CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O gÃnero Bauhinia, famÃlia Leguminosae, compreende mais de 300 espÃcies distribuÃdas nas Ãreas tropicais do planeta, onde sÃo utilizadas na medicina popular no tratamento do diabetes. Estudos farmacolÃgicos preliminares [1] indicaram aÃÃo hipoglicemiante de Bauhinia ungulata L., conhecida popularmente como âPata-devacaâ, porÃm nenhum estudo fitoquÃmico havia sido realizado para a espÃcie[2]. Desta forma, o presente estudo se propÃs ao isolamento e determinaÃÃo estrutural dos constituintes volÃteis e nÃo-volÃteis das folhas de Bauhinia ungulata, e a posterior realizaÃÃo de testes farmacolÃgicos com os compostos isolados para a comprovaÃÃo da sua atividade farmacolÃgica. O estudo dos constituintes volÃteis das folhas de Bauhinia ungulata (Figura I) foi realizado atravÃs de um acompanhamento da composiÃÃo quÃmica do Ãleo essencial. Os principais constituintes encontrados no Ãleo de B. ungulata foram: (E)- -Cariofileno (1), -Humuleno (2), Germacreno D (3), Ãxido de Cariofileno (4), - Copaeno (5), Germacreno B (6), -Cadineno (7) e Biciclogermacreno (8). Foram observadas alteraÃÃes no teor do Ãleo das 9:00 para Ãs 12:00 hs com aumento dos constituintes 4 e 8 e reduÃÃo de 2, 3, 5, 6 e 7 alÃm do surgimento de sesquiterpenos oxigenados exclusivamente Ãs 12:00 hs. Para o estudo dos constituintes nÃo-volÃteis (Figura II) foram utilizados os extratos hexÃnico (EHBU) e etanÃlico (EEBU) das folhas de B. ungulata. ApÃs sucessivos tratamentos cromatogrÃficos, o extrato EEBU forneceu 4 metabÃlitos secundÃrios identificados como os flavonÃides 3,5,7-tri-hidroxi-2-(3â,4â-dihidroxifenil)- 4H-cromen-4-ona (Quercetina) (BU-1), Quercetina-3-OarabinofuranosÃdio (BU-2) e Quercetina-3-O--RhamnopiranosÃdio (Quercitrina) (BU-3) alÃm do inositol metoxilado 3-O-metil-quiroinositol (D-pinitol) (BU-4). A partir da fraÃÃo alcaloÃdica do EEBU foram obtidos os alcalÃides -carbolÃnicos harmano (BU-5) e eleagnina (tetrahidroharmano) (BU-6). A identificaÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo dos constituintes quÃmicos volÃteis foram realizadas atravÃs de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CG/EM). XVII A caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos compostos nÃo-volÃteis foi realizada atravÃs de tÃcnicas espectroscÃpicas, incluindo RMN-1D (ÂH, ÂÂC, DEPT), RMN-2D (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY) e espectroscopia de infravermelho (IR). / The Bauhinia genus possess 300 species distributed in tropical area of the planet. Species of this genus have been used in popular medicine on the diabetes treatment. Preliminary pharmacological studies showed hypoglicemic action of Bauhinia ungulata L. [1], popularly known on the northeast of Brazil as âpata-de-vacaâ, however, no phytochemical study has been reported yet [2]. This work reports the isolation and structural charactherization of the volatile and non-volatile constituents from the leaves of Bauhinia ungulata, for the accomplishment of pharmacological tests with the isolated compounds. A circadian study of the chemical composition of the leaves of B. ungulata was carry out with its essential oil. The main constituents were: (E)--caryophyllene (1), - humulene (2), germacrene D (3), cariilene (4), -copaene (5), germacrene B (6), - cadimene (7) e byciclogermacrene (8). Changes were observed at 9:00 to 12:00 a.m. with the increase of contents of the constituents 4 and 8, and reduction of contents of compounds 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, besides of appearance of oxygenated terpenes only at 12:00 a.m. The phytochemical study of the non-volatile constituents was accomplished by the investigation of the hexane (EHBU) and ethanol (EEBU) extracts. From the EHBU traicontanol was obtained in high contents. Sucessive chromatographies from the EEBU yielded 4 metabolites charactherized as the flavonoids quercetine, quercetine-3- O-arabinofuranoside and quercitrine, besides the methoxy inositol 3-O-metil- D-pinitol. The alkaloid fraction yielded the -carbolines harmane e eleagnine. XIX The identification of the volatile compounds was done by GLC/MS. Structure charactherization of the non-volatile was made by spectroscopic methods such as IR and two and one dimensional ÂH and ÂÂC NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC),

