No description available.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Licentiatavhandling (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Chemistry. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on April 10, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Tropical regions currently receive the highest global levels of solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm) even without ozone depletion. Thus, the influence of natural, present-day UV-B irradiance in the tropics was examined for five tropical species, including three native rainforest tree species and two economically important species. Solar UV-B radiation conditions were obtained vi using either a UV-B excluding plastic film or a near-ambient UV-B transmitting film in a small clearing on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama (9 ° N). Significant differences were often exhibited as increased foliar UV-B absorbing compounds, increased leaf mass per area, and reduced leaf blade length for plants receiving solar UV-B radiation. Plant height was typically reduced under solar UV-B, but some variation among species in response was seen. Biomass and photosystem II function using chlorophyll fluorescence were generally unaffected. The results of this study provide strong evidence that tropical vegetation, including native rainforest species, responds to the present level of natural solar UV-B. This suggests that even a small increase in UV-B radiation with ozone depletion may have biological implications.

The severity of stratospheric ozone depletion in the temperate and polar latitudes has raised concerns about the sensitivity of terrestrial vegetation and ecosystems to solar ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation. This dissertation examined the responses of plants and microbes to solar UV-B for 3 years in Tierra de! Fuego, Argentina (55° S). This region is under the influence of the Antarctic "ozone hole" during the austral spring. Additionally, a quantitative review of the UV-B literature was conducted using a set of statistical techniques known as meta-analysis. For the field studies in Tierra de! Fuego, plots were established in a Sphagnum moss peatland and a Carexsedge fen during the spring of 1996. These plots received either near-ambient solar UV-B (90% of ambient) or reduced UV-B (20% of ambient) using specially designed plastic films. At the end of the first field season, no effects of the solar UV-B treatments were apparent on the growth and pigmentation of the plant species in either community The height growth of the moss Sphagnum mageffanicum was less under near-ambient solar UV-B than reduced UV-B during the second and third growing seasons. In contrast, volumetric density of the moss was greater under nearambient UV-B. The growth of the vascular plants did not respond to the solar UV-B treatments even after 3 years although UV-B-absorbing compounds were greater under near-ambient UV-B in some species. Populations of testate amoebae (i.e., shelled amoebae) inhabiting S. magellanicum had greater numbers under near-ambient UV-B than reduced UV-B throughout the 3 years. This response may be an indirect effect of solar UV-B mediated by the direct effect of UV-Bon S. mageffanicum height growth. Fungi on the leaf surfaces of the tree Nothojagus antarctica appeared to be directly inhibited by solar UV-B. The quantitative literature review of plant field studies simulating stratospheric ozone depletion assessed the effects of elevated UV-B on 10 plant response variables from papers published between 1976 and mid-1999. Modest significant inhibitions of leaf area, aboveground biomass, and plant height were apparent due to increased UV-B using meta-analysis. An increase in UV-B-absorbing compounds appears to be the most robust general response to increased UV-B radiation.

No description available.

