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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 330-345). Also available online in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

A basic health and lifestyle questionnaire was given to a convenience sample of 103 Ute elders, age 50 and older. Fifty-three percent reported being diagnosed with diabetes. The mean BMI (body mass index) was 33.31 (SD=8.72). For descriptive purposes, BMI was divided into three categories: less than 25, 25-29.99, 30 or above. Eleven percent were in the BMI category of less than 25. Thirty percent of Ute elders reported a BMI between 25-29.99. Fifty two percent had a BMI of 30 or above. Diabetes rates among this Ute elder sample were significantly lower with a lower income, lower education level, older age, higher BMI, and having a family history of diabetes. A binary logistic regression revealed family history (Exp [B]=3.06; p Based on this survey, the Ute Tribe should focus future wellness programs on prevention and control of diabetes and obesity among their tribe. Prevention for these chronic diseases needs to begin with the youth as well as with the older members of the tribe. Currently, the Ute tribe has two programs to treat and prevent diabetes among their tribe. The Diabetes Prevention and Control Program is a clinic to provide intervention for those Ute members with diabetes. It also provides a small gym furnished with exercise equipment for members of the tribe to use at no cost to them. The other program for the youth of the tribe teaches about the importance of nutrition and exercise in their lifestyles. Future programs should expand upon existing programs in attempts to reach the whole tribe.

Questions of jurisdiction over Indian lands between tribal and state governments constitute some of the most vexing problems in federal Indian law. The Ute jurisdiction case captures, in one instance, the complexities that surround this important body of law. Many cases concerning Native American jurisdiction rights center on disputed interpretations of antiquated federal laws. In the Ute case, both the State of Utah and the Ute Indian tribe contested the meaning of a series of congressional acts that opened Ute lands to white settlement at the turn of the century. The protracted litigation that marked the Ute case revealed many of the inconsistencies and contradictions that plague the federal courts in their attempts to resolve jurisdiction controversies. This thesis examines the particulars of the Ute ii lawsuit and, using it as a vehicle, investigates the limits of the law in deciding Indian/white jurisdiction disputes.

As a scientific field, phonetics systematically analyzes human speech sounds using segmental distinctions and state of the art technology. Ideally, these analyses are based on cross-linguistic data from a wide variety of language families. This dissertation provides the first phonetic analysis of Southern Ute, a severely endangered Uto-Aztecan language and presents the only published discussion of language policies and revitalization efforts on the Southern Ute reservation, located in Southwestern Colorado. This research is important because although there are 1,419 enrolled members of the Southern Ute tribe, according to a 2002 informal language survey, there are only forty remaining speakers, who are all over the age of sixty. It is important to note that the previous work on Southern Ute, three dictionaries (Goss 1961, Givon 1979, Charney 1996), one grammar (Givon 1980), one dissertation (Goss 1972) and a collection of traditional narratives (Givon 1985), does not include phonetic analysis or discussion of language policy or revitalization efforts on the Southern Ute reservation. This research benefits the Southern Ute community, the linguistic community and other indigenous communities in two ways. First, it provides a model for phonetic analysis of an endangered language utilizing fluent speaker intuition about stress. Second, the language policies and revitalization discussion adds to revitalization resources especially in the area of curriculum development. In the theoretical domain, Southern Ute offers rich data. It is imperative that Southern Ute phonetic properties are analyzed, documented and archived before the small number of fluent speakers die, leaving no digital audio recordings behind for future generations.

L'évaluation non-invasive de la myéline dans la substance blanche du système nerveux central est fondamentale pour le suivi de pathologies telles que la sclérose en plaques. La myéline est majoritairement constituée de lipides et de protéines : du fait des nombreuses interactions dans ces macromolécules, les temps de relaxation transversale sont très courts (T2 < 1 ms), rendant indétectables ces signaux par des séquences conventionnelles. Les méthodes standards d’imagerie par RMN pour la caractérisation de la myéline reposent sur la modélisation des interactions entre les protons aqueux et la structure myélinisée. Néanmoins, la sélectivité et la robustesse de ces méthodes indirectes peuvent être remises en cause. Les séquences à temps d’écho ultracourt (UTE – TE < 1 ms) permettraient de faire l’acquisition directe des signaux issus de la matrice semi-solide de la myéline. Le développement de telles méthodes pour la mise en contraste positif et sélectif de la myéline sur système préclinique est l’objet de cette thèse. La validation de chacune des méthodes a été menée sur modèle murin ex vivo en confrontant des animaux sains et démyélinisés. Les résultats à partir des méthodes UTE montrent une sélectivité significative à la démyélinisation, suggérant l’adéquation de la technique pour l'évaluation de la myéline dans la substance blanche. / Non-invasive evaluation of white matter myelin in the central nervous system is essential for the monitoring of pathologies such as multiple sclerosis. Myelin is essentially composed of lipids and proteins: because of the numerous interactions between these macromolecules, the transverse relaxation times are very short (T2 < 1 ms), and their signals are undetectable using conventional sequences. Standard MRI methods for the characterization of myelin rely on the modeling of the interactions of aqueous protons with myelinated structures. Nonetheless, the selectivity and robustness of such indirect methods are questionable. Ultrashort echo time sequences (UTE – TE < 1 ms) may allow to directly detect the signals arising from the semi-solid spin pool of myelin. The main objective of this thesis consists in developing such methods in order to generate a positive and selective contrast of myelin using a preclinical imaging system. Validation of each method was carried out using an ex vivo murine model by confronting healthy and demyelinated animals. Results show a significant selectivity of the UTE methods to demyelination, suggesting that the technique is promising for white matter myelin monitoring.

