This study conducts an ex-ante economic impact evaluation of developing low cost technologies for pyramiding useful genes from wild relatives into elite progenitors of cassava in Nigeria, Ghana and Uganda. More specifically, it estimates the change in economic surplus generated by introducing cassava varieties with tolerance to cassava mosaic disease, green mites, whiteflies, and delayed post-harvest deterioration. It compares the economic benefits of marker-assisted selection (MAS) to conventional breeding for these traits. Results indicate that varieties developed with marker-assisted breeding that incorporate all three traits are worth US$2.89 billion in Nigeria, $854 million in Ghana, and $280 million in Uganda over 20 years. If these varieties were to be developed with tolerance to CMD and Green mites alone they would be worth US$1.49 billion in Nigeria, $675 million in Ghana, and $52 million in Uganda if developed through MAS. If developed solely by conventional breeding they would be worth about US$676 million in Nigeria, $304 million in Ghana, and $18 million in Uganda. The difference is mostly due to the faster timing of release for the varieties developed with MAS and the higher probability of success. Several sensitivity analyses were conducted and benefits for MAS range from US$1.7 billion to US$4.3 billion for all three traits depending on assumptions. In all cases, the research investment is highly profitable from a societal standpoint. / Master of Science

Using feminist theory and comparative analysis, this thesis will investigate why women in sub-Saharan Africa are more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS than men. Among non-governmental organizations and inter-governmental organizations, HIV/AIDS has always been a gender issue because it is clear that women are more vulnerable to the disease, socially, culturally and biologically. Through two case studies -- one on Uganda where the HIV prevalence rate has dropped considerably in recent years, and one on Botswana, where the HIV prevalence rate has drastically increased in recent years â I will shed light on women's vulnerability to HIV, how this vulnerability can be counteracted, and how these counteractive efforts are implemented by women and state governments (if they are implemented at all). It is hypothesized that the empowerment of women may stifle the spread of HIV. / Master of Arts

<p dir="ltr"> How does the experience of political violence by members of the host community influence attitudes towards refugees? I draw on theories from social psychology and comparative politics to demonstrate the impact of political violence on preferences for migrants. Specifically, I shed light on how an individual's past experience with civil war shapes their attitudes towards refugees. Existing work suggests that exposure to conflict will lead to prosocial behavior. I test my argument using a conjoint experiment embedded in a survey where I ask respondents to evaluate three pairs of refugee profiles, including their reasons for migration. Respondents then decide which of those profiles should be granted refugee status based on the attributes presented. My analysis shows that those exposed to civil war are more prosocial and show a much higher support for refugees in comparison to those who were not exposed to conflict. However, contrary to the expectations set by post-traumatic growth theory that those with a similar experience as refugees will show a higher preference for those refugees with whom they share an experience, I do not find that individuals exposed to civil war show a significant preference for refugees fleeing conflict over other category of migrants. These results ask us to question the implication of different refugee categorizations on attitudes and behavior towards migrants. Although relevant for public policy and resource distribution, for the ordinary person, migrant categories might not much of an effect, especially if all migrants are perceived to be the same. Furthermore, these results inform policy approaches for reducing prejudice, increasing prosocial behavior towards refugees and promoting social cohesion.</p>