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos são tóxicos e/ou genotóxicos para diversos organismos marinhos e a toxicidade de muitos deles aumenta consideravelmente quando expostos à radiação ultravioleta artificial ou natural. O presente estudo visou avaliar a fototoxicidade do antraceno sobre a mortalidade e o dano ao DNA, segundo o ensaio cometa, de juvenis de pampos da espécie Trachinotus carolinus. Os peixes foram previamente expostos ao antraceno por 24 horas no escuro nas concentrações de 8, 16 e 32µg/L. e então transferidos para a água limpa e expostos à luz de lâmpadas fluorescentes ou à radiação ultravioleta B artificial (RUVB-35µW/cm2). Grupos controle (água e solvente) foram submetidos às mesmas condições experimentais. As exposições na ausência da radiação ultravioleta foram realizadas por períodos cumulativos de 10, 20 e 30h (5h/dia). Para as exposições à RUVB foram utilizados períodos desde 2 até 10h. Na ausência de radiação ultravioleta o antraceno não revelou ser tóxico, mas sua genotoxicidade, medida como danos ao DNA, apresenta resposta dose-dependente. A RUVB é letal para pampos. A exposição ao antraceno seguida de 2h de incidência de RUVB acelera a morte dos peixes em relação à mortalidade dos animais não contaminados. Este resultado revelou a fototoxicidade do antraceno para a espécie. O ensaio cometa pode ser considerado uma ferramenta sensível e útil para avaliar o efeito genotóxico de HPAs em peixes marinhos costeiros. / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are toxic and/or genotoxic to a variety of marine organisms and under solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation acute toxicity of many of them can be substantially enhanced. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the phototoxicity of anthracene on the mortality and damage to the DNA, assessed by the comet assay, of juveniles of Florida pompanos, Trachinotus carolinus. The fish were pre-contaminated in the dark by three concentrations of 8, 16 and 32 µg/L of anthracene for 24 hours then transferred to clean seawater to be exposed to fluorescent light or to artificial ultraviolet B radiation (UVB - 35µW/cm2). Control groups (water and ethanol) were carried out in the same experimental conditions. The exposures to fluorescent light were carried out in cumulative periods of 10, 20 and 30 hours (5h/day). The exposures to UVB were conducted during periods of 2 to 10 hours. In the absence of ultraviolet radiation, the anthracene did not prove to be toxic, but its genotoxicity, evaluated as damage caused to the DNA, proved to be dose dependent. The UVB is lethal to Florida pompanos. The exposure of fish to the anthracene following UVB exposure for 2 hours resulted in earlier and higher mortality when compared to uncontaminated fish. These results indicated that anthracene is phototoxic to the pompanos. The comet assay can be considered a sensitive tool to evaluate the genotoxic effect of PAHs in coastal marine fish.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-09-27T14:35:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MANUELA BASTOS PIEGAS.pdf: 958703 bytes, checksum: c8f6ec5dce6bda264ca299a05edc76bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-09-27T14:35:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MANUELA BASTOS PIEGAS.pdf: 958703 bytes, checksum: c8f6ec5dce6bda264ca299a05edc76bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T14:35:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MANUELA BASTOS PIEGAS.pdf: 958703 bytes, checksum: c8f6ec5dce6bda264ca299a05edc76bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-14 / A radiação ultravioleta (UV) B no tecido epitelial estimula a síntese e liberação de mediadores pró-inflamatórios, induzindo à infiltração e ativação de neutrófilos e outras células fagocíticas. Assim, processos inflamatórios causados pela radiação UVB podem ser prejudiciais sobre diversas células do organismo, causando desde fotoenvelhecimento até imunossupressão. O triptofano (TRIP) é um aminoácido essencial, utilizado em inúmeros processos fisiológicos e metabolizado por duas vias principais, a serotoninérgica e a das quinureninas. Sendo esta última relacionada a enzima indoleamina 2,3 dioxigenase (IDO) que poderá ser induzida por processos inflamatórios aumentando o consumo de TRIP e formando metabólitos oxidativos, como o ácido quinolínico que está relacionado no processo de imunotolerância. Devido ao envolvimento da enzima IDO e seu possível alvo terapêutico, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produção de metabólitos da via das quinureninas (VQs) em lesões auriculares de camundongos, provocadas pela exposição por 24 horas à radiação UVB frente ao inibidor da enzima IDO 1-metil triptofano (1-MT). Os experimentos foram realizados com 30 animais da linhagem C57B/6J. Após serem divididos em cinco grupos de seis animais cada, denominados: a) controle, sem exposição à radiação UVB; b) veículo, exposto a radiação UVB tratado com salina (10μL); c) expostos a radiação UVB e tratados com inibidor da enzima1-MT (0,5 μg/μl); d) expostos a radiação UVB e tratados com inibidor da enzima 1-MT (1,0 μg/μl) e grupo e) expostos a radiação UVB e tratados com inibidor da enzima 1-MT (2,0μg/μl). O tratamento com 1-MT e o veículo foram realizados topicamente antes da exposição à radiação UVB, e 24h depois da exposição, os camundongos foram eutanasiados e as orelhas totalmente extraídas para realização das dosagens específicas. O presente estudo demonstrou que o tratamento com 1-MT frente à radiação UVB em lesões auriculares de camundongos, foi eficaz em atenuar as seguintes alterações, a espessura e inflamação das orelhas irradiadas, o estresse oxidativo causado pela radiação UVB nas 7 orelhas dos camundongos. Diminuiu os níveis de fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), interleucina 1 beta (IL-1β), interleucina 6 (IL-6), interferon gama (INF-γ), interleucina 13 (IL-13), interleucina 17 (IL-17), interleucina 10 (IL-10) e fator nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) reduzindo os níveis das citocinas inflamatórias. Aumentou os níveis de TRIP no local, diminuindo assim seus metabólitos como quinurenina (QUI), ácido quinurênico (AQUI), 3-Hidroxiquinurenina (3-HQ), ácido 3-hidroxiantranílico (3-AA), ácido antranílico (AA) e ácido quinulínico (AQ). Aumento das atividades das enzimas envolvidas na VQs, entre elas a IDO, quinurenina 3-monoxigenase (QMO), quinurenina aminotransferase (QAT) e quinureninase (QUINU). Em conclusão, esses resultados demonstram que a inibição da enzima IDO causou atenuação da inflamação, do estresse oxidativo e dos metabólitos da VQs. Além disso, sugerem que a inibição dessa enzima, seja com produtos sintéticos ou naturais podem fornecer uma nova abordagem terapêutica para o tratamento e prevenção de lesões causadas pela radiação UVB na pele. / Ultraviolet (UV) B radiation in the epithelial tissue stimulates the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, inducing the infiltration and activation of neutrophils and other phagocytic cells. Thus, inflammatory processes caused by UVB radiation can be harmful to various cells in the body, from photoaging to immonussuppression. Tryptophan (TRYP) is an essential amino acid, used in numerous physiological processes and metabolized by two main pathways, serotoninergic and kynurenines. The latter is related to the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme that can be induced by inflammatory processes increasing the consumption of TRYP and forming oxidative metabolites, such as the quinolinic acid that is related in the process of immunotolerance. Due to the involvement of the IDO enzyme and its possible therapeutic target, the objective of this work was to evaluate the production of metabolites of the kinurenins pathway (KPs) in mice ear lesions caused by 24-hour UVB exposure to the IDO enzyme inhibitor 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT). The experiments were performed with 30 animals of the C57B / 6J lineage. After being divided into five groups of six animals called: a) control, without exposure to UVB radiation; B) vehicle, exposed to UVB radiation treated with saline (10μL); C) exposed to UVB radiation and treated with 1-MT enzyme inhibitor (0,5 μg/μl); D) exposed to UVB radiation and treated with 1-MT enzyme inhibitor (1,0 μg/μl) and group e) exposed to UVB radiation and treated with 1-MT enzyme inhibitor (2,0 μg/μl). Treatment with 1-MT and the vehicle were performed topically prior to exposure to UVB radiation, and 24 hours after exposure, the mice were euthanized and the ears fully extracted for specific dosages. The present study demonstrated that 1-MT 9 treatment against UVB radiation in mouse ear lesions was effective in attenuating the following alterations, the thickness and inflammation of the irradiated ears, the oxidative stress caused by UVB radiation in the ears of the mice. It decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (INF-γ), interleukin 13 (IL-13), interleukin 17 (IL-17), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), reducing levels of inflammatory cytokines. Increased TRIP levels at the site, thereby decreasing its metabolites such as kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-Hydroxyquinurenine (3-HK), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), anthranilic acid (AA) e quinolinic acid (QA). Increased activities of the enzymes involved in KPs, including IDO, kynurenine 3-monoxygenase (KMO), kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) and kynureninase (KYNU). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that inhibition of the IDO enzyme caused attenuation of inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolites of KPs. In addition, they suggest that the inhibition of this enzyme, either with synthetic or natural products may provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment and prevention of injuries caused by UVB radiation on the skin.