<p>This is a study about hiv/aids communication between low- and non-educated women andhiv/aids organisations in Uganda. The purpose of the thesis is to define potential disturbance inthe communication using three organisations and 9 women as examples. The research is made with qualitative methods and most of the data is collected through field studies and group interviews.</p><p>The result of the study is that there are a lot of disturbance causing problems in the communication between the women and the organisations. Most of the disturbances can be connected to the women’s limited access to media exposure. It is also a problem that the interviewed women are more or less isolated in their villages, which mean they are directly excluded from all the information activities placed on billboards, posters, fairs, and events thattake place in the city centre or elsewhere. Even though there are a lot of community based information activities arranged by the organisations, these women will not be reached since most of the activities take place in schools where they don’t have access.The poor level of education results in two problems, first, the women cannot read and will therefore not access any print material and second, their English skills are not good enough to understand the meaning of the majority of the information material.It is pointed out that all disturbances are not communication problems. One of them is the gender inequality in Uganda. The gender roles and structures are too unequal and dominating that even if the women, despite all disturbances, receive information it is often impossible for her to implement the knowledge without consensus from her man.</p>

<p>Fattiga kvinnor fokuseras ofta i internationellt utvecklingsarbete då de anses överlägsna män i att generera såväl förbättrad hälsa som ekonomisk utveckling. Feministisk kritik av tidigare insatser som främst sett till kvinnors reproduktiva roll har gjort att empowermentbegreppet idag är centralt: kvinnors villkor ska definieras på gräsrotsnivå, såväl praktiska som sociopolitiska behov ska mötas och kvinnor därmed ges förutsättningar att göra strategiska livsval. Kvalitativa intervjuer med kvinnor i Svenska Getbanken i Uganda genomfördes i syfte att undersöka utvecklingsprojektets inverkan på kvinnornas livssituation, och på deras självuppfattning. Efter tematisk analys visar resultatet bl a att kvinnornas inkomster gynnar familjen, att deras självtillit växt då isolering i hemmet bytts mot socialt stöd och ny kunskap, och att de något ökat sitt inflytande i familjen. En kritik är att kvinnornas totala arbetsbörda ökat, då projektet inte beaktar strukturella frågor, som t ex könsarbetsdelning. Medvetandegörande arbete kring dessa och andra strategiska genusfrågor föreslås.</p>

In this work an extended literature survey on ceramics and porcelains in particular, has been documented. Samples from two Ugandan deposits of each feldspar and quartz were characterised by means of X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, chemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy and found to possess requisite properties for making electro porcelain insulators. Five porcelain bodies were formulated and samples were fabricated from materials collected from selected deposits in Uganda using different mixing proportions of clay, feldspar and quartz. The properties of the formulated bodies were studied in relation to workability, firing temperature, dielectric and bending strengths. The strengths (both mechanical and dielectric) were found to decrease as the firing temperature was increased above 1250°C. Additionally, ten formulations with components in the range of 30-60% clay, 20-45% feldspar and 20-25% sand were prepared. Specimens for mechanical and physical characterisation were made using the plastic extrusion method. The samples were characterised in terms of constituent oxide composition, flexural strength, fracture toughness, dielectric strength along with microstructural and phase properties using ICP-AES analyses, 4-point load bending strength test, Vicker’s indentation method, SEM and XRD analyses respectively. XRD studies revealed that the crystalline phases formed were mullite and quartz and their intensity was almost identical for all samples fired at 1250°C but there was a decrease inquartz content as temperature was increased above 1250°C. Samples with 20% sandcontent resulted in higher density, MOR and fracture toughness compared to thosecontaining 25% sand. Mullite content on the other hand did not change at temperatures above 1200°C but there were significant differences in the morphologies of the mullite crystals in the samples. Optimum mechanical and electrical properties were found at maximum vitrification and a microstructure showing small closely packed mullite needles. This occurred at a firing temperature of 1250°C. Three promising porcelain formulations from the above investigations were chosen and five glazes formulated to fit on biscuit fired specimens. The best-fitting glaze was adopted. The formulated specimens were investigated using dilatometry, Steger test, FEG-SEM, XRD, 4-point bending, dielectric strength and fracture toughness tests. A porcelain specimen consisting of 68% SiO2, 19% Al2O3, 4.7% K2O and a glaze of Seger formula RO:0.57Al2O3:4.86SiO2 exhibited MOR of 105MPa with Weibull modulus of 5.6 and a dielectric strength of 18kV/mm upon firing at a heating rate of 6ºC/min to 1250ºC, soaking for 2h at the top temperature and cooling down to 500°C at a rate of 6°C/min, followed by furnace cooling. The microstructure of the high strength specimen exhibited round mullite needles, quartz and glass. Holding samples for 2h at peak temperature resulted in a 22% increase in MOR compared to 1h holding. Glazing further improved strength by 67% for the best sample. Compressive stresses in glaze contributed to the strengthening effect. The dielectric and mechanical strengths obtained make the ormulated sample suitable for application in low voltage electrical insulation. / QC20100609