Trypanosamas de diversas espécies podem infectar mamíferos de interesse econômico em todo o mundo. Trypanosoma vivax, T. evansi, T. equiperdum, T. congolense, T. b. brucei e T. simiae geram importantes doenças em ungulados na África, Ásia e Américas Central e do Sul; enquanto T. theileri e espécies relacionadas são pouco patogênicas. Compreender a epidemiologia e as interações parasita-vector-hospedeiro requer estudos de estrutura populacional, filogeográficos e de diversidade e relações filogenéticas entre isolados. Sequências de microssatelites e dos genes SSUrRNA, gGAPDH, CatL, ITS, SL, 5S, Cytb e ESAG6 mostraram ampla diversidade biológica e diferenciaram genótipos com associação geográfica e restrição de hospedeiros em T. theileri e espécies relacionadas. T. evansi mostrou importante heterogeneidade de sequências no gene ESAG6, enquanto populações de T. vivax muito divergentes foram observadas em regiões preservadas e com transmissão cíclica quando comparadas com a microheterogeneidade biológica de áreas de transmissão mecânica. / Trypanosames can infect diverse species of mammals of economic interest worldwide. Trypanosoma vivax, T. evansi, T. equiperdum, T. congolense, T. brucei brucei and T. simiae cause important diseases in ungulates in Africa, Asia and Central and South America, while T. theileri and related species are of low pathogenicity. Understanding the epidemiology and host-parasite-vector interactions requires studies of population structure, phylogeography and diversity and phylogenetic relationships among isolates. Microsatellite loci and sequences from genes SSUrRNA, gGAPDH, CatL, ITS, SL, 5S, Cytb and ESAG6 revealed high biological diversity and allowed differentiation of genotypes with geographic structure and host-restriction event in T. theileri and related species. T. evansi showed significant heterogeneity in ESAG6 sequences, while populations of T. vivax widely divergent were observed in pristine regions and cyclical transmission compared to the microheterogeneity showed by isolates from mechanical transmission areas.

Food selection by free-ranging black rhinoceros, eland, giraffe and kudu as well as the utilisation of vegetation types by the latter three browsers were investigated over an entire seasonal cycle, from June 1998 to July 1999, at Weenen Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal. The study was aimed at determining the extent of resource overlap within this browser guild. Feeding habits of eland, giraffe and kudu were studied by direct observations, while a plant-based technique was used for black rhinoceros. Dung counts were conducted to monitor selection for vegetation types. Overlap was estimated by measuring the similarities in resource utilisation patterns. Giraffe were exclusively browsers, feeding mostly on woody foliage, over the complete seasonal cycle. The bulk of the annual diet of kudu also consisted of woody browse, although forbs were important and their use increased from early summer to winter. The annual diet of eland consisted of approximately equal proportions of grass and browse, with pods making up almost a third of the diet. Similar to kudu, forbs were more prominent in the winter diet, while grass use decreased. During winter, overlap in forage types generally increased and was considerable because the browsers did not resort to distinct forage 'refuges'. Overlap in the utilisation of woody plant species, however, decreased as animals diversified their diets. Nonetheless, overlap was extensive, primarily owing to the mutual utilisation of Acacia karroo and Acacia nilotica. The quantity of woody foliage decreased during winter, as indicated by phenological differences, but numerous individual plants still carried leaves. Based on current evidence, food quality was assumed to decline. Under prevailing conditions, eland, giraffe and black rhinoceros suffered no mortalities indicating that they were not food limited, possibly owing to the nutritional advantages conferred by their large body size, and that competition among them was unlikely. By comparison, kudu mortalities were great which may signify that they were constrained by food supply and that the larger browsers exerted a pronounced competitive effect on them. Based on the current study it is hypothesised that during periods of resource scarcity the abundance of high quality foods are limited and if interspecific competition does prevail, which will further limit the availability of these resources, it is the smaller bodied herbivores that will be most affected and suffer the greatest mortalities. Consequences of competitive interactions among these browsers have important management implications, especially in small reserves, which are a key stone for the conservation of mammalian herbivores. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000.

