[pt] O Projeto UNESCO (1950) colocou o Brasil no centro das discussões sobre relações raciais no mundo. Visto a partir do prisma da democracia racial, orgulho nacional, o Brasil foi tema de pesquisas sociológicas e antropológicas acerca das formas de harmonia social e racial que poderiam ser um elemento chave contra conflitos étnicos-raciais, como o Holocausto Judeu durante a II Guerra Mundial. Contudo, a realidade interna brasileira em nada se relaciona com a pretensa democracia racial propagada pelo mundo, negando, desumanizando e exterminando a população negra em todo o país. Com isso, essa pesquisa aborda o pensamento internacional em torno da democracia racial brasileira em contraposição com a realidade doméstica do país de genocídio do povo negro. Esse fato coloca em evidência a falácia da leitura das Relações Internacionais do Estado como ator unitário e racional no Sistema Internacional. Da mesma forma, esforça-se por demonstrar como o mito de democracia racial e o epistemicídio contra intelectuais afrodiaspóricos tende a negar sua participação na interpretação do lugar do Brasil no mundo na construção do curso de Relações Internacionais no país. Para tal, divide-se este artigo em três distintas seções: a primeira aborda os conceitos de raça, branquitude e colonialidade como inerentes ao Brasil e academia de RI. A segunda seção apresenta o Projeto UNESCO, seus debates e conflitos, como possibilidade de lançar luz sobre a realidade racial não democrática brasileira. Por fim, a terceira seção se interessa em conectar o Projeto UNESCO com a academia de RI no país, a fim de expressar como a disciplina ignora a realidade doméstica em nome da unidade e racionalidade estatal. / [en] The UNESCO Project (1950) placed Brazil at the center of discussions on race relations in the world. Seen from the perspective of racial democracy, national pride, Brazil was the subject of sociological and anthropological research on forms of social and racial harmony that could be a key element against ethnic-racial conflicts, such as the Jewish Holocaust during World War II. However, the Brazilian internal reality has nothing to do with the alleged racial democracy propagated by the world, denying, dehumanizing and exterminating the black population across the country. In doing so, this research approaches the international thought around the Brazilian racial democracy in opposition to the domestic reality of the country of genocide of the black people. This fact highlights the fallacy of reading the State s International Relations as a unitary and rational actor in the International System. Likewise, it strives to demonstrate how the myth of racial democracy and the epistemicide against afrodiasporic intellectuals tends to deny its participation in the interpretation of Brazil s place in the world in the construction of the International Relations course in the country. To this end, this article is divided into three distinct sections: the first addresses the concepts of race, whiteness and coloniality as inherent to Brazil and the IR academy. The second section presents the UNESCO Project, its debates and conflicts, as a possibility to shed light on the Brazilian non-democratic racial reality. Finally, the third section is interested in connecting the UNESCO Project with the IR academy in the country, in order to express how the discipline ignores domestic reality in the name of state unity and rationality.

La protection du patrimoine culturel évolue constamment depuis 1945 sous l'impulsion des politiques de l'Unesco. En 1978, l'organisation instaure un comité chargé de faciliter le retour de biens culturels aux États spoliés par le pillage, le trafic illicite ou une occupation étrangère. Dès ses premières années d'activité, le Comité intergouvernemental reçoit de nombreuses demandes de restitution provenant de pays de la région méditerranéenne. Parmi ces derniers, la Turquie se trouve doublement impliquée. Alors qu'elle entame des pourparlers avec l'Allemagne pour la récupération de trésors hittites exilés à Berlin depuis 1917, elle est aussi dénoncée par les Chypriotes --grecs pour le pillage culturel de Chypre du Nord qu'elle occupe depuis 1974. L'étude de ces litiges permet d'étudier trois aspects précis de l'histoire des biens culturels. Ils permettent d'abord de mesurer le degré d'intégration des idées de protection du patrimoine promues par l'Unesco, en Turquie, en Allemagne et à Chypre. Ils permettent ensuite de réaliser une étude spécifique des objets emblématiques réclamés (le Sphinx de Bogazkdy et les Mosaïques de Kanakaria ), tout en présentant la façon dont des objets culturels peuvent avoir une place importante dans la construction des identités nationales et des discours politiques. Finalement ces deux litiges aux enjeux particulièrement complexes, offrent la possibilité d'étudier les succès du Comité intergouvernemental instauré par l'Unesco, autant que de cerner ses limites à travers les difficultés rencontrées dans la gestion des négociations jusqu'en 2000.

