In Taiwan, the initial public offerings (hereafter IPOs) market is growing mature. Especially in 2005, it is the turning point of the regulations for IPOs. The FSC plans to achieve four main goals by implementing the new underwriting system. (1) Making the underwriting price more reasonable (2) Increasing the stability of price of a listing stock (3) Increasing the underwriter¡¦s independence in distribution stocks. (4) Enforcing the professional ability of underwriters. Most importantly, it puts the emphasis on the ability of underwriters that involve in the quality for IPOs. This paper compares the IPO market performance between new underwriting system and old underwriting system, and collects the data from 2001 to 2009 about IPOs companies¡¦ related information to figure out the IPO market valuation and profits for underwriters. Finally, this paper finds out that: first one is, in the new underwriting system, the market valuation is more affected by investors¡¦ optimum growth forecast than old underwriting system. In the aspect of the rewards for underwriters, the difference between new underwriting system and old underwriting one is cancelling self-subscription method in new underwriting system. Therefore, the underwriter can¡¦t gain the underwriter proceeds from that; the issuer should make up them by giving more underwriter¡¦s fee which depends on the performance of underwriters. In conclusion, the professional underwriters play an important role in new regulation system. Keywords: IPOs, underwriter regulation, underwriter, market value, underwriter proceeds

ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the stabilization activities of IPOs in Taiwan. Price stabilization is a legal form of stock price manipulation to prevent the transaction prices from falling below the offer price. However, the information about the implement of stabilization activities is not revealed to the public. Therefore, it is difficult to detect stabilization activities. With the proxy measure for stabilization proposed by Ruud (1993), we find that IPOs with initial returns around zero are probably stabilized IPOs. The stock prices of stabilized IPOs drop consistently two days after issuance due to the withdrawal of stabilization activities. Furthermore, we find that the stabilization activities are positively related to the underwriter reputation and price spread, and negatively related to the price volatility and firm size. This thesis confirms that price stabilization exists in Taiwan IPOs market.

The dissertation examines IPO underpricing and long-term performance to assess the use of industry specialization as a differentiation strategy by audit firms and underwriters. Prior studies indicate that prestigious auditors or underwriters (e.g., Big 6 auditors) are associated with IPO underpricing. I extend existing literature by incorporating market share as a refined measure of auditor (underwriter) reputation. In particular, I define a differentiated auditor (underwriter) as the market leader that possesses significantly higher market share than their competitors in the client industry. I hypothesize that the impact of auditor (underwriter) reputation in the IPO setting depends on whether the audit firm (underwriter) has successfully differentiated itself from competitors within client industries. My results show that as audit firm (underwriter) industry market share increases without differentiation, the IPO underpricing increases. It appears that this group of auditors (underwriters) intentionally engages in high-risk IPOs in order to gain fee advantages. In contrast, differentiated auditors (underwriters) are related to lower IPO underpricing because their reputation assist in reducing information asymmetry between issuers and investors. My study is important because it shows that the benefits previously thought to be attributable to a very large set of auditors and underwriters stems primary

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda vilka förutsättningar som ligger till grund för att företag ska välja att bära kostnaden för användandet av en garant i samband med en nyemission. Genom en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ studie utreds när företag använder garanter, hur garantiåtagandet utformas och vilka kostnader och effekter detta leder till.</p><p>Till den kvantitativa studien som baseras på utförda företrädesemissioner under perioden 2005-2009 ställs två hypoteser rörande när garanter används. Resultatet av den första hypotesen visar inget tydligt samband mellan användandet av garanter och motivet att tillföra rörelsekapital. Testet av hypotes två som söker ett samband mellan användandet av garanter och lågkonjunktur visade ett visst stöd för hypotesen. Efter storleksuppdelning visades ett starkt stöd för att större företag använder garanter mer vid både lågkonjunktur och för att få in rörelsekapital, medan samma studie inte ger något resultat för de mindre bolagen. Den kvalitativa studien som baseras på intervjuer med fyra värdepappersinstitut redogör för marknadens syn på garanter och används för att besvara hur garantiåtagandena utformas och vilka kostnader som följer av användandet. I spåren av finanskrisen som varit är det viktigt att garanter inte etableras som en norm vid nyemissioner där det automatiskt ses som negativt att inte använda ett garantiåtagande. Garanter fyller ett syfte men måste i varje fall tas i relation till företagets faktiska behov av dem.</p>

