Polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) produzidos por Pseudomonas sp. LFM046 a partir de carboidratos e ácido propiônico contem monômeros com número ímpar e par de carbonos, representando um bom modelo para o estudo do metabolismo de propionato. Genes relacionados ao ciclo do 2-metilcitrato foram encontrados em todas as espécies de Pseudomonas compondo um operon prpRBCAcnMprpFD. Genes da via do metilmalonil-CoA não foram encontrados em Pseudomonas. Genes da <font face=\"Symbol\">a-oxidação de propionato foram encontrados apenas em P. aeruginosa. A análise de um mutante prp obtido por inserção de transposon revelou que estava mutado no gene prpB, relacionado ao ciclo do 2-metilcitrato. A análise de mutantes obtidos por radiação ultravioleta revelou que dois devem estar afetados em via menos relevante para o metabolismo de propionato e outros dois na ativação desse ácido orgânico. Experimentos com propionato marcado (1C13) demonstraram que as vias do oxobutirato, do metimalonil-CoA e do 2-hidroxiglutarato não devem contribuir para o metabolismo de propionato em Pseudomonas sp. LFM046. / Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) produced by Pseudomonas sp. LFM046 from carbohydrates and propionic acid contains monomers with odd and even number of carbons, representing a good model to study the propionate metabolism. Genes related to 2-methycytrate cycle were found in all Pseudomonas species organized in an operon prpRCAAcnMprpFD. Genes related to the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway were not found in Pseudomonas. Genes related to the propionic <font face=\"Symbol\">a-oxidation were found only in P. aeruginosa. Analysis of a prp mutant obtained by transposon insertion revealead that it was mutated in prpB gene, related to the 2-methylcytrate cycle. The analysis of mutants obtained using ultraviolet radiation showed that two should be affected in less relevant propionate metabolism pathways and other two in the activation of this organic acid. Experiments with labeled propionate (113C) demonstrated that the oxobutyrate, methylmalonil-CoA and 2-hydroxyglutarate pathways should not contribute to the propionate metabolism in Pseudomonas sp. LFM046.

A interação entre bactérias e plantas resulta na ocorrência de vários processos biológicos no ambiente e pode ser regulada por diferentes variáveis. Alterações nos fatores bióticos e abióticos interferem diretamente nesta interação levando a modificações na composição das comunidades bacterianas associadas às plantas. Dentre estas, as bactérias epifíticas podem conferir ao seu hospedeiro características como maior resistência a condições de estresse, alterações nas condições fisiológicas e proteção contra fitopatógenos. Com os objetivos de avaliar o efeito da radiação ultravioleta B sobre a diversidade bacteriana epifítica de dois cultivares de soja, avaliar a resistência dos isolados sobre a radiação e verificar o potencial antagônico dos residentes bacterianos da filosfera da soja. Para tanto, foram feitos dois isolamentos com finalidades distintas dos cultivares Conquista, IAC 100 e BRS 262, além da aplicação da técnica de DGGE, que permite acessar alterações causadas nestas comunidades de maneira independente do cultivo bacteriano. Foi avaliado também o efeito da radiação UV-B na composição e dinâmica da comunidade bacteriana dos cultivares de soja, IAC 100 e BRS 262, cultivadas sob tratamento com UV solar, UV-B aumentado e UV-B diminuído. Além do potencial antagônico frente à fitopatógenos importantes como Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani e Fusarium solani, as bactérias epifíticas de soja demonstraram que, em geral, são tolerantes a exposição à radiação ultravioleta B, com destaque para bactérias pigmentadas e as que possuem outros métodos de proteção, como por exemplo, a produção de exopolissacarídeos. Outro fator analisado no presente estudo foi a diferença significativa da densidade populacional de bactérias epifíticas cultiváveis de acordo com os estádios fenológicos da soja, onde a fase R1 foi a que apresentou um maior número de bactérias cultiváveis. De maneira geral, as análises de DGGE demonstrou que houve diferença significativa da comunidade bacteriana epifítica dos cultivares de soja de acordo com o estádio fenológico da planta, quando comparada ao acréscimo de radiação recebida. Os resultados obtidos podem oferecer uma contribuição para melhor compreensão na interação entre micro-organismos e a soja, auxiliando na predição de resposta das comunidades epifíticas de acordo com o aumento da incidência da radiação ultravioleta B e estádios fenológicos da planta, levando consequentemente, ao entendimento de como deve se comportar tal interação no contexto das mudanças climáticas. / The interaction between bacteria and plants results in the occurrence of many biological processes in the environment and can be regulated by different variables. Changes