Although there is a growing literature on resilience and collaborative approaches to ecosystem management, there are relatively few empirical case studies on the process of adaptive governance. Moreover, previous research offers limited insights into the conditions that facilitate new ecosystem management trajectories. By analyzing the emergence of an adaptive co-management initiative in Bali, the UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscape of Bali Province, this dissertation seeks to contribute to recent research on institutional governance approaches to enhance ecosystem management and social well-being. To that end, it addresses two questions. First, it identifies and explores three primary characteristics that fostered a new multi-level adaptive governance approach to cultural landscape management in Bali: the widespread perception of environmental crisis on the island that triggered collective action and the political will for a new form of ecosystem management; the emergence of a shared ideology--articulated in the Balinese Hindu philosophy of tri hita karana, or "the three causes of prosperity"--that unified diverse actors and actor networks and established a common platform for ecological resource management; and context-specific governance strategies that built on existing institutions and local-level initiatives. The second question centers on an analysis of the emergence of the management plan for the World Heritage site in Bali. The management plan was developed to support the Balinese subak in its struggle to adapt to current and future pressures that threaten to undermine the island's unique social-ecological system. For centuries, the subak have maintained Bali's terraced rice paddy landscape as a network of semi-autonomous irrigation associations, mediated through water temples. The adaptive co-management plan draws on principles of adaptive governance to connect subaks with other actors and actor groups across multiple institutional levels and regional jurisdictions. Research findings support the likelihood that the World Heritage initiative can promote transformative change in cultural landscape management in Bali. As the initiative develops, it will provide a fertile site for future research on adaptive governance, to better understand interdependent social-ecological relationships and the evolution of adaptive co-management approaches.

The question this dissertation seeks to address is if the process of disease mongering can be ethically assessed. Chapter one provides a broad scope of the ethical challenge of disease mongering, UNESCO model framework, ADHD and PMDD. Chapter two examines disease mongering and its driving forces in detail. Chapter three provides an overview of the UNESCO model framework. Chapter four ethically examines disease mongering in conjunction with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Chapter five examines disease mongering in association with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). Chapter six concludes that examined through the UNESCO model ethical framework disease mongering is occurring for both ADHD and PMDD, and provides remarks for the addressing this in the future. / McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts; / Health Care Ethics / PhD; / Dissertation;

THE INFLUENCE OF TOURISM ON THE UNESCO SIGHTS ČESKÝ KRUMLOV AND TELČ Abstract My thesis is direct at identification of positive and negative effects of tourist industry in historical centre of Cesky Krumlov and Telc after 1992 when the cities were written on the World Heritage List of UNESCO. At the same time thesis analyzes current condition these historical sights. In the first part of thesis is analysing technical literature that is applying with problems of tourism. In the following chapters is thesis focused on attendance, demographical changes and the management of tourism in the individual destinations. The most beneficial part of this thesis may be considered chapters analysing tourist's portals, accommodation and restaurant facilities. The next, chapter of field analyse of selected areas and controlled interviews with chosen participants of tourism and public administration. Key words: Cesky Krumlov, Telc, UNESCO, tourism, impact (effects), development

The aim of the work is to evaluate to what degree the intangible UNESCO monument of the "Day of the Dead" (Día de Muertos) is indeed a living heritage. In the first chapter, it deals with UNESCO and the institution of intangible heritage and with an overview of the Mexican monuments thereof. The second chapter presents in its three parts analyses the present state of the "Day of the Dead" on the background of its historical development, and it evaluates the current impact of the UNESCO world heritage protection in relation to globalization and commercialization of the holiday. Keywords: Mexico, Day of the Dead, UNESCO, intangible cultural heritage

Being one of the fastest growing industries, tourism has a trend to offer more innovative products and services. New opportunities and challenges have come for entrepreneurs and SMEs. Heritage tourism is one type of experience-based tourism where people can get historical or cultural experience. The potential of heritage tourism has attracted many entrepreneurs. It has been recognised activities are motivated by attitude within an entrepreneurial setting, however how the destination brand identity impacts the relationship from a supplier’s perspective is not clear. This thesis investigates the influence of destination brand on the entrepreneurs in a heritage tourism. A qualitative research design was constructed and the research strategy of a case study of the Swedish World Heritage site of Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland (Hälsingegårdar) was chosen. There are only seven farmhouses to represent the UNESCO site and also 34 non-listed farmhouses open to the public. After examining both groups, it could be concluded that the destination brand of a World Heritage Site will motivate the entrepreneurs to look for opportunities, which will strengthen their attitudes. However, the relationship between attitude and activity is weak due to the effect of other external factors.

ABSTRACT UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention of 1972 has set the standard for the evaluation, preservation and conservation of World Heritage Sites (WHS) globally. The role and function of UNESCO in the cultural heritage sector in Africa, in particular cannot be denied. However, the World Heritage Convention (WHC) site management requirements for African States that are parties to the Convention, presents challenges in terms of implementation. This is due in most cases, to lack of infrastructure, deficient national policy structures, poor legislation, bad management and poor implementation. This is particularly the case in developing countries where governments are grappling with socio-economic and political challenges. Questions are raised about who has the right to define heritage, and what kinds of parameters are used to measure World Heritage of ‘‘universal’’ value. Is it appropriate for UNESCO to recommend a set of standards that have become a lens through which global cultural heritage policy is viewed and measured? What then are the implications for African sites for being listed as World Heritage, and what are their chances of competing in the global cultural arena based on the challenges mentioned above? This research report, through a study of the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, attempts to grapple with aspects of the questions raised above, and seeks to illustrate the challenges of managing a World Heritage Site. It highlights the gaps between WHC requirements, national cultural policy legislation, infrastructural and human resource incapacity, and implementation by the management at the Mapungubwe World Heritage Site