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda vilka förutsättningar som ligger till grund för att företag ska välja att bära kostnaden för användandet av en garant i samband med en nyemission. Genom en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ studie utreds när företag använder garanter, hur garantiåtagandet utformas och vilka kostnader och effekter detta leder till. Till den kvantitativa studien som baseras på utförda företrädesemissioner under perioden 2005-2009 ställs två hypoteser rörande när garanter används. Resultatet av den första hypotesen visar inget tydligt samband mellan användandet av garanter och motivet att tillföra rörelsekapital. Testet av hypotes två som söker ett samband mellan användandet av garanter och lågkonjunktur visade ett visst stöd för hypotesen. Efter storleksuppdelning visades ett starkt stöd för att större företag använder garanter mer vid både lågkonjunktur och för att få in rörelsekapital, medan samma studie inte ger något resultat för de mindre bolagen. Den kvalitativa studien som baseras på intervjuer med fyra värdepappersinstitut redogör för marknadens syn på garanter och används för att besvara hur garantiåtagandena utformas och vilka kostnader som följer av användandet. I spåren av finanskrisen som varit är det viktigt att garanter inte etableras som en norm vid nyemissioner där det automatiskt ses som negativt att inte använda ett garantiåtagande. Garanter fyller ett syfte men måste i varje fall tas i relation till företagets faktiska behov av dem.

Seeing that domestic securities underwriters are not able to develop effectively sustainable competitive advantages, the research is aimed to combine the resource-based view (RBV) and the value chain concept. Questionnaires are released to carry out investigation mainly into the securities associates of local underwriters for the purpose of finding out the vital enterprise source and value activities that construct the high performances of underwriters. And it also discusses the relation between value chain activities and business models of domestic underwriters, and the relation between their business models and high performances. The research discusses the following subjects based on the above research motive: 1. What kinds of essential assets and skills should underwriters grasp to obtain higher performances than those of their competitors? 2. Discussion of the vital value activities that construct the high performances of underwriters, and attempts to build the complete value chain of local underwriters. 3. Discussion on whether local underwriters will develop different business models due to emphasis on different value activities from those of their competitors. 4. Reasoning about whether the high performances of local underwriters will vary significantly because of different business models. The result of the research¡¦s practical testimony shows: ¡§Underwriting performance¡¨, ¡§customer developing ability¡¨, ¡§support from financial holding companies¡¨, ¡§channel and distribution¡¨ and ¡§underwriting superiors¡¦ charm and leading abilities¡¨ are considered by local securities associates to be five of the most important enterprise resources that constitute the high performances of underwriters. Among them, resources such as ¡§underwriting performances¡¨ and ¡§support from financial holding companies¡¨ are of durability, immobility, high embededness and not able to be duplicated. Plus, ¡§customer developing ability¡¨ and ¡§channel and distribution¡¨ are of durability, and partial immobility as well as resource embededness. All of the above resource characteristics are deemed by resource-based view to be able to form the sustainable competitive advantages of enterprises. After the variables of each factor in the aspect of value activities are measured, 24 items¡¦ means of importance degree are more than 3.79 among them. Analyzing descriptive statistics data, we find out that more than 70% of securities associates consider the effect of these 24 value activities to be important or extremely important, which implies that local securities associates highly agree to the importance that the support activities and primary activities in the value chain comprise the high-performance base of domestic underwriters. Furthermore, a complete value chain of local securities underwriters will be set up based on the result. In the field of cluster analysis for the aspect of business models, the research adopts the minimum variance method (also called Ward¡¦s method) among hierarchical methods, and divides 20 securities underwriters into three groups based on one¡¦s strong or weak behaviors of each value activities compared with those of other rivals of the same business. After analyzing performance variables such as the number of underwriting cases (act as the lead underwriter), the total amount of underwriting, profit abilities, employees¡¦ productivity, and customer satisfaction, we find that their significance level are less than 0.05, which indicates that there are obvious differences among the performances of different groups of business models. And with Post Hoc multiple comparison, it is found that there are distinct variances among the performances of different groups of business models except for the three performances - profit abilities, employees¡¦ productivity and customer satisfaction - of group 1 and group 2.