Trypanosamas de diversas espécies podem infectar mamíferos de interesse econômico em todo o mundo. Trypanosoma vivax, T. evansi, T. equiperdum, T. congolense, T. b. brucei e T. simiae geram importantes doenças em ungulados na África, Ásia e Américas Central e do Sul; enquanto T. theileri e espécies relacionadas são pouco patogênicas. Compreender a epidemiologia e as interações parasita-vector-hospedeiro requer estudos de estrutura populacional, filogeográficos e de diversidade e relações filogenéticas entre isolados. Sequências de microssatelites e dos genes SSUrRNA, gGAPDH, CatL, ITS, SL, 5S, Cytb e ESAG6 mostraram ampla diversidade biológica e diferenciaram genótipos com associação geográfica e restrição de hospedeiros em T. theileri e espécies relacionadas. T. evansi mostrou importante heterogeneidade de sequências no gene ESAG6, enquanto populações de T. vivax muito divergentes foram observadas em regiões preservadas e com transmissão cíclica quando comparadas com a microheterogeneidade biológica de áreas de transmissão mecânica. / Trypanosames can infect diverse species of mammals of economic interest worldwide. Trypanosoma vivax, T. evansi, T. equiperdum, T. congolense, T. brucei brucei and T. simiae cause important diseases in ungulates in Africa, Asia and Central and South America, while T. theileri and related species are of low pathogenicity. Understanding the epidemiology and host-parasite-vector interactions requires studies of population structure, phylogeography and diversity and phylogenetic relationships among isolates. Microsatellite loci and sequences from genes SSUrRNA, gGAPDH, CatL, ITS, SL, 5S, Cytb and ESAG6 revealed high biological diversity and allowed differentiation of genotypes with geographic structure and host-restriction event in T. theileri and related species. T. evansi showed significant heterogeneity in ESAG6 sequences, while populations of T. vivax widely divergent were observed in pristine regions and cyclical transmission compared to the microheterogeneity showed by isolates from mechanical transmission areas.

SOUSA, Leôncio Mesquita de. Estudo químico e avaliação biológica de Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz & Bauhinia ungulata L. (FABACEAE). 2016. 263 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Aline Mendes (alinemendes.ufc@gmail.com) on 2016-12-21T20:43:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_lmsousa.pdf: 24821219 bytes, checksum: 3899ad5625838e46813ab9727472fabc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-12-27T16:16:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_lmsousa.pdf: 24821219 bytes, checksum: 3899ad5625838e46813ab9727472fabc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-27T16:16:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_lmsousa.pdf: 24821219 bytes, checksum: 3899ad5625838e46813ab9727472fabc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / This paper describes the chemical and biological study of species Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz and Bauhinia ungulata L. The chemical composition of essential oil from leaves of B. ungulata, obtained by hydrodistillation, was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Twenty-two constituents were identified representing 85.90% of the total composition: Caryophyllene oxide (22.99%), (E)-caryophyllene (14.53%) and α-copaene (7.17%) were the major constituents. Larval bioassay against Aedes aegypti of B. ungulata essential oil showed LC50 value of 75.12 ± 2.82 µg/mL. The cytotoxic effect against four human tumor cell lines HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 and HEP-2 was evaluated, showing IC50 values of 10.57; 22.25; 23.11 and 26.56 µg/ mL, respectively. The study of the non-volatile constituents was initiated with the preparation of the hexane and ethanol extracts from stems of P. glabra. The chromatographic fractionation of these extracts allowed the isolation of lupenone (PG–1), the mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol (PG–2), 4'-hydroxy-7- methoxyflavone (PG–3), 3',7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavone (PG–4) and 5,5'- dihydroxy-2',3,7-trimethoxyflavone (PG–5). Taraxerol (BU–1), betulinic acid (BU–2), taraxerone (BU–3), glutinol (BU–4), the mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol (BU–5), pacharin (BU–6), naringenin (BU–7) and eriodictyol (BU–8), liquiritigenin (BU–9), guibourtinidol (BU–10) and fisetinidol (BU–11) were obtained from the extracts from stems of B. ungulata; while 3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-2’-hydroxybibenzyl (BU–12) and 3,5-dimethoxy-2’-hydroxybibenzyl (BU–13) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and by comparison with previously reported data in the literature. It's worth noting that BU–12 is unprecedented in the literature and the 13C NMR data of BU–13 are reported for the first time in this work. The