On utilise en IRM clinique T2, T1 et la densité de protons comme biomarqueurs de diagnostic et de suivi. Cependant, seuls les tissus à T2 long sont visibles par IRM classique. La séquence UTE (Ultra-short TE) a été récemment développée pour des études quantitatives de l’os cortical. Nous avons dans une première étape confronté des mesures de porosité de l’os cortical par IRM-UTE et par microtomographie par rayonnement synchrotron, car la porosité est un paramètre déterminant de la qualité osseuse. L’étude a été menée sur 38 échantillons de diaphyses fémorales humaines en collaboration avec une équipe du B2OA (UMR7052). La porosité par IRM-UTE à 4.7 T (TE = 51 µs) est entre 18 et 43% (moyenne 30%). La porosité par microtomographie (résolution spatiale : 6.5 µm) est entre 3 et 27% (moyenne 14%). Aucune corrélation n’a pu être observée entre les deux mesures. Une importante dispersion a été observée sur les valeurs de T1 entre les échantillons, que nous proposons d’attribuer à des effets de transfert d’aimantation (MT) entre les protons de l’eau liée au collagène et les protons des terminaisons méthylène du collagène. Pour confirmer cette interprétation, nous avons dans une seconde étape confronté plusieurs méthodes d’évaluation de la relaxation longitudinale dans des échantillons d’os bovin. Les mesures réalisées par différentes séquences (inversion-récupération, saturation hors-résonance, saturation par répétition de binomiales et angle de bascule variable) confirment des effets de MT importants. Les méthodes les plus robustes pour évaluer les paramètres sont la saturation hors-résonance et par répétition de binomiales, ce qui suggère leur utilisation pour de futures applications in vivo. / Longitudinal and transverse relaxations are quantitative tools used in MRI for diagnosis and follow up. However only tissues with long T2 can be detected with MRI. Quantitative evaluation of cortical bone porosity is now feasible with UTE.In this work, porosity measurements from UTE in human cortical bone samples were compared with those from micro-computed tomography (µCT). 38 human cortical bone samples (upper diaphysis) were examined in collaboration with a team from B2OA (UMR7052). Porosity from UTE (TE = 51 µs) was between 18% and 43% (mean 30%) and from µCT (spatial resolution = 6.5 µm) between 3% and 27% (mean 14%). No correlation could be established between the two measurements. T1 values from few samples were dispersed; a possible explanation could be the magnetization transfer (MT) between collagen-bound water protons and collagen methylene protons.For a quantitative interpretation of this phenomenon, 11 bovine cortical bone samples were examined. Several sequences (inversion-recovery, off-resonance saturation, repeated binomial excitations, variable flip angle) were implemented at 4.7 T to assess MT parameters. The aim was to compare which method may provide accurate parameter estimation. Off-resonance saturation and repeated binomial excitation seem to be more suitable for in vivo MT quantification.

Syftet med den här studien är att belysa förskollärares uppfattningar av utomhuspedagogik.Frågeställningarna var: Vilka uppfattningar har förskollärare av utomhuspedagogik med fokus på hälsa?och Vilka uppfattningar har förskollärare av utomhuspedagogik med fokus på lärande? För att få svar påfrågeställningarna användes en kvalitativ metod med en fenomenografisk ansats. För att få svar påfrågeställningarna intervjuades fem förskollärare på fyra olika förskolor. Resultatet visade att de femförskollärarna upplever att de arbetar med utomhuspedagogik. Utifrån intervjufrågorna var det främsthälsan och barnens välbefinnande som lyftes fram. Även lärandet sågs som en viktig del, men ingen avförskollärarna upplevde att barnen lär sig bättre eller sämre utomhus. Istället handlar det om hurpedagogerna förmedlar lärandeobjektet.

Lifestyle changes from traditional diet and activities to modem diets high in fat and sugar, and sedentary habits have increased inherited health risk for diabetes and obesity among Native American youth. Nutrition education and physical activity programs have been recommended to help reduce health-risk factors. This study evaluated a summer nutrition education and fitness program for effectiveness in improving the dietary habits, nutrition knowledge, fitness level, and health status of American Indian children ages 9-14 living on or near the Uintah-Ouray Reservation in Uintah and Duchesne Counties of Eastern Utah.

This thesis is a historical case study of the Ute Indians of eastern Utah. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how federal Indian education policy is implemented at the local level. Ute children attend school in the Uintah and Duchesne county school districts. The thesis traces Ute experiences in public schools during crucial transitions in federal policy. From 1900 to 1930, the federal government sought to enroll Indians in public schools in order to teach them white ways. Indian enrollment increased in the 1940s and 1950s when federal funding made the attendance of Ute children lucrative to the school districts. After the reservation boarding school closed in 1952, nearly all of the Ute children attended public schools and faced a school system that was hostile to their culture. A key transition occurred in the 1970s when federal policy shifted to one of self-determination. The Indian Education Act of 1972 made mandatory the direct participation by Indian parents in the implementation of federally funded programs. Many parents failed to grasp the new opportunity. The Ute Tribal Education Division became heavily involved in running Ute history and language classes in the public schools under Title IV of the Indian Education Act of 1972 and under Title VII of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Despite the existence of a policy that advocated self determination, Utes were not really allowed to determine how federal money was spent. The 1972 Indian Education Act established an advisory role for parents rather than an administrative one. Local school districts still controlled the purse strings. Programs run under this act were not integrated into the core curriculum of local schools. Federal Indian education policy changed from decade to decade but local attitudes remained essentially the same, blunting each policy's effectiveness. When the federal government desired assimilation, local residents and Indians fought that goal. When the federal government switched to a policy of self-determination, misunderstanding and outright hostility kept it from fulfillment at the local level. In addition to problems associated with local attitudes, federal legislation also proved unworkable because it gave Indians no real power to make the school districts listen to them.