in biotic and abiotic factors directly interfere with this interaction leading to changes in the composition of bacterial communities associated with plants. Among those, the epiphytic bacteria can confer some characteristics to their host such as increased resistance to stress conditions, changes in physiological conditions and protection against pathogens. The goals of this work were to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet B radiation on the diversity of epiphytic bacterial of two soybean cultivars, evaluate the resistance of the isolates under radiation and investigate the antagonistic potential of soybean native phyllosphere microorganisms. For this purpose, two isolations of the cultivars \"Conquest\", IAC 100 and BRS 262 were made for different purposes. DGGE which allows the detection of changes in the communities in a culture independent approach was also performed. We evaluated the effect of UV-B in the composition and dynamics of bacterial community of soybean cultivars, IAC 100 and BRS 262, grown under solar UV treatments, increased UV-B and decreased UV-B. The antagonism against important phytopathogens such as Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani was also tested, showing that soybean epiphytic bacteria, in general, are tolerant to exposure to ultraviolet B radiation, especially pigmented bacteria and those with other methods of protection, such as the production of exopolysaccharides. Another factor examined in this study was the significant difference in population densities of epiphytic culturable bacteria according to the soybean stages, where the R1 stage showed a greater number of culturable bacteria. In general, the DGGE analysis showed that there were significant differences in the epiphytic bacterial community of soybean cultivars according to the developmental stage of the plant, as compared to the increase of incoming radiation. The results may offer a contribution to better understanding the interaction between microorganisms and soybeans, helping to predict the response of epiphytic communities in accordance with the increased incidence of ultraviolet B radiation and plant growth stages, thus leading to the understanding of the behavior of such an interaction in the context of climate changes.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de desempenho e a avaliação de custos econômicos do processo de desinfecção por radiação UV para efluente de lagoas de estabilização facultativas pós- tratado em alagado construído e para outros efluentes com características similares. O trabalho experimental consistiu de ensaios de desinfecção utilizando reator de desinfecção por radiação UV em batelada. Na pesquisa foram avaliadas as principais variáveis que interferem no rendimento e nos custos dos processos, de forma a adequar o par CT (concentração de desinfetante e tempo de contato) atendendo ao padrão ambiental microbiológico de 1.000 coliformes termotolerantes/100 mL, definido para corpos aquáticos enquadrados na classe 2 estabelecida pela Resolução 357/2005 CONAMA, uma vez que a maioria dos corpos receptores do Brasil estão enquadrados nessa classe. A avaliação econômica definiu custos unitários de implantação e de operação e manutenção do processo de desinfecção UV para um período de 20 anos, considerando valores pontuais e anuais de forma a se verificar o custo total a valor presente. Os dados obtidos indicaram que o efluente final das unidades de tratamento avaliadas apresentaram valores de turbidez, absorvância a 254 nm e ferro total superiores aos usuais recomendados para desinfecção UV, no entanto, não comprometendo a desinfecção. Por outro lado, a concentração de SS foi baixa e com diâmetro de partículas de pequenas dimensões. As várias combinações testadas (doses x altura de lâmina líquida- ALL) sugerem, para atendimento ao padrão microbiológico, doses de 8 Wh/\'M POT.3\' e ALL de 6 cm. A concentração remanescente dos indicadores microbiológicos testados mostrou ordem decrescente de inativação de Clostridium perfringens para coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. A análise da fotorreativação e da ausência de luz no recrescimento dos microrganismos indicadores (coliformes totais e Esherichia coli) foi mais perceptível na ausência de luz. Os custos de implantação das unidades de desinfecção UV projetadas nesta pesquisa foram significativamente menores que os dos modelos industriais comparados. Os custos de operação e manutenção para a desinfecção com radiação UV também foram baixos e equivalem a outros desinfetantes. Os custos médios globais obtidos variam de 14,3 a 20,5 R$/habitante, para garantir a desinfecção do esgoto por radiação UV durante 20 anos. / This work studied UV disinfection process performance and economic costs for facultative stabilization ponds effluent pos treated in constructed wetland and another effluents with similar characteristic. The experimental work consisted of