cytotoxicity of BU–12 has been evaluated against four human cancer cell lines, showing IC50 values of 4.3 and 6.5 µg/mL against pro-myelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HEP-2) cell lines, respectively. / O presente trabalho relata o estudo químico e biológico das espécies Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz e Bauhinia ungulata L. A composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de B. ungulata, obtido por hidrodestilação, foi determinada e quantificada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e detector de ionização por chama (CG-DIC), sendo, portanto, identificado 85,90% dos seus constituintes: Óxido de cariofileno (22,99%), (E)-cariofileno (14,53%) e α-copaeno (7,17%) foram os constituintes majoritários. O óleo essencial teve sua atividade larvicida avaliada sobre Aedes aegypti, sendo obtido um valor de CL50 igual a 75,12 µg/mL. A atividade citotóxica do OEBU foi realizada sobre quatro linhagens tumorais humanas HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 e HEP-2, através do método do MTT. O estudo dos componentes não voláteis foi iniciado com a preparação dos extratos hexânico e etanólico dos caules de P. glabra. O fracionamento cromatográfico destes extratos permitiu o isolamento de lupenona (PG–1), mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol (PG–2), 4’-hidroxi-7-metoxiflavana (PG–3), 3’,7-dimetoxi-4’-hidroxiflavana (PG–4) e 5,5'-dihidroxi-2',3,7-trimetoxiflavona (PG–5). Taraxerol (BU–1), ácido betulínico (BU– 2), taraxerona (BU–3), glutinol (BU–4), mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol (BU–5), pacharina (BU–6), naringenina (BU–7), eriodictiol (BU–8), liquiritigenina (BU–9), guibourtinidol (BU–10) e fisetinidol (BU–11) foram isolados a partir dos extratos dos caules de B. ungulata; enquanto do extrato etanólico das raízes de B. ungulata foram isolados 3,5-dimetoxi-4-metil-2’-hidroxibibenzil (BU–12), substância inédita na literatura, e 3,5-dimetoxi-2’-hidroxibibenzil (BU–13) cujos dados de RMN 13C são descritos pela primeira vez neste trabalho. As estruturas dos compostos foram elucidadas através de técnicas espectroscópicas tais como IV, EM, RMN 1D e 2D, e por comparação com dados descritos na literatura. O bibenzil 3,5-dimetoxi-4-metil-2’- hidroxibibenzil mostrou atividade citotóxica significativa contra as linhagens celulares humanas HL-60 e HEP-2 com valores de IC50 de 4,3 e 6,5 µg/mL, respectivamente.

SOUSA, Leôncio Mesquita de. Estudo Químico e Avaliação Biológica de Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz & Bauhinia ungulata L. (FABACEAE). 2016. 263 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Aline Mendes (alinemendes.ufc@gmail.com) on 2017-01-24T21:20:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_lmsousa.pdf: 24821219 bytes, checksum: e022dc323cde53950dcc209fb460ecf4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-01-26T20:20:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_lmsousa.pdf: 24821219 bytes, checksum: e022dc323cde53950dcc209fb460ecf4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T20:20:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_lmsousa.pdf: 24821219 bytes, checksum: e022dc323cde53950dcc209fb460ecf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / This paper describes the chemical and biological study of species Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz and Bauhinia ungulata L. The chemical composition of essential oil from leaves of B. ungulata, obtained by hydrodistillation, was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Twenty-two constituents were identified representing 85.90% of the total composition: Caryophyllene oxide (22.99%), (E)-caryophyllene (14.53%) and α-copaene (7.17%) were the major constituents. Larval bioassay against Aedes aegypti of B. ungulata essential oil showed LC50 value of 75.12 ± 2.82 g/mL. The cytotoxic effect against four human tumor cell lines HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 and HEP-2 was evaluated, showing IC50 values of 10.57; 22.25; 23.11 and 26.56 g/ mL, respectively. The study of the non-volatile constituents was initiated with the preparation of the hexane and ethanol extracts from stems of P. glabra. The chromatographic fractionation of these extracts allowed the isolation of lupenone (PG–1), the mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol (PG–2), 4'-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (PG–3), 3',7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavone (PG–4) and 5,5'-dihydroxy-2',3,7-trimethoxyflavone (PG–5). Taraxerol (BU–1), betulinic acid (BU–2), taraxerone (BU–3), glutinol (BU–4), the mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol (BU–5), pacharin (BU–6), naringenin (BU–7) and eriodictyol (BU–8), liquiritigenin (BU–9), guibourtinidol (BU–10) and fisetinidol (BU–11) were obtained from the extracts from stems of B. ungulata; while 