Il s'agit de l'étude de la dégradation croissante du delta du Saloum au Sénégal à travers la compréhension des impacts des facteurs physiques et anthropiques sur les patrimoines locaux, notamment la nature (faune, flore, sols, etc.). Ainsi, c’est un vrai cercle vicieux qui se manifeste par les influences réciproques négatives entre l'homme et les paysages environnementaux, surtout à l'aire des changements climatiques et de l'accroissement de la pauvreté, qui pèse sur cette aire humide particulière où populations et écologie ont toujours formé un paysage culturel, d’ailleurs classé aujourd'hui patrimoine mondial par l’UNESCO. Mais hélas, de plus en plus menacé, il urge de transformer cette tendance dévastatrice de l’interface homme-nature en un cercle vertueux pour un développement local plus durable. C’est dire, en substance, que les enjeux d'une gouvernance de l’estuaire du Saloum dans la perspective d'une préservation durable des patrimoines sont énormes. / This is the study of the increasing degradation of the Saloum delta in Senegal through the understanding of the impacts of physical and human factors on local heritage, including nature (fauna, flora, soils, etc.). Thus, it is a real vicious circle manifested by the negative reciprocal influences between man and environmental landscapes, especially in the area of climate change and increasing poverty, which weighs on this particular wetland. where populations and ecology have always formed a cultural landscape, which is now classified world heritage by UNESCO. But alas, increasingly threatened, it is urgent to turn this devastating trend of the human-nature interface into a virtuous circle for more sustainable local development. This is to say, in essence, that the stakes of a governance of the Saloum estuary in the perspective of a durable preservation of the patrimonies are enormous.

Nosso objetivo é investigar o processo de formação do conceito de Paisagem Cultural e sua aplicabilidade como instrumento de preservação e gestão do patrimônio urbano no contexto de crescimento e transformações das metrópoles latino-americanas. Dada a abrangência do conceito de Paisagem Cultural, o estudo inicia-se com um primeiro esforço de traçar um panorama histórico do surgimento da questão nos núcleos de discussão internacionais e sua incorporação e aplicação pelos órgãos de preservação nacionais. Uma vez esclarecido o processo de formação histórico e conceitual, analisamos o panorama geral das 88 Paisagens Culturais que figuram hoje na lista do Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO na tentativa de entender, através das características do conjunto, quais os critérios levados em consideração, na prática, para conceder o título aos sítios que representam esta categoria de patrimônio. Com o panorama geral em mente, partimos do estudo do global para o específico local, examinando dois documentos muito relevantes para o amadurecimento da discussão das Paisagens Culturais no contexto urbano latino-americano: o dossiê de candidatura à Paisagem Cultural de Buenos Aires e do Rio de Janeiro. Com essa análise comparativa de dois sítios urbanos, buscamos entender quais as características usadas como justificativa para reivindicar o título nesta categoria, como as duas cidades lidaram com a questão da preservação do patrimônio urbano e quais os possíveis motivos para a recusa ou concessão do reconhecimento dado pelo órgão internacional em ambos os casos. Assim, pudemos esclarecer, ao final da pesquisa, os potenciais e limitações apresentados por essa (não tão) nova categoria de preservação que se propõe, desde o início, a fornecer uma visão mais ampla e integrada de preservação dos sítios históricos em grande escala na tentativa de elencar as principais contribuições que essa categoria do Patrimônio Mundial poderia adicionar às discussões da preservação de áreas urbanas complexas e dinâmicas. / Our goal is to investigate the process of formation of the concept of Cultural Landscape and its applicability as a preservation tool and management of urban heritage in the context of growth and transformation of Latin American cities. Given the scope of the concept of cultural landscape, the study begins with a first effort to trace a historical overview of the emergence of the issue in international discussion of nuclei and their development and application by national organ preservation. Once clarified the process of historical and conceptual training, we analyze the overall picture of the 88 Cultural Landscapes appearing today in the World Heritage list in an attempt to understand, through the set of features, which the criteria taken into account in practice to grant the title to the sites pleiteam international recognition of this category of assets. With the big picture in mind, we start from the overall study for the site specific, examining two very relevant documents to the maturation of the discussion of Cultural Landscapes in the Latin American urban context: the application package to the Cultural Landscape of Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. With this comparative analysis of two urban sites, we seek to understand what features used as justification for a title in this category, as the two cities have dealt with the issue of preservation of urban heritage and what the possible reasons for the denial or grant of recognition given by international organization in both cases. Thus, we could clarify, at the end of the research, the potential and limitations presented by this (not so) new category of preservation that is proposed from the outset, to provide a broader and more integrated view of preservation of historical sites on a large scale in attempt to list the main contributions that the World Heritage category could add to the discussions of preservation of complex and dynamic urban areas.