Baigiamajame magistro darbe remiantis užsienio ir Lietuvos autorių pateikta moksline medžiaga atskleidžiamos probleminės darbo rinkos grupės, kurios ilgiausiai patiria socialines ir ekonomines pasekmes. Teorinė analizė padeda atskleisti veiksnius darančius poveikį darbo rinkos segmentų nedarbo lygiui. Analitinėje-tiriamojoje darbo dalyje siekiama įvertinti ekonominių veiksnių poveikį skirtingiems darbo rinkos segmentams, siekiant sumažinti jų nedarbo lygį. / The thesis of foreign and Lithuanian authors provided scientific material disclosed problematic labor market groups that the longest experience in social and economic consequences. Theoretical analysis helps to reveal the factors affecting the labor market segments unemployment. The analytical part of the study-to assess the economic factors on different segments of the labor market in order to reduce the unemployment rate.

This thesis presents three essays, each seeking to deepen our understanding of labour markets. The first essay studies the response of real wages and hours of new hires to the business cycle during the UK’s Great Recession. The second essay analysis in how far the assumption of rational expectations in the Mortensen-Pissarides model is required for the economy to converge to an equilibrium. In particular, it asks if it is possible for economic agents to use simple linear forecast rules and still ensure convergence to the rational expectations equilibrium. The final essay seeks to determine whether labour income shares at the sectoral level are constant across countries, as is usually assumed in the literature, and whether this assumption quantitatively matters. Therefore, it takes the input-output structures across countries into account, and conducts a development accounting exercise. Real wages and hours in the Great Recession: Evidence from firms and their entry-level jobs Using employer-employee panel data, I provide novel facts on how real wages and working hours within jobs responded to the UK’s Great Recession. In contrast to previous studies, my data enables me to address the cyclical composition of jobs. I show that firms were able to respond to the Great Recession with substantial real wage cuts and by recruiting more part-time workers. A one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate led to an average decline in real hourly wages of 2.8 per cent for new hires and 2.6 per cent for job stayers. Hours of new hires in entry-level jobs were also substantially procyclical, while job-stayer hours were nearly constant. My findings suggest that models assuming rigid labour costs of new hires are not helpful for understanding the behaviour of unemployment over the business cycle. Unemployment and econometric learning I apply well-known results of the econometric learning literature to the Mortensen-Pissarides real business cycle model. Agents can always learn the unique rational expectations equilibrium (REE), for all possible well-defined sets of parameter values, by using the minimum-state-variable solution to the model and decreasing gain learning. From this perspective, the assumption of rational expectations in the model could be seen as reasonable. But using a parametrisation with UK data, simulations show that the speed of convergence to the REE is slow. This type of learning dampens the cyclical response of unemployment to small structural shocks. Measuring sectoral income shares: Accounting for input-output structures across countries I use input-output tables to measure the labour income shares of the goods and the services sector for a large cross-section of mostly developed countries. I present two novel findings: sectoral labour income shares significantly increase with the level of development, and within-country differences between these income shares are uncorrelated with the level of development. These cross-country differences are not caused by variation in the input-output structure or final demand, but originate at the production-side of the economy. I measure sectoral total factor productivity using a development accounting framework to assess the quantitative importance of my findings. The goods sector of less developed countries is relatively less productive than the services sector; assuming that the values of the sectoral labour income shares across countries are identical to their corresponding U.S. values leads to an underestimation of productivity differences across countries. All findings are robust to different adjustments for the labour income of the self-employed.