The aim of this study was to explore some of the reasons for low student enrollments at alternative schools, through a case study of a Ugandan alternative school, Heritage International School. The study was carried out in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, in a small town called Kansanga, where Heritage International School, is located. Various people were interviewed in different categories, to find out their views on low enrollments at HIS. The literature review in the study included the theoretical perspectives on reasons for low enrolments in various schools that had the characteristics of HIS. This review was very helpful in steering the direction of the research as it highlighted various causes for low enrolments at alternative schools. This research was able to highlight the causes of low enrollment that were particular to HIS and therefore give some recommendations on to how to solve these problems. / Education / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Today, the issue of poverty reduction is central to the development process. This is particularly so because developing countries and the donors that prop up many of these countries' economies have come to realize that not all impressive economic gains, where they occur in the developing countries, are translated into improvement in the people's welfare. The Bretton Woods institutions have also been under attack from an everincreasing body of research for neoliberal policies that inform their prescriptions to poor clients. It is alleged that the IMFlWorld Bank's conditionalities and austerity measures have exacerbated poverty in developing countries. The main issue in this study is whether the IMFlWorld Bank policy prescriptions to Uganda have led to economic growth and helped to pull the country out of poverty or whether they have impoverished its people even further. The other question for this research to answer is whether poverty in Uganda is on the increase or whether it is just a matter of perception. This study is based on information obtained from various books, academic journals and papers, NGO reports, government publications, electronic media reports, and IMFlWorld Bank working papers and reports. This study has been able to observe that the Bretton Woods institutions have succeeded in revitalizing Uganda's economy, although the country is yet to see sustainable economic growth. Although the privatization process was riddled with corruption, the country benefited from the reforms through efficiency gains. Similarly, people who grow only food crops have not benefited from liberalization, but those who grow cashcrops (except cotton) have generally benefited from it. The study has confirmed that some of the Bretton Woods institutions' conditionalities, e.g. retrenchment, have caused poverty among some Ugandans and cost sharing has increased the severity of poverty among Uganda's poor. The study has also confirmed that the inequality gap has widened. The income poverty that was receding between 1992 and 1997 has since 2000 made a comeback. The study also reveals that other qualitative forms of poverty e.g. powerlessness and social seclusion, are widespread in Uganda. However, the study has not found sufficient evidence to directly link the increasing poverty in Uganda to the Bretton Woods institutions' policies. Finally, it is recommended that to mitigate the effects of poverty, the release of poverty reduction funds should not be pegged on conditionality. However, conditionality should be imposed on non-essential government expenditure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING Armoedeverligting is vandag 'n kernkwessie in die ontwikkelingsproses. Hierdie waarneming is spesifiek van belang deurdat ontwikkelelende lande, en die skenkers wat sommige van hierdie ekonomieë steun, besef het dat indrukwekkende ekonomiese vooruitgang nie noodwendig tot 'n verbetering in lewens-standaarde lei nie. Die Bretton Woods instellings word al hoe meer gekritiseer oor hulle voorskriftelike neoliberale beleide. Daar word beweer dat die IMFlWêreldbank se voorwaardes en onbuigbaarheid reeds gelei het tot armoede in sommige ontwikkelende lande. Die hoof-ondersoek in hierdie studie handeloor die vraag of die IMF/ Wêreldbank-beleidsvoorskrifte Uganda aangespoor het tot ekonomiese groei en so gehelp het om die land uit armoede to help, en of dit nie dalk die landsburgers verder verarm het nie. Die tweede vraagstuk in hierdie studie is of armoede aan die toeneem is in Uganda en of dit dalk nie net 'n kwessie van persepsie is nie. Die navorsing vir hierdie werkstuk is gebaseer op verskeie boeke, akademiese joernaal-artikels en refererate, verslae van nie-winsjagende organisasie, regeringspublikasies, elektronies media verslae, en IMFlWêreldbank konsepartikels en verslae. Die studie het gevind dat die Bretton Woods instellings wel daarin geslaag het om lewe te blaas in die Ugandese ekonomie, maar dat die land steeds nie volhoubare ekonomiese groei behaal het nie. Hoewel korrupsie in die privatiseringsproses die sukses daarvan beperk het, het die land wel voordeel getrek uit vooruitgang in doeltreffendheid. Boere wat voedselgewasse plant vir plaaslike markte, het nie veel baat gevind by liberalisering nie terwyl diegene wat kontantgewasse (maar nie katoen) aangeplant het, het wel voordeel getrek uit liberalisering. Die studie het bevestig dat sommige van die Bretton Woods instellings se voorwaardes, byvoorbeeld afdankings en koste-deling, armoede veroorsaak het of die graad daarvan vererger het onder Uganda se armes. Die studie staaf ook verder dat die armoede-gaping groter geraak het. Die inkomste-armoede wat gekrimp het tussen 1992 en 1997, het sedert 2000 weer verskyn. Die studie onthulook dat ander kwalitatiewe vorms van armoede, bv. magteloosheid en sosiale uitsluiting, wydverspreid voorkom in Uganda. Die studie het egter nie genoeg bewyse gevind om die groeiende armoede direk te koppel aan die Bretton Woods instellings se beleide nie.