Underwriting is crucial as it considers whether to take the risk to insurance or not. This thesis describes the underwriting process of industrial risks and factors that have influence on the whole process. The first part is devoted to the description of industrial risks, the assessment of current industrial risks and the development and the current state of the industrial insurance in the Czech Republic. The second part describes the different products of industrial insurance and their underwriting process, with the focus on the underwriters, their rights, duties, qualification and risk management. The final part of this thesis deals with describing the whole process to a particular business, resulting in the insurance offer and the calculation of premium.

My thesis deals with analyses of returns of IPO’s in the Czech capital market. The theoretical section of the thesis contains of circumscription of main terms and methodics for preparations and realizations of IPO. In the analytical section these theoretical findings are applied. This thesis should bring realistic view of returns of IPO’s for investors and evaluate present trends on IPO market.

Underpricing is a subject that is well documented, there is a lot of different theories that claims special traits of companies that affect underpricing which some of these are age, growth and size of a company. There is also a difference amongst industries and especially the Tech industry which show a higher percentage of underpricing. Baker Mckenzie reports that the number of IPO: s in Sweden will grow in 2017, further one can see that under the year 1980-2011 there was an average underpricing of 27,3 percentage in Swedish companies. The study aims to analyze if there is a difference in underpricing within the first day when it comes to the Tech industry and the markets as a whole. The study also intends to prove that there is a significant relationship between underpricing, age, revenue growth, revenue and number of employees. Data was collected from databases and was analyzed through a regression analysis and comparing underpricing between the Tech industry and the other companies in the study. These analyzes was used to accept or reject the studies four hypothesizes and answer the questions of the study. The analysis and research showed a higher underpricing amongst the Tech industry then the rest of the companies but the study could not prove a significant relationship between underpricing and age, turnover growth, revenue and number of employees. / Underprissättning är ett ämne som är välstuderat och väldokumenterat, det finns många teorier som hävdar vilka egenskaper hos ett bolag som påverkar till underprissättning. Några av de faktorerna är ålder, tillväxt samt storlek. Det finns en skillnad bland branscher enligt tidigare undersökningar som hävdar att Tech branschen underprissätts i högre grad jämfört med andra branscher. Baker Mckenzie rapporterar att börsnoteringar i Sverige kommer öka under 2017, vidare kan man se att under åren 1980–2011 var det i snitt en första dagsavkastning på 27,3 procent på svenska börsnoteringar. Syftet med studien är att analysera om det finns en skillnad på första dagens avkastning inom Tech branschen jämfört med marknaden som helhet, studien ämnar också att påvisa om det finns signifikanta samband mellan underprissättning och ålder, omsättningstillväxt, omsättning samt antalet anställda. Information har samlats in från databaser och analyserats genom en regressionsanalys samt en komparativ studie av prissättning mellan Tech branschen och resterande branscher. De genomförda analyserna användes för att acceptera eller förkasta studiens fyra hypoteser samt svara på studiens frågeställningar. Analyserna och forskningen påvisade en större grad av underprissättning bland Tech bolagen än övriga bolag men studien kunde ej påvisa ett signifikant samband mellan underprissättning och bolagets omsättning, ålder, antal anställda samt omsättningstillväxt.

