the northern Red Sea population, the Red Sea population as a whole, show limited crossover within the basin, and connections with another aggregation in Djibouti. Scarring rates within the Red Sea are compared to recent global studies, and the Red Sea uniquely had no predator bites observed, suggesting boat collisions are likely the leading cause of major scars. Finally, building upon previous genetic work comparing Red Sea and Tanzanian sharks using microsatellites, the mitochondrial control region was sequenced, and two global haplotype networks were produced and compared to each other and previous work. The stability of genetic diversity within the Shib Habil aggregation is compared to declines previously measured in Australia. As tourism develops along the northern Saudi Arabian coast and citizen science increases in the Red Sea, population dynamics within the region could be better understood. The genetic connectivity of Red Sea whale sharks to the Indo-Pacific population exemplifies the need for continued collaborative research beyond local aggregations and multinational conservation measures.

Molecular tools, such as sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA Control Region (CR) and genotyping of highly variable nuclear microsatellites were applied to survey the genetic diversity, population structure and phylogeography of three shark species: the whale shark, Rhincodon typus; the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas; and the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum. The highly migratory and pelagic whale shark exhibited the largest length variation yet reported for an elasmobranch CR (1143–1332 bp), and high haplotype (h = 0.974 ± 0.008) and nucleotide diversities(π = 0.011 ± 0.006). No geographical clustering of lineages was observed and the most common haplotype was distributed globally. The haplotype frequency, however, differed between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific populations(AMOVA, ΦST = 0.107, P < 0.001). For the bull shark, both mtDNA CR and five microsatellite loci were surveyed for animals from the Gulf of Mexico, the East coast of Florida and the Brazilian coast. Strong genetic structure was observed between theBrazilian and all northern populations for the CR (ΦST > 0.8, P < 0.001), but not for the nuclear microsatellite. The results here presented are congruent with restricted maternal gene flow between populations as a consequence of female nursery site fidelity. The philopatric tendencies as well as the relatively low levels of genetic diversity raises concerns about the conservation of this species. Finally, for the western Atlantic nurse sharks the genetic diversity estimated in a 1,166 bp fragment of the mtDNA comprising partial cytochrome b, tRNAPro, tRNAThr, and partial CR was the second smallest ever recorded for sharks (h = 0.45 ± 0.04; π = 0.0004 ± 0.0004). The data indicated moderate but significant genetic structure with the mtDNA marker (ΦST = 0.22, P<0.05) and no substantial structure in eight microsatellite loci analyzed. A population bottleneck as recent as the lower Pleistocene might have eroded the nurse shark genetic diversity and also contributed to its relatively lower population structure. The data also indicated that dispersal rather than vicariance better explains the Atlantic distribution of nurse shark, and that the Pacific nurse shark might be a cryptic sister species to Ginglymostoma cirratum.

Die theoretische Fundierung rhythmischer Kompetenz wird an den Kompetenzbegriff Weinerts (2001) sowie das Pyramidenmodell Janks (20135) angelehnt. Zur Messung rhythmischer Kompetenz wird ein kriteriumsorientierter Leistungstest entwickelt, der sechs Subtests enthält. Nach dem Zweigruppen-Pretest-Posttest-Forschungsdesign (Bortz & Döring, 20064) wird mit 82 Probanden in der Untersuchungs- sowie 67 Probanden in der Kontrollgruppe (Alter acht bis neun Jahre) aus insgesamt 12 Schulklassen in Klassenstufe 3 gearbeitet. Die Untersuchungsgruppe erhält ein Treatment über 20 Unterrichtswochen hinweg, welches in den regulären Musikunterricht integriert wird. Es enthält Elemente der Music Learning Theory Gordons (20128), des Konzeptes der natürlichen Differenzierung nach Krauthausen & Scherer (2010), der Hinzunahme einer ikonischen Ebene nach Bruner (1974) sowie des Arbeitens in Stamm- und Expertengruppen nach Bovet & Huwendiek (2008). Die Klassen der Kontrollgruppe erhalten regulären Musikunterricht. Der Entwicklungsstand rhythmischer Kompetenz wird zu Beginn sowie am Ende der Klassenstufe 3 gemessen. Die Leistungsunterschiede der beiden Gruppen im Nachtest dokumentieren in vier der sechs Subtests kleine, mittlere und große Effekte. Die Probanden der Untersuchungsgruppe erzielen beim Lesen von Rhythmen einen bedeutend höheren Anteil an korrekten Lösungen. Das Aufschreiben von Rhythmen erfolgt zu einem hohen Anteil im metrischen Typus.