3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-2’-hydroxybibenzyl (BU–12) and 3,5-dimethoxy-2’-hydroxybibenzyl (BU–13) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and by comparison with previously reported data in the literature. It's worth noting that BU–12 is unprecedented in the literature and the 13C NMR data of BU–13 are reported for the first time in this work. The cytotoxicity of BU–12 has been evaluated against four human cancer cell lines, showing IC50 values of 4.3 and 6.5 g/mL against pro-myelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HEP-2) cell lines, respectively. / O presente trabalho relata o estudo químico e biológico das espécies Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz e Bauhinia ungulata L. A composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de B. ungulata, obtido por hidrodestilação, foi determinada e quantificada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e detector de ionização por chama (CG-DIC), sendo, portanto, identificado 85,90% dos seus constituintes: Óxido de cariofileno (22,99%), (E)-cariofileno (14,53%) e α-copaeno (7,17%) foram os constituintes majoritários. O óleo essencial teve sua atividade larvicida avaliada sobre Aedes aegypti, sendo obtido um valor de CL50 igual a 75,12 μg/mL. A atividade citotóxica do OEBU foi realizada sobre quatro linhagens tumorais humanas HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 e HEP-2, através do método do MTT. O estudo dos componentes não voláteis foi iniciado com a preparação dos extratos hexânico e etanólico dos caules de P. glabra. O fracionamento cromatográfico destes extratos permitiu o isolamento de lupenona (PG–1), mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol (PG–2), 4’-hidroxi-7-metoxiflavana (PG–3), 3’,7-dimetoxi-4’-hidroxiflavana (PG–4) e 5,5'-dihidroxi-2',3,7-trimetoxiflavona (PG–5). Taraxerol (BU–1), ácido betulínico (BU–2), taraxerona (BU–3), glutinol (BU–4), mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol (BU–5), pacharina (BU–6), naringenina (BU–7), eriodictiol (BU–8), liquiritigenina (BU–9), guibourtinidol (BU–10) e fisetinidol (BU–11) foram isolados a partir dos extratos dos caules de B. ungulata; enquanto do extrato etanólico das raízes de B. ungulata foram isolados 3,5-dimetoxi-4-metil-2’-hidroxibibenzil (BU–12), substância inédita na literatura, e 3,5-dimetoxi-2’-hidroxibibenzil (BU–13) cujos dados de RMN 13C são descritos pela primeira vez neste trabalho. As estruturas dos compostos foram elucidadas através de técnicas espectroscópicas tais como IV, EM, RMN 1D e 2D, e por comparação com dados descritos na literatura. O bibenzil 3,5-dimetoxi-4-metil-2’-hidroxibibenzil mostrou atividade citotóxica significativa contra as linhagens celulares humanas HL-60 e HEP-2 com valores de IC50 de 4,3 e 6,5 μg/mL, respectivamente.

No / Red deer stags produce an androgen-dependent mane of long hairs only in the breeding season; in the non-breeding season, when circulating androgen levels are low, the neck hair resembles the rest of the coat. This study was designed to determine whether androgen receptors are present in deer follicles throughout the year or only in the mane (neck) follicles when circulating testosterone levels are high in the breeding season. Although androgens regulate much human hair growth the mechanisms are not well understood; they are believed to act on the hair follicle epithelium via the mesenchyme-derived dermal papilla. The location of androgen receptors in the follicle was investigated by immunohistochemistry and androgen binding was measured biochemically in cultured dermal papilla cells derived from mane and flank follicles during the breeding season and from neck follicles during the non-breeding season. Immunohistochemistry of frozen skin sections using a polyclonal antibody to the androgen receptor localised nuclear staining only in the dermal papilla cells of mane follicles. Saturation analysis assays of 14 primary dermal papilla cell lines using [(3)H]-mibolerone demonstrated high-affinity, low-capacity androgen receptors were present only in mane (breeding season neck) cells; competition studies with other steroids confirmed the specificity of the receptors. Androgen receptors were not detectable in cells from either the breeding season flank nor the non-breeding season neck follicles. The unusual biological model offered by red deer of androgen-dependent hair being produced on the neck in the breeding, but not the non-breeding season, has allowed confirmation that androgen receptors are required in follicle dermal papilla cells for an androgen response; this concurs with previous human studies. In addition, the absence of receptors in the non-breeding season follicles demonstrates that receptors are not expressed unless the follicle is responding to androgens. Androgen receptors may be induced in mane follicles by seasonal changes in circulating hormone(s).