The initial public offering (IPO) underpricing phenomenon has frequently been noticed and generally is accepted as a puzzle in financial economics. Some of the new theories, such as behavioural finance, take the underpricing puzzle as one important form of evidence. However, some aspects of IPO underpricing have not yet been fully documented and discussed in the existing literature. This thesis tries to contribute in the following three specific areas. First, we focus on the time series properties of the level of underpricing of IPO shares and document the IPO market in the Hong Kong market from 1999 to 2005. In the data sample, strong autocorrelation within the level of underpricing has been discovered. Evidence suggests the initial selling volume plays an important role in the relationship. The links between underpricing and clustering of IPOs within different industries are weak, suggesting the reasons for underpricing are related to the market liquidity rather than to the industry-specific risk characteristics. Second, we investigate the underwriting networks to explore the relationship between underwriting business and IPO related puzzles. We find that in repeated IPOs, underwriters build up reputation and accumulate knowledge of their underwriting services. One of the great advantages of the top ranked underwriters is their relationship networks with other underwriters and institutional investors. We perform a careful examination of the underwriter syndicate and investigate the relationship of the structure of the syndicate in respect of IPO performance. Moreover, the pattern of distribution in the size of syndicates is identified and is found to be significantly related to the IPO performance. The research shows that the perspective from the underwriter syndicate is not only interesting, also necessary to understand IPOs. Third, we analyse the coordination problem in the IPO. In the research, we consider the auction method as a one-stage selling and the bookbuilding method as a two-stage selling method. The model suggests that the relationship between the underpricing level and the quality of IPO shares is non-monotone. This implication is consistent with empirical observations. In addition, regarding the issuers' proceeds in the IPOs, the auction method is better than the bookbuilding method in both noisy and noisy vanishing equilibria. The bookbuilding method may be helpful in other ways, such as maintaining liquidity or price support in secondary market. By studying liquidity, business networks and the coordination problem, the thesis does not only complement the existing research by providing unique explanations for the IPO underpricing and other related puzzles, but also opens some interesting venues for future research.