Submitted by Daniela Parca Cavelagna Costa (danielacavelagna@gmail.com) on 2015-09-09T21:25:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Daniela_Costa_versao_publicação.pdf: 1252987 bytes, checksum: 6ae5c60206b07ce4d103b6f40455c3b6 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Daniela, boa noite Seu trabalho foi rejeitado por não estar de acordo com as normas da ABNT. Segue abaixo o que deverá ser alterado: - CAPA: Retirar a formatação em negrito do título; Retirar SP que consta ao lado de SÃO PAULO. - CONTRA CAPA: Retirar SP que consta ao lado de SÃO PAULO. - Centralizar o título AGRADECIMENTOS e justificar o texto igual ao Resumo. Após alterações, submeter novamente o trabalho. Att on 2015-09-09T21:45:44Z (GMT) / Submitted by Daniela Parca Cavelagna Costa (danielacavelagna@gmail.com) on 2015-09-09T22:14:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Daniela_Parca_Cavelagna_Costa.pdf: 1252680 bytes, checksum: 3a5386e3807eead8e98d85237087e1c0 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Incluir a ficha catalográfica on 2015-09-09T23:18:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by Daniela Parca Cavelagna Costa (danielacavelagna@gmail.com) on 2015-09-10T15:22:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Daniela_Parca_Cavelagna_Costa.pdf: 1338144 bytes, checksum: 697872dce6c8a0be6c72a059095fa0a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-09-10T21:29:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Daniela_Parca_Cavelagna_Costa.pdf: 1338144 bytes, checksum: 697872dce6c8a0be6c72a059095fa0a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-11T12:54:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Daniela_Parca_Cavelagna_Costa.pdf: 1338144 bytes, checksum: 697872dce6c8a0be6c72a059095fa0a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-14 / Em meio a um cenário de desaceleração do PIB e às incertezas sobre a inflação seria esperado que a taxa de desemprego aumentasse. Contudo, o mercado de trabalho apresentou resultados bastante satisfatórios nos últimos anos. Segundo dados do IBGE, no triênio 2011-2013, esse índice permaneceu, com uma certa 'estabilidade', no patamar de 6%. Ademais, é possível encontrar diferentes índices a partir de diversas fontes disponíveis para o mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Neste contexto, o presente estudo busca destacar as principais diferenças e semelhanças de cada uma das fontes de informação e avaliar a redução da taxa de desemprego ocorrida ao longo de mais de 10 anos. Para tanto, serão utilizadas as bases de dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2001 a 2013 a fim de analisar como se comporta a taxa de desemprego para os diferentes grupos componentes da força de trabalho. Os resultados indicam que os fatores populacionais foram mais importantes que os fatores econômicos, visto que a mudança na composição de faixa etária da PEA foi responsável por 25% da queda da taxa de desemprego de 2005/2006 para 2012/2013. / In a scenario of GDP slowdown and uncertainty about inflation it would be expected that the unemployment rate had increased. However, the labor market showed satisfactory results in recent years. According to IBGE data, on the triennium 2011-2013, this index remained, with some stability, around 6%. In addition, it is possible to find different rates according to several sources available for the Brazilian labor market. In this context, this study aims to emphasize the main differences and similarities of each information sources and evaluate the reduction occurred in the unemployment rate over more than 10 years. To do so, the National Sample Survey of Households databases, from 2001 until 2013, will be used in order to analyze how the unemployment rate behaves on each different group that compose the workforce. The results indicate that populational factors were more important than economic ones, since the change in the age composition of the labor force accounted for 25% the fall of the 2005/2006 unemployment rate to 2012/2013.

The thesis consists of three empirical essays on the topics of self-employment, happiness and international trade. Essay 1 studies how immigrant self-employment entry is affected by the local business cycle in Sweden. Using the unemployment rate at the local labour market level as a proxy for the local business cycle, our study shows that the self-employment entry behaviour for native men and immigrant men is negatively affected by the unemployment rate, except for immigrants from Middle East. However, such a negative effect is quantitatively weaker among the non-European immigrants. Further, the result shows that immigrants from the Middle East are positively affected by the unemployment rate, meaning they are more likely to be pushed into self-employment in recessions. For women, we also find the unemployment rate has a negative impact on the self-employment decision of native women and immigrant women, except for the Middle East group. However, compared with men, the quantitative size of the unemployment rate effect on self-employment is smaller among women, implying the less important role of business cycle in determining females’ entry into self-employment. Essay 2 investigates the non-pecuniary return of self-employment in China. The results show that the life satisfaction of self-employed men is significantly higher than that of wage-employed men; the life satisfaction of self-employed women is not statistically significant different from that of wage-employed women. Moreover, we show that the life satisfaction of self-employed men in the informal sector is significantly higher than that of wage-employed men in the formal sector. The life satisfaction of wage-employed men in the informal sector is not significantly different from that of wage-employed men in the formal sector. For women, we find that there is no significant life satisfaction disparity between workers in the formal and informal sector. Finally, our job satisfaction data also concludes that self-employment in China is not inferior to wage employment. Essay 3 evaluates how Swedish manufacturing employment is affected by the increasing import competition from China. The results show that the growth of manufacturing employment is not statistically significant affected by the increasing import competition from China. Moreover, in general, the increasing import exposure from China does not significantly affect the employment growth of non-manufacturing sector either. Regarding the earnings, the analysis shows that the low wage earners in the manufacturing sector is not significantly affected by the increasing import penetration from China while median and high wage earners are positively affected.

The aim of the thesis is to identify the specific impacts of the global financial and economic crisis on the labour market of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The theoretical part deals with the problems of unemployment and presents the basic theoretical approaches to the functioning of the labour market. The paper then presents the underlying causes, development and spread of the economic crisis and its impact on economic performance and labour markets with an emphasis on the development of the unemployment rate in the European Union and Central European countries. The output is the analysis of effects on the labour market of the Czech Republic and Slovakia during the crisis, their evaluation and comparison.

The diploma thesis is focused on problematic of unemployment in the district of Kromeriz between 2005 and 2009. I have analysed unemployment per categories, for example age, sex, education etc. The goal of this thesis is to briefly review current situation and suggest improvements which could lead to reduction of unemployment rate in district of Kromeriz in 2010.

In the presented master's thesis, I analyse termination of employment. There are analysed factors affecting unemployment structure of expectanes from various categories aspects. The thesis includes also suggestions of solutions and precautions which should lead to reduction of unemployment rate in the district.

