The objective of this doctoral dissertation is to extend the existing knowledge in the area of Corporate Governance in the region of Central Europe. Specifically, a study focuses on companies entering the public market and examines whether board structure and diversity have an impact on the success of the Initial Public Offering. The dissertation is divided into several parts. Firstly, theory of Corporate Governance and Signaling theory, explaining the potential influence of the board characteristics on the public offering outcome, are introduced. The following is an extensive literature review related to each of the selected variables. In the analytical part of the thesis, methods of statistical analysis are employed to verify the hypotheses and the results are discussed considering the findings of prior studies.

I considered on initial public offerings in my thesis. The thesis describes signification of initial public offerings including its advantages and disadvantages, informs about its specifications and recommends to investors, what they should focus on, if they think of such type of investment.

Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) integration in financial activities is a crucial topic that is gaining importance in financial markets. During the years, many studies have been conducted about Initial Public Offering (IPO) and underpricing since they are fundamental aspects of firms’ lifecycle. Nevertheless, none of these studies have appropriately related firms’ ESG characteristics to IPO underpricing. In order to fill this knowledge gap, this thesis’s purpose is to investigate whether the ESG factors of a firm have effects on its IPO underpricing in the U.S stock market. The U.S has been chosen as it is the biggest stock market in the world and because of the quality and reliability of the data available for this country.  A quantitative study is applied to investigate the relationship between ESG characteristics of the firms and the level of underpricing. First, to obtain the measurement of the ESG level of the pre-IPO firms, we have conducted two textual analysis of IPO prospectus, namely, term frequency and sentiment analysis. These indicators aim to show the disclosure level of ESG factors and whenever ESG is perceived negatively or positively by the market. Successively, the multiple regression is performed for each ESG indicator to find which measures have the analytical abilities to explain IPO underpricing. Based on the multiple regression results, we can conclude that the frequency of environmental & governance terms occurred in IPO prospectus, the negative tone, and the overall sentiment of the environmental context are significantly explaining IPO underpricing. These results have given meaningful answers for our research. The market does not perceive the social factors of a firm in the IPO context. On the other hand, environmental and governance aspects still attract the market’s attention in different ways. The market is concerned about the disclosure level of the governance activities and whether these activities are sufficiently mentioned in the prospectus. Meanwhile, the market takes into serious consideration the environmental activities of a firm by assessing the qualities of these activities. Moreover, the market is more sensitive to the negative information about environmental content than positive information in the IPO context. The textual analysis methods applied in this thesis have some limitations. However, this study has the reliability to confirm that some companies’ ESG factors affect IPO underpricing. As a consequence, it is possible to state that the market cares about  ESG issues.

This study examines the relationship between firm innovation and Initial Public Offering (IPO) underpricing in the Swedish stock market by examining 287 firms that went public on the Nasdaq OMX Stockholm and Nasdaq First North during the years 2010 – 2020. An OLS regression model is utilized to analyze the relationship between underpricing, measured as the initial returns, and firm innovation, measured as patents and Research and Development (R&D). The average initial returns for the sample were (+8,16 %) showing that IPOs are, on average, underpriced in the Swedish stock market. While the connection between patents and underpricing was negligible, the results indicated that firms that reported R&D expenditures separately, specifying how much of their expenditures were spent on R&D, experienced a small decrease in IPO underpricing. Also, a slightly larger decrease in IPO underpricing was found for the firms that both had patents and reported their IPO expenditures separately. Thus, these results indicate that firms with a higher level of innovation are “leaving less money on the table”.

We find that the first investment of a private investor in an IPO affects the private investors future participation in IPO’s. This paper examines Nasdaq Stockholms Main list during 2010-2019. The short- and long-term perspective is examined by two different models. The results show that there is a significant difference between private investors when it comes to participating in future IPO’s, depending on if the private investor experienced a good or bad IPO. The result in this paper show that approximately a third more private investors participate in the upcoming IPO after they experienced a good IPO. In a longer perspective approximately 50% of the investors who experienced a good IPO choose to invest in at least one more IPO.  Out of the private investors who experienced a bad IPO, approximately 30% choose to participate in another IPO. This paper contribute to a better understanding of how private investors are affected by their earlier investments.

No description available.

Förvaltningsfastigheter värderas ofta till verkligt värde. Under en lång tid har värdering till verkligt värde varit något svårdefinierat, där begreppet haft olika betydelse i olika sammanhang. IFRS 13 uppkom till viss del med anledning av detta. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om IFRS 13 har påverkat underprissättningen för fastighetsföretag vid börsintroduktioner. Genom en Difference-in-Differences metod baserad på en uni- och en multivariat modell mäter vi det statistiska sambandet mellan IFRS 13 och underprissättning mellan åren 2005-2022 vid börsnotering av företag i fastighetsbranchen. Behandlingsgruppen består av länder inom Europeiska Unionen samt Norge, då dessa efterföljer IFRS som redovisningsstandard. Kontrollgruppen består av nio länder som inte har IFRS som obligatorisk redovisningsstandard. Resultatet visar på en negativ trend mellan underprissättningen och införandet av IFRS 13, men kan inte på ett statistiskt signifikant sätt fastställas. Resultatet visar dock ett negativt statistiskt signifikant samband på 0.1 procent mellan kapitalintäkten från börsintroduktionen och underprissättning samt ett statistiskt signifikant samband på 0.1 procent mellan Post och underprissättning för två av våra regressioner.

