Background: The post-IPO anomalous behaviour in the short and long-run are among the well-recognised anomalies in corporate finance, and exist on all equity markets. The researchers are not unanimous what causes these phenomena’s, and previous research has primarily focused on the US and European markets. Purpose: The study aims to investigate the market performance of Swedish IPO's in the short- and long-run in-between 2007-2017 for different sectors. Method: The market adjusted initial return method was used to calculate the short-run initial return. The Even-time approach with the Buy-and-hold methodology was used to calculate the long-run abnormal returns. A regression analysis was adopted to investigate the relationship between some existing theories for explaining underpricing. Conclusion: Overall the sample set for the study were on average underpriced with 9,25 %, furthermore, no evidence was found that Swedish IPO’s underperformed in a three-year period compared to the market. Of the theories tested, the signalling hypothesis was significant and can be one determinant for underpricing of Swedish IPO’s.

Bakgrund: Flertalet tidigare studier har undersökt fenomenet underprissättning vid börsintroduktioner utifrån en rad olika perspektiv och teorier. Däremot har ingen tidigare studie analyserat investmentbankernas direkta påverkan på utfallet och om det finns en tydlig korrelation mellan en viss typ av investmentbank och graden av underprissättning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att, med utgångspunkt i att validera tidigare teorier och studier, undersöka alternativa förklaringsgrunder till fenomenet genom att analysera sofistikeringsgraden av de underliggande processerna bland investmentbanker och därmed bidra med en mer holistisk och nyanserad förståelse. Metod: Då studien både ämnar fastställa utbredningen av ett fenomen samt undersöka dess alternativa förklaringsgrunder, kombineras en kvantitativ och kvalitativ metodik. Studien tar avstamp i en statistisk analys, följt av en kvantitativ klassificering samt slutligen en kvalitativ datainsamling i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med strategiskt utvalda respondenter. Slutsats: Studiens resultat lyckas både styrka och motsäga befintlig teori inom området och presenterar därtill en alternativ syn på bakomliggande förklaringsgrunder till underprissättning, vilka utgår från investmentbankens egna perspektiv. / Background: Several previous studies have investigated the phenomenon of underpricing based upon different theories and from various perspectives. However, none of these previous studies have analysed the direct impact of the investment bank on the final result and if there is a clear correlation between certain types of investment banks and the level of underpricing. Purpose: The purpose of this study is, based upon validating previous theories and studies, to investigate alternative explanations of the phenomenon by analysing the level of sophistication in the underlying processes of the investment bank and by doing this, contributing to a more holistic and nuanced understanding. Method: Since this study both intends to determine the scope of, and find alternative explanations of, a phenomenon, a combined quantitative and qualitative research method is applied. The study takes its starting point in a statistical analysis, followed by a quantitative classification and finally a qualitative data collection in terms of semi-structured interviews with a strategic selection of interviewees. Conclusion: The result of the study succeeds in both strengthening and contradicting existing theories within the field and presents in addition an alternative view on the underlying explanations of underpricing, from the perspective of the investment bank.