Fattiga kvinnor fokuseras ofta i internationellt utvecklingsarbete då de anses överlägsna män i att generera såväl förbättrad hälsa som ekonomisk utveckling. Feministisk kritik av tidigare insatser som främst sett till kvinnors reproduktiva roll har gjort att empowermentbegreppet idag är centralt: kvinnors villkor ska definieras på gräsrotsnivå, såväl praktiska som sociopolitiska behov ska mötas och kvinnor därmed ges förutsättningar att göra strategiska livsval. Kvalitativa intervjuer med kvinnor i Svenska Getbanken i Uganda genomfördes i syfte att undersöka utvecklingsprojektets inverkan på kvinnornas livssituation, och på deras självuppfattning. Efter tematisk analys visar resultatet bl a att kvinnornas inkomster gynnar familjen, att deras självtillit växt då isolering i hemmet bytts mot socialt stöd och ny kunskap, och att de något ökat sitt inflytande i familjen. En kritik är att kvinnornas totala arbetsbörda ökat, då projektet inte beaktar strukturella frågor, som t ex könsarbetsdelning. Medvetandegörande arbete kring dessa och andra strategiska genusfrågor föreslås.

The thesis addresses mHealth in Uganda and aims to map out how different factors affect the field and what challenges there are in using mobile phones. By using theories the thesis conclude that the organisational structures is unorganised due to lack in communication and communication. The thesis also address many factors that affect the field and to reach development in Uganda the organisations need to target the whole system of components. Coordination from governmental institutions and a will for collaboration between NGO's and government is important if a sustainable organisational structure and development should be attained. ICTs such as mobile phones can be a useful tool in reaching this goal.

With the extant work on civil war duration as a starting point, this project uses the Ugandan case to identify and address theoretical aporias in our existing understanding of the determinants of duration. The vast majority of existing work begins with the assumption that the rebel force is the determining factor in the duration of conflict. Challenging this assumption, I argue that civil war duration should be understood as a function of the calculations made by both the rebel units and the established state, a dynamic that has implications for the way in which we think of the preferences of the state. Finally, that incentive structures exist, given the nature of post-colonial states that lower the utility of peace for elected leadership and reduce their willingness to provide peace as a collective good to the broader population as civil war can be used as one of Jeffrey Herbst’s buffer mechanisms.

History education builds the foundation of a common past necessary for the formation of group identity. Evaluating History curricula is important because group identity guides people’s political behavior. This Uganda case study demonstrates how different actors have manipulated History education in order to enhance the saliency of ethnic, national, and regional identities. The expansion of nationalized education and the teaching of Ugandan, East African, and African history have contributed to fostering the rise of national consciousness in Uganda. Greater awareness of national identity has promoted national integration while marginalizing non-school educated people.