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Theorie und Fragestellungen 4 2.1 Zum Begriff rhythmische Kompetenz 4 2.2 Lern- und Lehrvoraussetzungen zum Erwerb rhythmischer Kompetenz 13 2.3 Didaktische Analyse des Lerngegenstandes Rhythmusnotation 29 2.4 Eignung vorgefundener Treatments 32 2.5 Tests zur Messung rhythmischer Kompetenz 33 2.6 Fragestellungen und Hypothesen 39 3 Material und Methoden 41 3.1 Forschungsdesign 41 3.2 Geplante Stichprobe 42 3.3 Das Treatment 42 3.4 Der Test 53 3.5 Testgütesicherung 68 3.6 Statistische Verfahren 77 4 Ergebnisse 78 4.1 Dokumentation der Stichprobe und des Untersuchungszeitraums 78 4.2 Ergebnisse im Vortest und Nachtest 84 4.3 Ergebnisse in den Subtests A bis F 86 4.4 Ergebnisse in der Gesamtpunktwertung des Testes 123 4.5 Ergebnisse aus der zweiten Erhebung 129 4.6 Ergebnisse in den zusätzlichen Subtests 130 4.7 Ergebnisse in Bezug auf das Testmodell 136 4.8 Ergebnisse zur Testgütesicherung 138 4.9 Ergebnisse in Bezug auf das Treatment 141 5 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen 144 5.1 Abweichungen vom Untersuchungsdesign 144 5.2 Diskussion der Testergebnisse 145 5.3 Beurteilung von Testentwicklung, Testmodell und Testgüte 158 5.4 Beurteilung der Treatmententwicklung 163 5.5 Schlussfolgerungen 166 6 Literaturverzeichnis 171 7 Anlagen 180 Anlage A Forschungsstand und Curricula 181 Anlage B Material und Methoden der Testgestaltung 191 Anlage C Testerhebung 201 Anlage D zur Treatmentgestaltung und - durchführung 210 Anlage E Vorgegebene und gespielte Rhythmen im Test 218 / The theoretical foundation of rhythmical competence draws on Weinert’s concept of competence (2001) as well as Jank’s pyramid model (20135). A criterion-oriented proficiency test containing six sub-tests is developed in order to measure rhythmical competence. Following the two-group pre-test-post-test research design (Bortz & Döring, 20064), the work is focused on 82 subjects in the test group and 67 subjects in the control group (age eight to nine years), taken from a total of 12 classes. The test group receives coaching over 20 teaching weeks which is integrated into the regular music lessons. This coaching consists of elements of Gordon’s music learning theory (20128), Krauthausen & Scherer’s concept of natural differentiation (2010), the addition of an iconic stage according to Bruner’s stages of representation (1974), as well as working in base groups and expert groups following the pedagogical guidelines of Bovet & Huwendiek (2008). The classes in the control group have the regular music lessons. The stage of development of rhythmical competence is measured both at the beginning and at the end of year 3. In four of the six sub-tests, small, medium and large effect sizes indicate the differences in proficiency between the two groups in the post-test. The subjects in the test group achieve a significantly higher proportion of correct answers in their reading of rhythms. A high proportion of rhythms are written in metrical type.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Theorie und Fragestellungen 4 2.1 Zum Begriff rhythmische Kompetenz 4 2.2 Lern- und Lehrvoraussetzungen zum Erwerb rhythmischer Kompetenz 13 2.3 Didaktische Analyse des Lerngegenstandes Rhythmusnotation 29 2.4 Eignung vorgefundener Treatments 32 2.5 Tests zur Messung rhythmischer Kompetenz 33 2.6 Fragestellungen und Hypothesen 39 3 Material und Methoden 41 3.1 Forschungsdesign 41 3.2 Geplante Stichprobe 42 3.3 Das Treatment 42 3.4 Der Test 53 3.5 Testgütesicherung 68 3.6 Statistische Verfahren 77 4 Ergebnisse 78 4.1 Dokumentation der Stichprobe und des Untersuchungszeitraums 78 4.2 Ergebnisse im Vortest und Nachtest 84 4.3 Ergebnisse in den Subtests A bis F 86 4.4 Ergebnisse in der Gesamtpunktwertung des Testes 123 4.5 Ergebnisse aus der zweiten Erhebung 129 4.6 Ergebnisse in den zusätzlichen Subtests 130 4.7 Ergebnisse in Bezug auf das Testmodell 136 4.8 Ergebnisse zur Testgütesicherung 138 4.9 Ergebnisse in Bezug auf das Treatment 141 5 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen 144 5.1 Abweichungen vom Untersuchungsdesign 144 5.2 Diskussion der Testergebnisse 145 5.3 Beurteilung von Testentwicklung, Testmodell und Testgüte 158 5.4 Beurteilung der Treatmententwicklung 163 5.5 Schlussfolgerungen 166 6 Literaturverzeichnis 171 7 Anlagen 180 Anlage A Forschungsstand und Curricula 181 Anlage B Material und Methoden der Testgestaltung 191 Anlage C Testerhebung 201 Anlage D zur Treatmentgestaltung und - durchführung 210 Anlage E Vorgegebene und gespielte Rhythmen im Test 218