隨著承銷產業的競爭越來越激烈，承銷商在承銷的過程中，所扮演的角色 為何，以及不同承銷商、不同承銷方式，其所承銷的新股，在績效表現上 是否有差異，是本研究的主要課題。本研究針對七十六年至八十二年上市 之公司，發放問卷，問卷主要目的是對其主辦承銷商的表現進行評估，問 卷區分為兩個部分，一部分評估承銷商能力，一部分評估承銷商投入；此 外，蒐集每件上市案的承銷方式，並且計算這些新上市股票的績效，包括 ：中籤率、異常報酬率、週轉率、每股盈餘成長率，將這些資料經由因素 分析、集群分析、變異數分析處理，主要是為了驗證四個假說：1.聲譽佳 的承銷商，在承銷商表現因素上較佳。2.採包銷的方式，在承銷商表現因 素上較佳。3.承銷商表現越佳，新股績效越佳。4.採包銷的承銷方式，所 承銷的新股績效較佳。將上市公司對於主辦承銷商的評估進行因素分析， 承銷商能力區分為兩個因素：「聲譽形象與專業能力」、「對市場狀況的 熟悉程度與和其他相關機關的關係」；承銷商投入區分為三個因素：「幫 助公司健全制度、處理上市事務及穩定上市後股價」、「深入了解公司營 運狀況及為公司規劃資金用途」、「輔導人員組成與輔導時間」。再以集 群分析將上市案區分為三群：「聲譽與專業能力導向群」、「關係與市場 狀況導向群」、「能力與投入不足群」。以變異數分析針對四個假說進行 檢定，檢定結果為：1.假說一獲得支持，聲譽佳的承銷商在承銷商表現因 素上較佳。2.假說二部分獲得支持，採包銷的方式，在某些承銷商表現因 素上較佳，其他因素上則不然。3.假說三無法獲得支持，承銷商表現越佳 ，其新股績效並未越佳。4.假說四獲得支持，採包銷的承銷方式，所承銷 的新股績效較佳。最後本文針對上市公司、承銷商以及政府主管機關，提 出建議。首先對上市公司提出建議：1.選擇承銷商時，應首重承銷商的聲 譽形象與專業能力。2.包銷方式較為有利。接著對承銷商提出建議：1.透 過聲譽形象與專業能力建立競爭優勢。2.應選擇和其形象符合之公司進行 承銷。3.在承銷過程中，應深入了解公司營運，並協助公司健全制度。對 政府主管機關的建議：1.減少對承銷費用之限制。2.承銷制度的重新設計 。3.加強對承銷商的管理。

<p>The concept of grandstanding comes from Gompers (1996), in his article, he defined “to grandstand” as “to act or conduct oneself with a view to impressing onlookers”. The idea of grandstanding does not only apply solely to venture capital but also could apply to underwriters of IPOs industry as well.</p><p>IPOs activities provide huge revenues for underwriters, so underwriters compete with each other for IPO business. China’s stock market grows explosively after 2006, and it has the highest underpricing, as well as more and more underwriters have emerged recently, so our paper is constrained under Chinese stock market environment. We empirically examine whether inexperienced underwriters grandstand when they conduct IPOs in order to achieve more market shares, for example by deliberate underpricing or charging lower fee rates.</p><p>This study is conducted from the underwriter’s perspective. We use two kinds of reputation measurement methods to define “inexperienced” and “prestigious underwriters” and employ a quantitative approach to analyze the data. Evidence from a sample of 392 IPOs from June 19, 2006 to March 24, 2010 suggests that inexperienced underwriters do not have incentives to grandstand. The number of IPOs that underwriters have conducted and recent IPO performance do not always contribute to a gain of market share directly. Therefore, inexperienced underwriters do not provide more underpriced IPOs nor do they charge lower fee rates. Evidence also marginally supports that underwriters do not intend to conduct small offer sized IPOs.</p>

The concept of grandstanding comes from Gompers (1996), in his article, he defined “to grandstand” as “to act or conduct oneself with a view to impressing onlookers”. The idea of grandstanding does not only apply solely to venture capital but also could apply to underwriters of IPOs industry as well. IPOs activities provide huge revenues for underwriters, so underwriters compete with each other for IPO business. China’s stock market grows explosively after 2006, and it has the highest underpricing, as well as more and more underwriters have emerged recently, so our paper is constrained under Chinese stock market environment. We empirically examine whether inexperienced underwriters grandstand when they conduct IPOs in order to achieve more market shares, for example by deliberate underpricing or charging lower fee rates. This study is conducted from the underwriter’s perspective. We use two kinds of reputation measurement methods to define “inexperienced” and “prestigious underwriters” and employ a quantitative approach to analyze the data. Evidence from a sample of 392 IPOs from June 19, 2006 to March 24, 2010 suggests that inexperienced underwriters do not have incentives to grandstand. The number of IPOs that underwriters have conducted and recent IPO performance do not always contribute to a gain of market share directly. Therefore, inexperienced underwriters do not provide more underpriced IPOs nor do they charge lower fee rates. Evidence also marginally supports that underwriters do not intend to conduct small offer sized IPOs.