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In Uganda, cattle are an important reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, a parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness. We developed mathematical models to examine the transmission of T. b. rhodesiense by tsetse vector species, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in a host population that consists of humans, domestic and wild mammals, and reptiles. The models were developed and analysed based on the situation in Tororo district in Southeastern Uganda, where sleeping sickness is endemic and which has a cattle and human population of 40, 000 and 500, 000, respectively. Assuming populations of cattle and humans only, the impact of mass chemoprophylaxis and vector control through insecticide-treated cattle (ITC) is evaluated. Keeping 12% or 82% of the cattle population on insecticides that have an insecticidal killing effect of 100% at all times or trypanocides that have 100% efficacy, respectively, can lead to the control of T. b. rhodesiense in both humans and cattle. Optimal control of T. b. rhodesiense is shown to be achieved through ITC alone or a combination of chemoprophylaxis and ITC, the former being the cheapest control strategy. Allowing for the waning effect of insecticides and including wildhosts, T. b. rhodesiense control can be achieved by keeping 21% or 27% of the cattle population on insecticides through whole-body or restricted application, respectively. Restricting the treatment of insecticides to adult cattle only would require 24% or 33% of the adult cattle population to be kept on insecticides through whole-body or restricted application, respectively, to control T. b. rhodesiense. A cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost analysis of using ITC to control T. b. rhodesiense show that restricted application of insecticides is a cheaper and more beneficial strategy compared to whole-body treatment. The results of the study show that the restricted application of insecticides on cattle provides a cheap, safe and farmer-based strategy for controlling tsetse and trypanosomiasis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Uganda is beeste ’n belangrike reservoir van Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, ’n parasiet wat tripanosomiase of slaapsiekte in mense veroorsaak. Ons het wiskundige modelle ontwikkel wat die oordrag van T. b. Rhodesiense deur tesetse vektor spesies, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in ’n draer populasie wat bestaan uit mense, mak en wilde diere en reptiele, ondersoek. Die modelle was ontwikkel en geanaliseer gebaseer op die oordrag situasie in die Tororo distrik in Suidoostelike Uganda, ’n gebied waar slaapsiekte endemies is en wat ’n populasie van 40, 000 beeste en 500, 000 mense het. Die impak van massa chemoprofilakse en vektor beheer deur insekdoder-behandelde beeste is gevalueer onder die aanname van bees en mens populasies alleenlik. Beheer oor T. b. Rhodesiense in beide mense en beeste kan verkry word deur of 12% van die bees populasie te behandel met ’n insekdoder wat 100% effektief is ten alle tye of 82% van die bees populasie te behandel met tripanosiedes wat 100% effektief is. Daar is aangetoon dat optimale beheer van T. b. Rhodesiense bereik kan word deur die gebruik van insekdoders alleenlik of ’n kombinasie van insekdoders en chemoprofilakse, hoewel eersgenoemde die goedkoopste strategie is. Wanneer die kwynende effek van insekdoders asook wilde diere as draers in ag geneem word, kan T. b. Rhodesiense beheer verkry word deur 21% van beeste se hele liggaam met insekdoders te behandel of 27% gedeeltelik te behandel. As slegs volwasse beeste met insekdoders behandel word, moet 24% se hele liggaam of 33% gedeeltelik behandel word vir beheer van T. b. Rhodesiense. ’n Koste-effektiwiteit en voordeel-koste analise van insekdoders as beheermaatstaf vir T. b. Rhodesiense toon aan dat gedeeltelike behandeling van die bees se liggaam die goedkoper en meer voordelige strategie is in vergelyking met behandeling van die hele liggaam. Die resultate van die studie wys dat gedeeltelike behandeling van beeste met insekdoders ’n goedkoop, veilige en landbouer-gebaseerde strategie is om tsetse en tripanosomiase te beheer.