batch disinfection tests using UV reactor, evaluating variables that may affect performance and process costs in order to adjust CT (disinfectant concentration and contact time) according to microbiological environmental standard of 1000/100 mL, set for class 2 water bodies established by 357/2005 CONAMA Resolution. Economic evaluation defined unit costs of deployment and operation and maintenance of the UV disinfection process for 20 years, considering point estimates and annual reports, in order to check total cost to present value. The final effluent from treatment units evaluated had values of turbidity, 254 nm absorbance and total iron above usual recommended for UV disinfection, however, not compromising disinfection process. On the other hand, SS concentration was low and particle size was of small diameter. Various combinations of dose x water height tested suggest, to attend microbiological standards, doses 8 wh/m³ and 6 cm water height. The remaining concentration of microbiological indicators showed descending order of inactivation from Clostridium perfringens to total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Photoreactivation and light absence regrowth of total coliforms and Esherichia coli was more noticeable in darkness. Building costs of UV disinfection units designed were significantly lower than those of industrial models compared. Operation and maintenance costs for UV radiation disinfection were also low and equivalent with other disinfectants. Average total costs obtained vary from R$ 14.3 to R$ 20.5/capita, to ensure UV radiation disinfection life time of 20 years.

Orientador: Mary Luci de Souza Queiroz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T21:16:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dieamant_GustavodeCampos_D.pdf: 11544856 bytes, checksum: 05f884d1804a10bd91e58e71c4df4681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O envelhecimento cutâneo é resultado de dois processos independentes, clinica e biologicamente distintos, que afetam a pele simultaneamente. Ao primeiro, conhecido como "relógio biológico", damos o nome de envelhecimento intrínseco, o qual afeta a pele na mesma proporção em que órgãos internos são afetados, como por exemplo, a lenta e irreversível degeneração tecidual. O segundo, denominado fotoenvelhecimento, é resultado da exposição da pele a agentes agressores ambientais, primeiramente radiação ultravioleta (RUV). Sobre o impacto da RUV, especialmente RUVA e RUVB, a pele passa por inúmeras alterações, incluindo hiperpigmentação, fotodano, alterações histológicas e imunológicas. Tendo em vista a complexidade do fotoenvelhecimento, podemos dividir este trabalho em duas partes, onde avaliamos em uma primeira etapa os efeitos da RUV sobre a resposta neuroimuno-endocrinológica da pele através da mensuração de parâmetros específicos em culturas de fibroblastos e queratinocitos humanos. Após a realização dos experimentos propostos para a primeira parte deste trabalho, passamos a considerar para a segunda etapa, a possível ação in vitro e in vivo do extrato de Rhodiola rosea (ERR) em associação com o dipeptídeo Lcarnosina (LC) sobre a reversão ou controle dos efeitos deletérios da RUV sobre a pele. Nossos resultados demonstram que durante a foto-exposição, culturas celulares in vitro apresentaram importantes alterações nos parâmetros avaliados, especialmente após a exposição crônica, dentre elas: redução na produção de IL-1a, TNF-a e IFN-g, redução nos níveis de b-endorfina e encefalina, aumento na atividade de metaloproteinases (MMPs), inibição na atividade do inibidor tecidual de metaloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), redução nos níveis de colágeno e elastina e redução na atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT). No perfil de resposta das células tratadas com ERR, pudemos observar uma importante função adaptógena do extrato, onde na maioria dos parâmetros, constatamos uma modulação da resposta celular de forma dose dependente. Os resultados obtidos com L-carnosina foram importantes, especialmente no que diz respeito aos níveis de colágeno, elastina e atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. Quando o perfil de resposta da associação entre ambos (ARRLC) é observado, pode-se perceber que, em alguns parâmetros, não houve uma potencialização dos efeitos. No entanto, dada a complexidade da resposta neuro-imuno-endocrinológica da pele relacionada ao fotoenvelhecimento, pode-se concluir que a utilização de compostos com mecanismos de ação distintos é imprescindível, uma vez que diferentes processos metabólicos levam ao dano tecidual e à aparência estética comprometida da pele fotoenvelhecida. Para a realização dos estudos clínicos, uma emulsão placebo ou emulsão contendo 1% de ARRLC foi utilizada pelas voluntárias em dois estudos independentes, sendo que o primeiro foi realizado durante 28 dias para avaliação dos parâmetros subjetivos - conforto da pele, redução da sensação de desconforto após Stinging-Test (ST) e melhora do ressecamento da pele. O segundo estudo foi realizado durante 56 dias, onde avaliou-se em D1, D28 e D56, a melhora do relevo cutâneo e a redução da perda de água transepidérmica. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que aproximadamente 90% das voluntárias reportaram uma melhora do conforto da pele e 75% reportaram redução do ressecamento. Além disso, a utilização da emulsão contendo 1% de ARRLC apresentou uma redução de aproximadamente 36% na sensação de desconforto após ST. Além disso, o tratamento com a emulsão contendo 1% de ARRLC resultou em redução considerável da perda de água transepidérmica e na melhora do relevo cutâneo. Estes resultados clínicos, associados aos resultados obtidos in vitro, nos encorajam a sugerir o uso de ARRLC como alternativa terapêutica no tratamento tópico do fotoenvelhecimento. / Abstract: Cutaneous ageing is a complex biological phenomenon consisting of two components; intrinsic ageing, which is largely genetically determined and extrinsic ageing caused by environmental exposure, primarily UV light. Under the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), skin undergoes several changes, including enhanced pigmentation, photodamage and immunosuppression. Because photoaging culminates in important alterations in skin function and appearance, we can separate this work in two different phases. In the first phase, we evaluated the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on skin neuro-immuneendocrinological response through the measurement of specific parameters in fibroblasts and keratinocytes human cell cultures. After the conclusion of experiments proposed for the first phase of this work, the possible in vitro and in vivo effects of Rhodiola rosea extract (ERR) in combination to di-peptide Lcarnosine (LC) in the control of deleterious effects of UVR exposure on the skin were evaluated. Our results demonstrated that during the UVR, the cell cultures promoted crucial alterations in the parameters evaluated, mainly after chronic exposure. The alterations observed were: the reduction in the production of IL-1a, TNF-a, IFN-g, b-endorphin and enkephalin, reduction in the levels of matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor-1, increase of metalloproteinase activity, reduction of collagen and elastin production and inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. In the cell groups that received ERR, we observed an important adaptogenic function of the extract, because in the majority of the parameters, it was able to modulate the cell response in a dose-dependent manner. The results obtained in the LC treated groups, we could also observe important effects, mainly in collagen and elastin synthesis and in the antioxidant enzymes activities. When we consider the response obtained with the association of both ERR and LC (ARRLC), we could see that it is not able to enhance the effects obtained with ERR or LC separately. Therefore, due to the complexity of the neuro-immune-endocrinological response during the photoaging, we can conclude that the use of compounds with different mechanisms of action is crucial, because distinct metabolic process lead to tissue damage and terrible appearance of photodamaged skin. For the clinical trials, a placebo emulsion or a emulsion containing 1% of ARRLC were used by the volunteers in two independent studies, in which the first one was performed during 28 days for evaluation of subjective parameters, including skin comfort, reduction of skin dryness sensation and reduction of skin discomfort sensation after Stinging-Test (ST). The second study was performed during 56-days and the evaluations were carried out on D1, D28 and D56. The parameters evaluated were the improvement of cutaneous relief and the reduction of transepidermal water loss. The obtained results demonstrated that approximately 90% of the volunteers perceived an increase in skin comfort and 75% reported reduction of skin dryness sensation. In addition, the emulsion containing 1% of ARRLC was able to reduce in approximately 36% the sensation of discomfort after ST. These clinical results and the in vitro findings, encourage us to suggest the use of ARRLC as alternative ingredient in the topical treatment of skin photoaging. / Doutorado / Doutor em Farmacologia

Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T21:14:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_ClaudiaPolideAlmeidaBarea_D.pdf: 9723868 bytes, checksum: af66f37d0f1ef9ed84d053f79363e4df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: Estudou-se a degradação de fenol em soluções preparadas em laboratório utilizando Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POA) que combinam Ti02, H202, 03, reagente de Fenton e UV. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando um reator fotoquímico modelo Advantage 12 (Trojan) e a eficiência da mineralização dos compostos orgânicos presentes foi monitorada pela análise de COD (Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido). Observou-se que a maioria dos oxidantes testados se mostrou ineficazes na degradação de fenol quando utilizados em separado ou mesmo de forma combinada, sem a presença da radiação UV. O uso combinado de H2O2/UV se mostrou eficaz na degradação de soluções de fenol com CCOD = 100 mg.L-1 e a relação CH20/CCOD = 6/1 foi a mais eficiente para esta concentração de feno!. Neste caso os valores de EE/O variaram entre 23,5 e 34,7 kWh.m-3 e os valores de degradação entre 188 e 299 mgC.h-1. A vazão de recirculação da solução dentro do reator fotoquímico influencia a sua hidrodinâmica e, conseqüentemente, a eficiência do processo de degradação dos compostos orgânicos presentes. Para o reator utilizado, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a vazão de 22 L.min-1 para os sistemas homogêneos e de 8 L.min-1 para os sistemas heterogêneos. Sistema de tratamento em batelada, utilizando um volume de solução variando entre 3 a 10 vezes o volume do reator se mostrou adequada para avaliar a tratabilidade dos efluentes e teve comportamento semelhante à utilização de sistemas com alimentação contínua. Os estudos de caso com diferentes efluentes industriais, apresentados no anexo, mostram que os POA são uma alternativa de tratamento para efluentes cujo tratamento convencional não seja possível ou mesmo adequado, como aqueles contendo compostos tóxicos, recalcitrantes, misturas complexas e/ou muito concentradas / Abstract: The degradation of phenol solutions was studies using AOP (Advanced Oxidation Processes) in the presence of Ti02, H2O2, 03, Fenton's reagent and UV. Experimental tests were performed using a photochemical reactor Advantage 12 (Trojan) and the efficiency was monitored by DOC (dissolved Organic Carbon) analysis. It was observed that the use of one oxidant alone yielded low mineralization rates, the same observed for the vast majority of combined oxidants. The use ofH202/UV showed higher efficiency in the degradation of 100 mgC.L-1 phenol solutions in the ratio CH20/CCOD = 6/1. Under this condition, values of EE/O between 23,5 and 34,7 kWh.m-3 and degradation rates between 188 and 299 mgC.h-1 were obtained. The recirculation flow rate used in the experiments control the reactor hydrodynamic and the quantum efficiency. Using this reactor, better results were obtained with 22 L.min-l to the homogeneous systems and 8 L.min-l to the heterogeneous systems. The utilization of batch systems using a total volume of3 up to 10 times the volume of the reactor showed to be valid in terms to evaluate the treatability of the effluents, yielding similar results to the ones obtained under continuous flow. Experiments with different industrial eft1uents presented as Case Studies show that AOPs are an alternative viable option to wastewater treatment, specially when conventional alternatives showed poor performance, such as in the ones containing toxic compounds, recalcitrant, complex mixtures and/or very concentrated solutions / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

We present new spatially resolved surface photometry in the far-ultraviolet (FUV) and near-ultraviolet (NUV) from images obtained by the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) and IRAC1 (3.6 mu m) photometry from the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S(4)G). We analyze the radial surface brightness profiles mu(FUV), mu(NUV), and mu[3.6], as well as the radial profiles of (FUV - NUV), (NUV -[3.6]), and (FUV -[3.6]) colors in 1931 nearby galaxies (z < 0.01). The analysis of the 3.6 mu m surface brightness profiles also allows us to separate the bulge and disk components in a quasi-automatic way and to compare their light and color distribution with those predicted by the chemo-spectrophotometric models for the evolution of galaxy disks of Boissier & Prantzos. The exponential disk component is best isolated by setting an inner radial cutoff and an upper surface brightness limit in stellar mass surface density. The best-fitting models to the measured scale length and central surface brightness values yield distributions of spin and circular velocity within a factor of two of those obtained via direct kinematic measurements. We find that at a surface brightness fainter than mu([3.6]) = 20.89 mag arcsec(-2), or below 3 x 10(8) M-circle dot kpc(-2) in stellar mass surface density, the average specific star formation rate (sSFR) for star-forming and quiescent galaxies remains relatively flat with radius. However, a large fraction of GALEX Green Valley galaxies show a radial decrease in sSFR. This behavior suggests that an outside-in damping mechanism, possibly related to environmental effects, could be testimony of an early evolution of galaxies from the blue sequence of star-forming galaxies toward the red sequence of quiescent galaxies.