This thesis examines the initial performance of private equity-backed IPOs in relation to non-private-equity-backed IPOs listed on Nasdaq Stockholm and Nasdaq First North Growth Market during the years 2011-2021. It further measures the effect of independent variables on the return after the first day- and first week of trading as well as if the first day performance impacts the first week performance. Previous research finds that IPOs in general are underpriced, and that private equity-backed IPOs tend to perform poorer than non-private-equity-backed IPOs on the first day of trading. Previous research further finds that underpriced IPOs have poor aftermarket performance since the issues usually decline during the first couple of days of trading, subsequently converging towards a lower price rapidly after listing, making it less profitable to invest in an IPO in the aftermarket. Univariate and multivariate analyses test this and the findings indicate that the first day return impacts the first week performance. It also finds that larger private equity-backed IPOs are underpriced and show poorer first day performance compared with larger non private-equity-backed-IPOs. Yet, this is not found to hold for the total sample covering all offering sizes. However, our findings cannot confirm that private equity-backed IPOs would show poorer performance compared with non-private-equity-backed IPOs after the first week of trading. Among the independent variables, the nominal offer price was found to have a significant impact on the first day return alongside with which stock exchange the company was listed on.

本論文探討2007年中國大陸實施以IFRS為基礎的中國會計準則後，是否因為會計準則要求更多資訊的公開，影響新上市公司股票發行折價的幅度。由於中國大陸資本市場有獨特的機制環境，本研究更進一步探討，中國大陸新上市公司在中國會計準則實施後，新上市公司股票發行折價的幅度，是否會因為各省份機制環境背景有不同的影響。實證結果發現，實施中國會計準則後，新股折價的幅度的確顯著降低，新股上市的蜜月期也會因為準則實施後，資訊不對稱的情形降低，有明顯的縮減。亦發現若中國大陸地方機制環境較進步且發達，該地區市場化的程度愈高，新股折價的幅度會也會因資訊更加公開而降低。 / In 2007, China passed the IFRS-based Chinese Accounting Standards (therefore IFRS-based CAS) to converge with IFRS. This paper examines the effect of implementation of IFRS-based CAS on IPO uncerpricing. In addition, there are different institutional features of transition economy from other countries. This paper also examines the effect of the interaction between implementation of IFRS-based CAS and institutional features of transition economy on IPO uncerpricing. The empirical results show that post-2005 IPOs in China are significantly less underpriced, and IPO honeymoon periods have similar outcomes. Furthermore, the results also show that the magnitude of underpricing will be decreased in those provinces with higher degrees of marketization.

Studien genomfördes med syftet att undersöka varför företag tenderar att vara nöjda med sin börsintroduktion trots att den varit underprissatt, vilket bidrar till flertalet negativa konsekvenser. Studien undersöker om underprissättningen kan bero på brist av värderingskompetens eller om företagen själva har incitament till att underprissätta sin börsintroduktion och har tagit hänsyn till handelsplatserna Aktietorget och First North under åren 2013 – 2015. Studien baseras på en kvantitativ metod och har genomförts med inhämtning av sekundärdata samt en enkätundersökning för att undersöka hur företagen resonerar inför en börsintroduktion. Enkätfrågorna har kopplats till befintlig teori samt övriga variabler som torde vara viktiga för företagen inför en börsintroduktion och har sedan analyserats med hjälp av uni-, bi- och multivariat analys. Slutsatsen är att den viktigaste variabeln för ett företag som står inför en börsintroduktion på Aktietorget eller First North är att säkerställa en fulltecknad emission. För att lyckas med det påvisar analysen att företag kan ha incitament till att underprissätta sin egen börsintroduktion. Vidare påvisar analysen att företagen inte strävar efter studiens nämnda incitamentsteorier i någon stor grad och att något signifikant samband mellan teorivariabler och initial avkastning inte finns för studiens respondenter. Författarna tolkar därför incitamentsteorierna som positiva sidoeffekter av att en underprissättning sker och inte som något företagen eftersträvar i första hand vid en börsintroduktion på Aktietorget och First North. / This study investigates why corporates tend to be satisfied with their IPO although it has been underpriced, which contributes to several negative consequences. The study investigates if this depends on the lack of valuation expertise or if the enterprises have incentives to underprice their own IPO. This study was conducted on the Swedish Stock Exchanges Aktietorget and First North during 2013 – 2015. This study takes a quantitative approach and was conducted by using secondary data and a survey to investigate which variables are the most important for an enterprise that is staging an IPO. The survey questions were linked to existing theory and other variables that should be important for an enterprise that is staging an IPO. The results was analyzed through a uni-, bi- and multivariate analysis. The study concludes that the most important variable for an enterprise that is staging an IPO on Aktietorget or First North, is to ensure a fully subscribed stock issue. To be able to ensure this, an enterprise could have incentives to underprice their own IPO. Furthermore, the study conclude that the enterprises does not strive for this study’s described incentive theories in any large extent, and that any significant relation between these variables and underpricing do not exist for this study’s respondents. The authors of this study therefore interprets these theories as positive side effects of an underpricing and not something enterprises that is facing an IPO strive for primarily on Aktietorget and First North.