Finding food in tropical forests poses a potentially major problem for chimpanzees, whose ranging is thought primarily to be directed at locating suitable food resources: (1) chimpanzees are frugivorous, large bodied and live in large home ranges; (2) they lack specialised sensory or locomotor abilities, and terrestrial travel is known to be costly; but (3) fruits are randomly distributed in space and time. Evidence from studies of captive individuals suggests chimpanzees are capable of remembering the locations of out of sight resources and can compute least distance routes to these resources, but whether this ability translates to the natural foraging behaviour of wild chimpanzees has never been investigated. My observational study was designed to assess how the chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Budongo Forest, Uganda, locate these patchy resources. I mapped the routes of 14 focal individuals over a 12-month period. I considered how these foraging routes were structured by breaking the path into segments of travel between resources. Consecutive segments of travel between resources were found not to be independent, but assembled into "super-segments" that take in a number of resources along one trajectory. These super-segments are not necessarily directed towards feeding resources, however: travel is not always food directed. Comparisons of actual chimpanzee routes with randomly generated simulations suggest most individuals do not attempt to minimise their travel distances. There is evidence to suggest energetically stressed individuals can remember the locations of recently visited food resources and return to these patches in order to minimise travel distances when necessary, but overall, food is not difficult to find for this community of chimpanzees. I propose this is because males defend a territory with super-abundant food resources, meaning availability is not a limiting factor of foraging. Male chimpanzees can be characterised as convenience feeders, taking food whilst satisfying other, social needs.

Bakgrund: Egenvård och utbildning i egenvård som omvårdnadsåtgärd är en viktig del i behandlingen av kroniskt sjuka patienter då det bidrar till att patienten blir delaktig i sin egen vård och hälsa samt att det kan förhindra försämring och komplikationer. Diabetes Mellitus typ II (DMT2) är en kronisk sjukdom där egenvård är central och kan göra skillnad för patientens hälsa. Kopplat till ökningen av DMT2 över hela världen, speciellt i låg- och medelinkomstländer, är sjuksköterskors arbete med egenvård och utbildning i egenvård av stor vikt. Få tidigare studier har fokuserat på hur sjuksköterskor i Uganda arbetar med egenvård inom DMT2. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur sjuksköterskor arbetar med egenvård och utbildning av egenvård som omvårdnadsåtgärd för att upprätthålla och förbättra hälsan hos patienter med diabetes typ II i Uganda. Metod: Deskriptiv kvalitativ design. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer hölls individuellt med sex sjuksköterskor på en endokrinologisk avdelning samt på en diabetesmottagning på ett sjukhus i Uganda. Huvudresultat: Intervjusvaren resulterade efter analys i tre kategorier och en underkategori; Patientundervisning, Klargöra patientens ansvar, Ta hänsyn till svårigheter samt underkategorin Identifiera behovet av ökad kunskap. Kategorin Patientundervisning beskriver hur sjuksköterskor arbetade med patientundervisning för att bibehålla och förbättra patientens hälsa och vilka huvudområden som ingick i undervisningen för att ge patienten möjligheter att uppnå egenvård. Under kategorin Klargöra patientens ansvar visas hur sjuksköterskor arbetar med patienternas förmåga att ta ansvar för genomförandet av egenvård. Kategorin Ta hänsyn till svårigheter beskriver vilka svårigheter som upplevdes avseende egenvård och utbildning av egenvård, samt hur sjuksköterskorna hanterade dessa. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna upplevde att arbetet med patientundervisning gav goda resultat och bättre hälsoförståelse hos patienterna, fortsatt patientutbildning för patienter med DMT2 i Uganda upplevs därför viktig. Sjuksköterskornas arbete med att klargöra patientens eget ansvar i arbetet med egenvård upplevs som viktigt för att behandlingen ska bli optimal och för att patientens hälsa på lång sikt ska kunna bibehållas och förbättras. De svårigheter som sjuksköterskorna upplevde och som de måste ta hänsyn till var komplexa och relaterade till så väl hälso- och sjukvårdssystemet liksom det omgivande samhället i Uganda. / Background: Self-care and education in self-care as a nursing action is an important part in the treatment of chronic diseases, since it involves the patients and increases the control of their own care and health. Diabetes Mellitus type II (DMT2) is a chronic disease where self-care is a central component in the care. One nursing responsibility is to educate the patient about self-care. DMT2 is increasing globally, specifically in low and middle-income countries, why nurses’ work with self-care and education of self-care as a nursing action in diabetes care is important. Few previous studies have focused on how nurses work with self-care of DMT2 in Uganda. Objective: The aim of the study was to explore how nurses work with self-care and education of self-care as a nursing action in order to maintain and improve the health of patients with diabetes type II in Uganda. Method: Descriptive qualitative design. Semi-structured interviews were held individually with six nurses working in an out-, or in-patient clinic on a hospital in Uganda. Results: Analysis of the interviews generated three categories and one sub category; Patient education, Emphasize patients’ responsibilities, Handle the difficulties and the sub-category Identify the need for increased knowledge. The category “Patient education” describes how the nurses worked with patient education in order to maintain and improve the patients’ health. The category “Emphasize patients’ responsibilities” describes how nurses work to strengthen the patients’ ability and their own responsibilities to maintain and improve their own health. The category “Handle the difficulties” describes the nurses’ experienced difficulties related to working with self-care and education about self-care. Conclusion: The nurses experienced that their work with patient education increased patients’ knowledge about diabetes and created a better understanding of the importance of self-care. Continuous patient education and the nurses’ work with emphasizing the patients’ responsibilities is experienced as important in order for the patients to maintain and improve in their health. The difficulties experienced by the nurses in this study were complex and are related to the health care system as well as the surrounding society in Uganda.