Background and problem: Underpricing has been examined and determined on multiplefinancial markets around the world, but there is no consensus concerning what exactlydrives it. The phenomenon creates possibilities to identify attractive investment strategiesthat may generate abnormal returns. Therefore, we have chosen to study potential driversof underpricing as well as evaluate two investment strategies in an attempt to find asuperior one. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate which of the following investingstrategies “Subscribe and Sell” and “Buy and Hold” that achieves the highest abnormalreturn on the Swedish IPO-market. This will be examined over an investment horizon upto five months, with five different record dates. Furthermore, the study intends toinvestigate which potential variables that drives the underpricing and stock returns onSwedish IPOs. Method: The study applies a quantitative approach in which we, in line with earlierreference studies, practice T-test to examine which of the strategies “Buy and hold” and“Subscribe and Sell” that is the most successful. Multiple regressions will be applied toexplain the initial underpricing as well as the continued stock returns on IPOs. Ourresearch questions are phrased as hypothesis to simplify the implementation of statisticaltests as well as the interpretation of the results. Theories explaining underpricing of IPOshave been approximated as variables to measure their effect on the IPO. Conclusion: The results from the study states the existence of abnormal returns on theSwedish IPO-market between the years 2012 and 2017. Furthermore, the study confirmsthe “Buy and Hold” strategy to be more successful than the “Subscribe and Sell” strategyover an investment horizon of five months. With premises from the results of the multipleregressions, three out of five variables showed significance, which approximated the theories the Bandwagon effect, the Small Firm Effect and Ex-Ante Uncertainty. Keywords: IPO, underpricing, abnormal return / Bakgrund och problem: Underprissättning har länge studerats och fastställts på flertaletfinansiella marknader runtom i världen, men det råder ingen konsensus om vad som exaktligger till grund för den. Fenomenet skapar möjligheten till att identifiera attraktivainvesteringsstrategier, som potentiellt kan generera en abnormal avkastning. Motbakgrund av detta har vi valt att studera potentiella drivare av underprissättning ochfortsatt aktiekursutveckling samt utvärdera två investeringsstrategier i ett försök av atthitta en överlägsen strategi. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilken av investeringsstrategierna “Teckna-Sälj” och “Buy and Hold” som uppnår högst abnormal avkastning på den svenska IPOmarknaden. Detta görs under en investeringshorisont på upp till fem månader, medavstämningsdagar vid fem tillfällen. Vidare ämnar uppsatsen att undersöka vilkapotentiella variabler som driver underprissättning och aktiekursutveckling på svenskabörsnoteringar. Metod: Studien applicerar ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt där vi, i linje med tidigarereferensstudier, tillämpar T-test för att undersöka vilken av investeringsstrategierna “Buyand Hold” och “Teckna-Sälj” som är mest överlägsen. Vidare tillämpas även multiplaregressioner för att förklara den initiala underprissättningen samt fortsattaaktiekursutvecklingen på börsnoteringar. Frågeställningarna har formulerats somhypoteser för att förenkla genomförandet av de statistiska testen samt tolkning avresultaten. Teorier som förklarar fenomenet underprissättning har approximerats somvariabler för att mäta deras påverkan på börsnoteringen. Slutsats: Studiens resultat fastställer en existens av abnormal avkastning förbörsnoteringar mellan åren 2012–2017 på den svenska IPO-marknaden. Vidarebekräftas att investeringsstrategin “Buy and Hold” är mer överlägsen “Teckna-Sälj”under en fem månaders investeringshorisont. Med utgångspunkt i resultaten av demultipla regressionerna visade sig tre av de fem variablerna vara signifikanta, vilkauppskattade teorierna bandwagoneffekten, småbolagseffekten samt ex-ante osäkerhet. Nyckelord: IPO, underprissättning, abnormal avkastning

This diploma thesis deals with the comparison of equity and debt financing the development of the company according to pre-defined criteria such as cost, PR and marketing, debt and autonomy. Attention is also paid to the underpricing on the Czech capital market. The result of the work will assess the appropriate way of financing a particular company. It will also be calculated above underpricing the selected company on the basis of two selected methods.

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Historical research on initial public offerings (IPOs) presents strong evidence of underpricing. This study investigates if there is a relationship between underpricing of IPOs and pre-IPO research and development (R&D) activities within a company. According to the literature, R&D activities have characteristics of information asymmetry and uncertainty, which can increase underpricing. This study’s sample consists of 231 Swedish companies listed on Nasdaq Stockholm and Nasdaq First North between January 2010 and December 2020. Sweden has a strong association with innovation activities such as R&D, and the country’s IPO market has snowballed in recent years, making it a suitable context for the study. To investigate the relationship between underpricing and R&D activities, the study uses an OLS regression. The findings indicate that R&D positively affects underpricing, which is in line with previous studies on other markets. In addition, the study finds evidence of Firm Size, Offer Size, Shares Offered, VCPE backed, and Firm Leverage related to underpricing.

Bakgrund : Underprissättning är ingen ny företeelse utan det finns mängder av forskning påämnet. Underprissättning förekommer vid de börsintroduktioner där teckningskursen är lägreän vad stängningskursen är för aktien efter första handelsdagen. Tidigare forskningundersöker många tänkbara orsaker bakom underprissättning och vi har valt att inkludera trevanligt förekommande vilket är asymmetrisk information, institutionella faktorer samtkulturella skillnader. Syfte : Syftet med denna studien är att undersöka underprissättning och faktorer bakom detpå de skandinaviska marknaderna. Metod : Studien följer ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt med en deduktiv ansats där 7hypoteser ska besvaras. Dessa hypoteser grundar sig i tidigare forskning där bland annatindex representerar variabler som potentiellt kan påverka underprissättning. Hypoteserna äräven grundade från teori inom underprissättning. Studiens kortsiktiga urval består 224 bolagunder tidsperioden 2005 till 2021 medans det långsiktiga perspektivet inkluderar 163 styckenobservationer mellan 2005 till 2018. Studien är baserad på de skandinaviskaaktiemarknaderna. Resultat : Studiens resultat indikerar att underprissättning existerar och skiljer sig åt mellande skandinaviska länderna. Kulturella skillnader och institutionella faktorer är signifikanta irelation till underprissättning vilket tyder på att det finns ett samband mellan dessavariablerna. Studien hittar inga bevis som stödjer att underprissättning har en påverkan påaktiekurser långsiktigt men vi finner att underprissatta bolag presterar bättre på en treårsperiod än icke underprissatta bolag. / Background : Underpricing is not a new phenomenon or area per say since there is plenty ofexisting research. Underpricing occurs when an IPO has a higher closing price after the firstday compared to their initial offer price. Prior research examines possible explanations for theunderpricing phenomenon and we have chosen to include three commonly used causes whichis, asymmetric information, institutional factors along with cultural differences. Purpose : The purpose with this paper is to examine underpricing and the factors behind itwithin the scandinavian markets. Method : This paper follows a quantitative approach including a deductive path in whichseven hypotheses shall be examined. These hypotheses are based on prior research in whichindexes are used as explanatory factors for the underpricing. The hypotheses are also basedon theory within underpricing. For the short run a sample of 224 observations were chosenunder the timeframe 2005 to 2021. Whilst for the long run 163 observations are includedwithin the period 2005 to 2018. The paper is based on the scandinavian stock markets. Results : The results indicate that underpricing exists and differs between the scandinaviancountries. Cultural differences and institutional factors are significant to underpricing whichimplies that there is causality between the variables. The paper finds no evidence thatunderpricing has an influence on the stock price in the long run but we do find thatcompanies that have been underpriced tend to perform better over a three year period thannon underpriced companies.