學年度：90 學期：2 校院：國立政治大學 系所：經營管理碩士學程 論文名稱：從兩岸入世論臺灣承銷商的發展契機 學位類別：碩士 研究生：陳慶洪 指導教授：杜化宇 關鍵詞：中國大陸、證券承銷、證券承銷商、發行人、配售方式、詢價圈購、公開申購、競價拍賣、世界貿易組織 中文摘要： 隨著中國大陸經濟的蓬勃發展，股票市場也在這個變動的社會中應運而生。股票市場做為溝通資金供需雙方的重要渠道，是傳統資本主義社會的重要表徵，最早發軔於西歐，臺灣和中國大陸也陸續引進這種商業型態的制度。隨著兩岸分別加入世界貿易組織，股票市場也必須積極地邁向國際化。當歐、美、日等國的投資銀行均已積極地進駐中國大陸，以搶佔其金融市場之際，國內業者受制於兩岸的政治氛圍卻顯得步履蹣跚。然而太晚進入大陸市場，將使國內證券承銷商處於不利的競爭地位。 在WTO的架構下，金融服務業必須受到服務貿易總協定的規範，兩岸都將適用最惠國待遇和多邊諮商原則，所以臺灣對中國大陸以及中國大陸對臺灣的經貿與金融政策都必須作大幅度的調整。臺灣地區的證券承銷商如何掌握此一發展趨勢，以開創華人世紀的新紀元，在在考驗著臺灣政府與業者的智慧。 摘要 回顧八零年代後期，中國大陸在鄧小平的主導下，踏上改革開放的試點工作，低廉的要素成本和政府的政策支持，吸引著外資源源不斷地注入，臺商得文化、地利之便，藉著轉移生產基地以延續產業生命並擴展生產規模。二十餘年來，西進的臺商從勞力密集，逐漸提升到資本密集與技術密集，對國內的經濟發展帶來相當大的衝擊。當臺商在異地逐漸站穩腳步，並於境外獲得資金供給的來源，對國內資本市場的依存度自然降低許多。做為資金供需雙方媒介的國內證券承銷商，遂因而陷入市場萎縮的困境。當兩岸次第加入世貿組織以後，國內承銷商是否有機會跟隨臺商腳步，將市場拓展至中國大陸，以延續生機並再創高峰，的確是一件值得深思的問題。 本研究的第二章、第三章分別介紹中國大陸和臺灣的承銷制度，依序分從 「證券商之分類及其業務範疇」、「承銷時機」、「承銷方式與資格」、「承銷作業程序」和「承銷價格訂定與配售方式」等五個面向加以探討，第四章則從比較制度的觀點，分析兩地承銷制度的異同。為了瞭解WTO入會架構將對兩岸承銷商帶來何等影響，本研究第五章首先介紹世界貿易組織的功能、理念與規範重點，其次則試圖探討兩岸入會後可能面臨的衝擊與因應之道。第六章則以建華金控為例，探討年前國內通過金融業者得以純粹控股公司形式跨業兼營的法令，將對證券承銷業者進軍中國大陸的努力帶來何等影響與可能的限制。 從制度面來看，由於臺海兩岸均係繼受歐美國家的先進體制，只是導入時期先後有別，除因政策性考量產生些許出入外，可說是大同小異。其次，兩岸分別在2001年11月間的卡達會議中獲准加入世界貿易組織，臺灣地區雖以已開發國家身份入世，因入世前長達九年的複邊磋商過程已陸續將相關要求內化，入世後應不致帶來太大的衝擊。而中國大陸係以開發中國家身份爭取入世，因此在國內市場的開放上有較多的調適時間，不過從其最近出台的《外資參股證券公司設立規則》來看，除了對於境外股東的持股比例，依其入世時承諾的進度設定限制外，可說是全面開放證券承銷市場；且該規則亦適用於香港、澳門及臺灣地區的業者。受限於兩岸政權迄今仍處於對立狀態，短期內恐無法假前述規則簽署證券監管合作諒解備忘錄，勢將嚴重斷喪臺灣承銷商西進的發展契機，徒將崛起的商機拱手讓與外資，國內政府誠應審慎考慮此一嚴肅課題，進而積極協助業者排除政治上的障礙，以延續並擴展臺灣業者的生存命脈。 / Academic year: 2001 Session:2 School: National Chengchi University Department: Executive MBA of Finance Title of Thesis: The Opportunity of The Underwriting Corporation in Taiwan After Attending WTO Degree: Master Author: Ching-Hung Chen Advisor: Professor Anthony Tu Keywords: Mainland China, securities underwriting, underwriter, issuer, offering method, book-building, fix-price, auction, WTO Abstract: As the economy of Mainland China is glooming, the stock market arises in the changing society. The stock market is an important channel to link the supply and demand, as well as a symbol of the traditional capitalist society. It has taken a long time for western countries to develop their stock systems. However, similar systems emerged in Taiwan and Mainland China. After Taiwan and Mainland China attending WTO, stock markets must be aggressively facing the globalization. When Europe, the United States, and Japan are going to compete to dominate the Mainland's financial market. Taiwan is moving at a slower pace and facing many restrictions. The late entry of Taiwan's underwriting corporations into the Mainland market will undermine their competitiveness. Under the WTO framework, the basic principles on the financial services sector are governed by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Once Taiwan and the Mainland become WTO members, they must both accept all WTO regulations, including those on MFN treatment and multilateral negotiations. In light of these requirements, both Taiwan and the Mainland must make large adjustments in their cross-strait and financial policies toward each other. The underwriting corporations in Taiwan are willing to create a new era. How to grasp the developing tendency is a critical trial to the enterprises and government in Taiwan.

利用1995-2015年間美國房地產投資信託基金（REIT）的176個初次公開發行為樣本，本研究分析了初步公開說明書（Form S-11）資訊與REITs上市後之當天，短期和長期表現之間的關係。其中，本文著重於探討四個特別領域的相關資訊，包括管理結構，承銷商聲譽，IPO閉鎖期及管理團隊品質。 實證結果顯示，初步公開說明書（Form S-11）包含有價值的資訊，有助於REIT IPO 投資人作投資評估之使用。其中，IPO閉鎖期大於等於產業標準180天的REITs，其在上市後6個月和12個月期間的報酬率高於IPO閉鎖期小於180天的REITs。此外，與過去的IPO研究結果相似，由知名承銷商所銷售之REIT IPOs 在初次公開發行後的短期及長期表現平均優於由知名度較低之承銷商所銷售的REIT IPOs。 然而，儘管過去與REIT相關的研究普遍偏好內部管理，本研究之實證結果支持外部管理的模式。其中，實證結果顯示外部管理的REITs在初次公開發行後的短期及長期表現平均優於內部管理的REITs。 / Using a sample of 176 US REIT IPOs from 1995 to 2015, this study examines the relationship between information provided on the preliminary IPO prospectus (form S-11) and post-IPO initial, short-term and long-term performance of REITs. In particular, this paper focuses on information related to four specific areas: management structure, underwriter reputation, lock-up period, and management quality. The findings of this study suggest that form S-11 carries valuable information, and is useful to investors in evaluating REIT IPOs. The regression results indicate that REIT IPOs with a lock-up period that is at least as long as the industry standard, on average, earn higher post-IPO returns 6-month and 12-month following the IPO date. Moreover, consistent with prior IPO studies, offerings underwritten by prestigious underwriters, on average, yield better post-IPO performance than IPOs underwritten by less reputable underwriters. Yet, unlike prior REIT studies, the findings of this paper tend to favor the external management structure. The results from the sub-sample imply externally managed REITs, on average, earn higher post-IPO short-term and long-term returns than their internally managed counterpart.