In this thesis, I deal with the issue of unemployment in the district of Beroun. The thesis is an analysis of the current and past status in the period 2007 - 2011. The aim is to identify possible options for reducing unemployment in that district.

For the past years, there has been an absence of economic crisis on a global level. The unexpected COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus led to a significant disruption in economies across the globe, followed by a decrease in economic activity. The decline in economic activity caused market shocks which eventually increased unemployment. This paper aims to analyse unemployment between the years 2018 to 2021 to measure pre- and post-pandemic unemployment rate among Swedish municipalities. The research question is, was the COVID-19 affected significantly related to an increase in unemployment rates across the 290 municipalities in Sweden? Data collection is from several agencies, including the Swedish Public Employment Service (Arbetsförmedlingen), The Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten), and Statistic Sweden (SCB). The regression model used to analyse the variables are series of fixed effects regression. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the pandemic and economic downturn. By examining variables such as COVID-19 affected, immigrants, education, and disposable income in municipalities, this paper was able to conclude that COVID-19 affected are significantly related to unemployment increase in all 290 municipalities.

Denna uppsats har undersökt kommunal arbetslöshet i 22 kommuner, vilka är geografiskt anslutande till Sveriges tre storstadsområden – Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö. Uppsatsen har ämnat undersöka huruvida det föreligger signifikanta orsakssamband som påverkar kommunal arbetslöshet. Uppsatsen har även avsett undersöka om det finns tydliga skillnader i faktorer som påverkar arbetslöshetsnivån i de undersökta regionerna, samt förorts- och storstadskommuner emellan. För att besvara syftet har det i studien genomförts en regressionsanalys med paneldata för de undersökta kommunerna mellan åren 1996-2014. Förklaringsvariablerna, vilka ämnar förklara kommunal arbetslöshetsnivå, har varit kommunal inkomstskattenivå, medelårsinkomst, andel med minst tre års eftergymnasial utbildning, befolkningstäthet och andel utrikesfödda. Resultaten påvisar positiva samband för variablerna kommunal inkomstskattenivå, medelårsinkomst, befolkningstäthet och utrikesfödda, vilket innebär att när dessa faktorer förändras påverkas även kommunal arbetslöshetsnivå i motsvarande riktning. Den enskilda förklaringsvariabel som har ett negativt samband med arbetslöshet är andel med eftergymnasial utbildning, vilket innebär att när denna faktor förändras påverkas kommunal arbetslöshet i motsatt riktning. Resultaten visar skillnader i kommunal inkomstskattenivås påverkan på arbetslöshet storstads- och förortskommuner emellan, då storstadskommuner visar ett starkare sådant samband. Inga övriga skillnader i variablernas påverkan på arbetslöshet kan tydligt urskiljas ur resultaten. Den tydligaste skillnaden regionerna emellan är sambandet mellan utrikesfödda och arbetslöshet, vilket är positivt för Stockholmsregionen, men negativt för Malmö- och Göteborgsregionerna. Resultaten påvisar också skillnader i hur starkt variablerna kommunal inkomstskattenivå och andel med eftergymnasial utbildning påverkar arbetslösheten. Sambandet mellan kommunal inkomstskattenivå och arbetslöshet är starkast i Göteborgsområdet, i förhållande till övriga undersökta områden, och variabeln eftergymnasial utbildning har starkast påverkan på arbetslöshetsnivån i Malmöområdet, i relation till övriga två områden. / This thesis has examined the unemployment rate in 22 municipalities that are geographically connected to the metropolitan areas of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The aim has been to examine whether there are distinct differences in factors that effect the municipal unemployment rate. The thesis has also aimed to investigate distinct differences in municipal unemployment rate in suburban and metropolitan municipalities. A regression analysis of panel data between the years 1996-2014 has been estimated and the explanatory variables are level of municipal income tax, average annual income, proportion of individuals with a higher educational level of three years or more, population density and proportion of foreign born.   The results indicate positive relationships between the variables municipal income tax, average annual income, population density and foreign born, which means that whenever these factors alter – the municipal unemployment rate does so as well. The sole explanatory variable with a negative relationship to municipal unemployment rate is education, which means that if the level of education changes, the unemployment rate alters in the opposit direction. The results also indicate differences in how strongly the municipal income tax effect the unemployment rate in suburban and metropolitan municipalities, since metropolitan municipalities indicate a stronger relationship between this variable and the unemployment rate. Moreover, there are no clear differences in the variables’ effect on the municipal unemployment rate. The most distinct disparity between the three regions is the relationship between the proportion of foreign born and municipal unemployment rate, which solely is positive for the region of Stockholm and negative for the regions of Malmö and Gothenburg. The results also indicate differences in how strongly the variables of municipal income tax and level of education affect the unemployment rate. The relationship between municipal income tax and unemployment rate is most powerful in the region of Gothenburg, in comparison to the other two regions, and the variable of level of education effect the region of Malmö the most.