The Large Ultraviolet/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR) is one of four large mission concepts currently undergoing community study for consideration by the 2020 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey. LUVOIR is being designed to pursue an ambitious program of exoplanetary discovery and characterization, cosmic origins astrophysics, and planetary science. The LUVOIR study team is investigating two large telescope apertures (9- and 15-meter primary mirror diameters) and a host of science instruments to carry out the primary mission goals. Many of the exoplanet, cosmic origins, and planetary science goals of LUVOIR require high-throughput, imaging spectroscopy at ultraviolet (100 - 400 nm) wavelengths. The LUVOIR Ultraviolet Multi-Object Spectrograph, LUMOS, is being designed to support all of the UV science requirements of LUVOIR, from exoplanet host star characterization to tomography of circumgalactic halos to water plumes on outer solar system satellites. LUMOS offers point source and multi-object spectroscopy across the UV bandpass, with multiple resolution modes to support different science goals. The instrument will provide low (R = 8,000 - 18,000) and medium (R = 30,000 - 65,000) resolution modes across the far-ultraviolet (FUV: 100 - 200 nm) and near-ultraviolet (NUV: 200 - 400 nm) windows, and a very low resolution mode (R = 500) for spectroscopic investigations of extremely faint objects in the FUV. Imaging spectroscopy will be accomplished over a 3 x 1.6 arcminute field-of-view by employing holographically-ruled diffraction gratings to control optical aberrations, microshutter arrays (MSA) built on the heritage of the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), advanced optical coatings for high-throughput in the FUV, and next generation large-format photon-counting detectors. The spectroscopic capabilities of LUMOS are augmented by an FUV imaging channel (100 - 200nm, 13 milliarcsecond angular resolution, 2 x 2 arcminute field-of-view) that will employ a complement of narrow-and medium-band filters. The instrument definition, design, and development are being carried out by an instrument study team led by the University of Colorado, Goddard Space Flight Center, and the LUVOIR Science and Technology Definition Team. LUMOS has recently completed a preliminary design in Goddard's Instrument Design Laboratory and is being incorporated into the working LUVOIR mission concept. In this proceeding, we describe the instrument requirements for LUMOS, the instrument design, and technology development recommendations to support the hardware required for LUMOS. We present an overview of LUMOS' observing modes and estimated performance curves for effective area, spectral resolution, and imaging performance. Example "LUMOS 100-hour Highlights" observing programs are presented to demonstrate the potential power of LUVOIR's ultraviolet spectroscopic capabilities.

Les Jupiters chauds sont des exoplanètes si proches de leur étoile que leur atmosphère peut perdre du gaz par échappement hydrodynamique. Les géantes gazeuses qui transitent sont un excellent moyen de comprendre ce processus, mais il faut étudier d'autres types de planètes pour déterminer son impact sur la population exoplanétaire. Cette thèse propose d'utiliser la spectroscopie du transit pour observer l'atmosphère de plusieurs planètes, étudier leurs propriétés et caractériser l'échappement hydrodynamique. Des raies de l'ultraviolet observées avec le télescope Hubble sont analysées avec le modèle numérique de la haute atmosphère que nous avons développé. Grâce à la raie Ly-? nous mettons en évidence les interactions énergétiques et dynamiques entre l'atmosphère des Jupiters chauds HD209458b et HD189733b et leurs étoiles. Nous étudions la dépendance de l'échappement à l'environnement d'une planète et à ses propriétés physiques, en observant une super-Terre et un Jupiter tiède dans le système 55Cnc. Grâce à des observations de HD209458b nous montrons que les raies du magnésium permettent de sonder la région de formation de l'échappement. Nous étudions le potentiel de la spectroscopie du transit dans le proche UV pour détecter de nouveaux cas d'échappement. Ce mécanisme est favorisé par la proximité d'une planète à son étoile, ce qui rend d'autant plus important la compréhension des processus de formation et de migration, qui peuvent être étudiés par l'alignement d'un système planétaire. Grâce à des mesures des spectrographes HARPS-N et SOPHIE nous étudions les alignements de 55Cnc e et du candidat Kepler KOI-12.01, dont nous cherchons aussi à valider la nature planétaire. / Hot Jupiters are exoplanets so close to their star that their atmosphere can lose gas because of hydrodynamic escape. Transiting gaseous giants are an excellent way to understand this mechanism, but it is necessary to study other types of planets to determine its impact on the exoplanetary population. This thesis aims at using transit spectroscopy to observe the