Diese explorative, ethnographische Arbeit squizziert die historische Entwicklung der Senga-Rolle und -kommunikation bei den Baganda im 20. Jahrhundert. Die Senga ist bei den Baganda die Tante väterlicherseits, Bezugsperson und Beraterin in allen Lebensphasen ihrer Nichte in Bezug auf Sexualität, Weiblichkeit und heterosexuelle Beziehungen. Die soziale Rolle der Senga ist in diesem Sinne eine Strategie des lebenslangen Lernens. Die Senga-Rolle ist auch in anderen bantusprachigen Gesellschaften Ostafrikas bekannt. Das 20. Jahrhundert stand in Uganda unter dem starken Einfluss der Missionierung und Kolonisierung, für die Schriftsprache ein zentrales Element der Kommunikation war. Die Senga-Rolle hat sich im Zuge dessen stark ausdifferenziert: von einer rein familiären sozialen Rolle zu einem sektorübergreifenden sozialen Feld, insbesondere für Frauen, wobei Schriftsprache eine wichtige Rolle spielt.

This report is a thesis in mechanical engineering with a focus on development assistance. The thesis was carried out in collaboration with the Gombe Youth Development Organization. The task was to develop an adequate system to collect, purify and store water in the two rural villages Gombe and Kayunga in Uganda. The system takes into account local weather, water quality, population, water consumption and types of water sources. The final system has a low manufacturing cost, simple maintenance, low operating cost, is electrical independent and can be manufactured and repaired with local available components. The report presents various types of sources of water and purification of varying suitability for these conditions. The report also includes operation and maintenance manual and an approximate budget. The result of this work is a combined system of rainwater harvesting, flocculation and one "up flow" rapid sand filter with built-in storage tank. Given that only rainwater collection is not enough to cover a normal sized family of 10 individuals consumption of water, due to this water from natural sources is also used. / Den här rapporten är ett examensarbete i maskinteknik med inriktning mot bistånd. Examensarbetet utfördes i samarbete med Gombe Youth Development Organization. Uppgiften bestod i att ta fram ett lämpligt system för att samla in, rena och lagra vatten i de två byarna Gombe och Kayunga på Ugandas landsbygd. Systemet tar hänsyn till lokalt väder, vattenkvalité, population, vattenkonsumtion och typer av vattenkällor. Det slutliga systemet har låg tillverkningskostnad, är lätt att underhålla, har låg driftskostnad, är inte beroende av elektricitet och kan tillverkas och repareras av lokalt tillgängliga komponenter. Rapporten presenterar olika typer av insamlingskällor av dricksvatten och metoder för rening med varierande lämplighet för dessa förutsättningar. Rapporten innefattar även drift- och underhållsmanual och en ungefärlig budget. Resultatet av arbetet är ett system kombinerat av regnvatteninsamling, flockning och ett ”up flow” snabbt sandfilter med inbyggd förvaringstank. Med tanke på att endast regnvatteninsamling inte räcker till för att täcka behovet för en normalstor familj på 10 personer, kommer även vatten från naturliga källor även att användas.