The UNHCR reports an anticipated growing number of migration movements in Africa that will increase the amount of prolonged refugee situations, with the international debate regarding refugee policies discussing local integration as a durable solution. Local integration policy is dependent on the acceptance and willingness of the host population and can engender tensions between refugees and hosts, which could be a result of their uneven power distribution, with one group possessing more social power, leading to more opportunities in the community. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between refugees and host community in a settlement and seeks to expose any tensions that could arise between the groups from an uneven power distribution by using an analytical framework based on Norbert Elias’ book The Established and the Outsiders, which focuses on community problems between two groups. This thesis draws on a field study of the Nakivale Refugee Settlement in southern Uganda that has a refugee policy partially aimed towards local integration. The data has been collected through semi-structured interviews and observations as part of an ethnographic approach. The interviewed key stakeholders have been refugees and host populations living within the settlement as well as government officials and representatives from international organisations, IGOs and NGOs. Using Elias’ theory as a universal analytical tool showed us that there are established-outsider constellations creating tensions in a community, however these tensions do not fully rely on the qualities of the relationship. Moreover, results from the study indicate that the relationship between nationals and refugees in the settlement and the tensions it fostered are to a very large degree influenced by external factors, more specifically by the Ugandan government and international organisations as well as the complexity of group dimensions and situations, which contributed to a weakened host population.

The Kyoto related mechanism – clean development mechanism (CDM) – can be used to generate certified emission reductions (CERs) for climate mitigating projects indeveloping countries. These credits provide an opportunity for additional project financing. This thesis has investigated the feasibility of using the CDM for off-grid solar home systems in order to electrify health centers in Uganda. The investigated scope includes two scenarios; one related to a particular project, ICT4MPOWER, and another one related to a national scenario of health center electrification. Two dimensions of feasibility have been targeted; legal prerequisites – various regulations that govern CDM projects – and value creating potential. The latter dimension has primarily focused on whether sufficient CDM-specific profit can be generated, but also looked at broader perspectives of value creation. Calculated break-even scenarios show that the expected scope of the ICT4MPOWER project is far too small to benefit from CDM. A national scenario improves the chances of generating a sufficient profit but would most likely still be too small. A project with broader national coverage would likely need to be arranged as a CDM program of activites (PoA). Such an arrangement has organizational benefits but does further worsen the financial outlook. Apart from the unfortunate value creating prospects, there are also obstacles related to legal prerequisites. To establish a baseline – the business as usual scenario which reflect the emission reduction potential of a project – may be difficult and somewhat ad-hoc. To demonstrate additionality – that the project would not have been carried out anyway – is another potential obstacle which applies to the PoA scenario. All in all, there are clear doubts that CDM would be a feasible solution for the investigated scenarios.

<p>The situation of the low developed countries has been on the agenda of IMF and the World Bank throughout the years. However, after the disastrous failure of the Structural Adjustment Programs, the two financial institutions left the ideas of 'one model fits all' and economic growth equals development. Rather, tailored development programs and poverty reduction became the new foci. Further, it is today stressed that the broad-based participation of the civil-society and the ownership of the nation over the development process are the most important factors for successful and sustainable development. These ideas conforms the basis of the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) initiative which was adopted by IMF and the World Bank in 1999. </p><p>This paper will investigate indications and perceptions, given by the civil-society, of the concepts of its participation and ownership within the Poverty Reduction Processes in Bolivia and Uganda. The objective is also to, in an inductive manner, develop and increase the understanding of how, and through what means, the two concepts have been realised and contextualised. In order to fulfil this purpose, the contents and origins of the PRS initiative are outlined and the definitions of participation and national ownership, in accordance to IMF and the World Bank, are stated. Secondly, against the derived theoretical framework an empirical pilot study will be conducted, based on literature studies. The primary conclusion drawn from the analysis is that it is impossible to broaden the understanding of what types of participation that have been applied. However, important and interesting insights have been reached in relation to how participation has been contextualised. First and foremost, for a genuine participation of the civil-society it is not enough with physical presence at official consultation meetings. The people must be enabled to actively and directly participate in, and influence the agenda of, all the stages of the PRS process. In regard to national ownership it has been concluded that the term bestow more than the balance between national, governmental and international influence - it is also a feeling of being able to participate in, and influence the outcome of, PRS process. Overall, the major finding is that for a real apprehension of national ownership and participation the perception of the civil-society must be accounted for. It is the people who decide whether they have been adequately involved and if they see themselves to be the owners of the process!</p>