This paper explores the stock market as a source of funding for innovation by looking at the ability of the stock market to attract, identify and channel funds to innovative firms. We analysed 541 IPOs on the Swedish stock market between the years 2000-2015, using patent applications as a proxy for innovation. Results from an event study and regressions using two control groups show that firms find the stock market an attractive source of funding for innovation and that going public helps firms overcome liquidity restraints. By looking at the long- and short-term performance, measured by stock prices, of innovative firms by conducting OLS regressions, our results suggest; one, that there is an initial demand for innovative companies undergoing an IPO in comparison to non-innovative firms. And two, that investors are able to predict future innovativeness to some extent, but that they have some difficulties in anticipating future performance of innovative firms.

This study examines the specific ways in which private equity firms influence their portfolio companies to enhance their value, with a focus on the relationship between the level of retained ownership and post-IPO performance. Private Equity firms influence their portfolio companies in specific ways to enhance their value. Private Equity firms are typically limited partnerships, and to realize the value created during the life of the investment, the exit strategy is crucial. An initial public offering is stated as the preferable exit. However, private equity firms usually stay invested in their portfolio companies for up to several years after an initial public offering. Their retained ownership is crucial for underpricing at the IPO and performance post-IPO. This study aims to discover this relationship and to determine its effects. It will contribute to understanding how the portfolio companies' price changes on the first day of trading and their performance, in the long run, is affected by the stake held by the private equity firms. This research will try to clarify the current uncertainty about the effect of underpricing that prevails. It will also fill the existing gap in the academic literature about performance. It can also be potentially helpful for investors. Given knowledge about how retained ownership by PE firms affects underpricing at the IPO and performance post-IPO, this study can help investors to make better investment decisions. However, it should not be seen as investment advice but rather as a contribution to increasing the investor's understanding and knowledge. Publicly listed portfolio companies in the Nordic region constitute the sample for the analysis, and pooled OLS is the econometric method used in this study. We utilized a panel dataset for performance and obtained 2411 unique observations. The long-run performance has been measured as 36 months following the IPO. Our findings indicate a positive relationship between the level of ownership held by the PE firm and both underpricing and performance. These relationships are both statistically significant on the 1% level. Control variables were also included to capture other possible factors that might impact our dependent variables. The positive relationship between the level of ownership held by the PE firm and performance was in line with previous similar research and our expectations. However, the relationship between the PE firm's level of ownership and underpricing was the opposite of what we expected. Previous research has also presented contradictory results, making it difficult to predict the relationship. We hope our results have contributed to clarity regarding underpricing and broadening existing literature about performance for private equity-backed companies.

In this thesis, I investigate the amount of underpricing in FinTech companies compared to non-FinTech companies. Both data sets contain thirty companies spanning from 1993 to 2018. Each FinTech company is matched to a non-FinTech company by year and comparatively similar revenue. Prior research explores underpricing on different industries, but it hasn’t yet explored underpricing in the FinTech segment. The variables considered in this paper are offer price, close price, shares offered, number of banks involved, fees per share, and money left on the table. I find some evidence that the average amount of underpricing in both dollars and by percent is higher with non-FinTech companies than FinTech companies. However, difference in means tests show statistically significant differences only for the number of shares offered. It cannot be reliably said whether investors perceive a higher risk in FinTech companies or non-FinTech companies.