atmosphere of several exoplanets, to study their properties and to contribute to the characterization of hydrodynamic escape. UV lines observed with the Hubble telescope are analyzed with the numerical model of upper atmospheres we developed. Using the Ly-? line we identify energetic and dynamical interactions between the atmospheres of the hot Jupiters HD209458b and HD189733b and their stars. We study the dependence of the escape on the environment of a planet and on its physical properties, through the observation of a super-Earth and a warm Jupiter in the 55 Cnc system. Using observations of HD209458b, we show that magnesium lines are a window on the region of formation of hydrodynamic escape. We study the potential of transit spectroscopy in the near-UV to detect new cases of atmospheric escape. This mechanism is fostered by the proximity of a planet to its star, which makes it even more important to understand the formation and migration processes that can be traced in the alignment of a planetary system. Using measures from the spectrographs HARPS-N and SOPHIE we study the alignments of 55 Cnc e and the Kepler candidate KOI 12.01, whose planetary nature we also seek to validate.

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Julia A. Keen / Health care facilities are responsible for treating highly infected and contagious patients at the same time as patients who are most susceptible to disease. Therefore, it is important that every available technology and application to be strategically applied to protect each and every occupant. In particular, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) technologies are being used in today's industry as infection control devices, primarily in health care facilities. This paper addresses the effectiveness and economic impact of applying UVGI to remove harmful airborne pathogens and outlines background information on infectious airborne pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Besides UVGI, other engineering control methods covered in this paper include mechanical ventilation and air distribution, filtration, and differential pressure control. Consequently, an economic evaluation of a diagnostic and treatment area was created to compare UVGI technologies and other control methods. The evaluation consists of a baseline system designed to meet code requirements; an upper-room UVGI system; a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system with an increased air changes per hour (ACH); and a UVGI system in an AHU. First costs, energy costs, and maintenance costs were the basis of economic comparison. The predicted effectiveness of all the alternatives was held constant and the time required to achieve the desired effectiveness was determined. As a result, the upper-room UVGI system and HVAC system with an increased ACH yielded much higher comparative annual costs as well as significantly better room disinfection effectiveness. The UVGI system in the AHU resulted in a lower comparative annual cost than the baseline system with the same room disinfection effectiveness. By designing infection control systems with UVGI, HVAC engineers will be more capable and successful in providing the optimal control system to these critical facilities.

Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (fsTRPES) experiments have been used to study the photoelectron energy spectra of simple molecules since the 1980’s. Analysis of these spectra provides information about the ultrafast internal conversion dynamics of the parent ions. However, ultraviolet pulses must be used for these pump-probe experiments in order to ionize the molecules. Since current solid state lasers, such as the Ti:sapphire laser, typically produce pulses centered at 800nm, it is necessary to generate UV pulses with nonlinear frequency mixing techniques. I therefore constructed an optical setup to generate the 3rd and 4th harmonics, at 266.7nm and 200nm, respectively, of a Ti:sapphire (Ti:sa) chirped-pulse amplified (CPA) laser system that produces 35fs pulses centered at 800nm. Thin Beta-Barium Borate (β-BaB2O4 or BBO) crystals were chosen to achieve a compromise between short pulse durations and reasonable conversion efficiencies, since ultrashort pulses are quite susceptible to broadening from group velocity dispersion (GVD). Output energies of around 11μJ and 230nJ were measured for the 266.7nm and 200nm pulses, respectively. The transform limits of the 3rd and 4th harmonic pulse lengths were calculated from their measured spectral widths. We found that the 266.7nm bandwidth was large enough to support sub-30fs pulses, and due to cutting at the lower-wavelength end of the 200nm spectrum, we calculated an upper limit of 38fs. The pulses were compressed with pairs of CaF2 prisms to compensate for dispersion introduced by transmissive optics. Two-photon absorption (TPA) intensity autocorrelations revealed fully compressed pulse lengths of 36 ± 2 fs and 42 ± 4 fs for the 3rd and 4th harmonics, respectively.