Abstract In the present research of engineering studies in the Department of Process and Environmental Engineering in the University of Oulu the graduation processes of eight various groups of students were documented and analyzed. For the validation of the data triangulation method was availed of. The accumulation of study attainments was calculated and, using the measured data, the graduation time models were created. A new method of modeling a non-linear study process by using a Matlab step response model was developed. The model is exact in the essential area of operation and can be used in any educational organization which considers following the process of graduation important. In this research study attainments were examined and explained with the help of self-regulation test analyses. The test used in this research is based on a shortened version of Guglielmino’s Self Directed Learning Readiness test. It measures the student’s capability for autonomous learning. A connection between good success in studies and observed self-directive learning was noticed as early as during the second academic year. The engineering study attainments were also compared to the study success in the upper secondary school. The results show that the students with satisfactory learning results in the upper secondary school did better than expected in their university studies. Instead, the students with better success in the upper secondary school than the group mentioned underachieved in their university studies. The students whose success was better than average during the first academic year were also better during the following years. Examining the study attainments of the eight elementary courses during the three years of studies showed that about 46 per cent of students passed the elementary courses in proper time. One year after the elementary courses had been given, 73 per cent of the students had passed them. / Tiivistelmä Tekniikan ylioppilaiden opiskelututkimuksessa käytettiin tutkimusmenetelmänä triangulaatiota. Työssä analysoitiin kahdeksan eri vuosikurssin opintosuoritusten perusteella Oulun yliopiston Prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osaston opiskelijoiden valmistumisprosessia. Opintosuoritusten avulla laskettiin eri vuosikurssien opintoviiveet ja saatujen mittaustietojen avulla tehtiin valmistumisaikamallit. Tutkimuksessa löydettiin uusi tapa mallintaa epälineaarista opiskeluprosessia askelvastemallilla. Menetelmän avulla saatu suoriutumismalli on todellisiin mittaustuloksiin verrattuna luotettava keskeisellä toiminta-alueella kolmesta seitsemään vuotta, kun tavoitteena on, että aloittaneista valmistuu 50 % kuudessa vuodessa. Työssä tutkittiin opintomenestystä itseohjautuvuusvalmiutta selvittävien testistöjen avulla. Tutkimuksessa käytetty testi perustuu Koron (1993) laatimaan versioon. Se on lyhennetty Guglielminon (1977) luomasta testistä Self Directed Learning Readiness, joka mittaa opiskelijan valmiutta itseohjattuun opiskeluun. Tutkimuksessa käytetyssä SDLR-testissä yhteen laskettujen pisteiden vaihteluväli on 37–185. Työssä käytetyn itseohjautuvuusanalyysin avulla testattiin opiskelijoiden valmiutta itsenäiseen ja pitkäjänteiseen opiskeluun opinto-ohjelman mukaisesti. Löydettiin yhteys keskimääräistä paremman opiskelumenestyksen ja keskimääräistä kehittyneemmän itseohjautuvuusvalmiuden välillä. Opiskelua tutkittiin lukiomenestyksen perusteella. Voitiin havaita, että tyydyttävästi lukiossa menestyneet pärjäsivät odotettua paremmin yliopisto-opinnoissaan. Sen sijaan lukiossa hyvin menestyneet alisuoriutuivat odotettua useammin opinnoissaan. Ensimmäisenä opiskeluvuonna keskimääräistä paremmin menestyneet opiskelijat selvisivät jatkossakin paremmin. Tämän havainnon perusteella voidaan väittää, että ensimmäisen vuoden opintomenestyksellä on selvä yhteys tulevien vuosien opintomenestykseen: huono opintomenestys ensimmäisenä vuotena johti sekä vuonna 2005 että 2004 aloittaneiden opiskelijoiden ryhmissä keskimäärin noin 26 % alempaan opintoviikkokertymään kolmen vuoden aikana verrattuna hyvin opiskelussa ensimmäisenä vuonna menestyneisiin ryhmiin. Opintosuorituksia tutkittiin kolmen ensimmäisen opiskeluvuoden aikana olleiden kahdeksan peruskurssin osalta. Havaittiin, että keskimäärin 46 % opiskelijoista suoritti peruskurssit ajallaan. Vuoden kuluttua peruskurssien päättymisestä keskimäärin 73 % opiskelijoista oli suorittanut ne.

A elitização da universidade pública brasileira é a preocupação central desta investigação. Com os programas de inclusão social, tem-se possibilitado maior representatividade de alunos em condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis nestas instituições. Na Universidade de São Paulo USP, locus escolhido para esta pesquisa, o Programa de Inclusão Social INCLUSP, desde 2007, tem favorecido a entrada de alunos que cursaram todo o ensino médio em escolas públicas, majoritariamente constituída por alunos em condições menos favorecidas da sociedade brasileira. Teve-se como objetivo trazer elementos que possibilitassem pensar a docência universitária no sentido de favorecer trajetórias acadêmicas de sucesso destes alunos, entendidas como possibilidade de formação profissional, científica e política, função que atribuímos à universidade pública, que se entende concretizar-se na promoção do ensino profissional indissociado da pesquisa e da extensão. Para tanto, realizou-se a coleta de dados por meio de dois questionários abertos, respondidos por escrito pelos sujeitos, em momentos diversos. Com o primeiro questionário buscou-se identificar dificuldades de alunos ingressantes que cursaram todo o ensino médio comum em escolas públicas. Na segunda etapa, intentou-se perceber a permanência ou não das dificuldades apontadas no ano seguinte ao ingresso e a forma como os sujeitos lidavam com estas dificuldades. A coleta de dados ocorreu em três cursos da USP que apresentaram maiores índices de evasão de alunos que cursaram o ensino médio comum público, entendida como uma forma de exclusão. Foram identificadas como principais dificuldades acadêmicas, que se constituem em entraves a uma trajetória de sucesso: a exiguidade do tempo e sua má gestão; a opção por uma abordagem superficial de aprendizagem; a quantidade e complexidade dos conteúdos; o desânimo frente a situações de insucesso; dificuldades de convivência acadêmica. A partir do estudo foi possível apontar como demandas à docência a necessidade de reflexões sobre a função social da universidade e sobre a baixa representatividade de alunos em condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis, especialmente, nos cursos mais prestigiados; identificar e refletir sobre as dificuldades dos ingressantes, tendo-se em conta a diversidade entre os cursos e entre os sujeitos-alunos; considerar aspectos relativos à gestão do tempo como conteúdos de ensino, versando sobre o como e o que estudar e aprender considerando que estes se encontram em processo de afiliação e de construção de novas formas de se relacionar com o saber; de repensar sobre as funções das atividades avaliativas, a organização do currículo e de atividades de aprendizagem e, a importância do professor criar possibilidades ou atividades que favoreçam a convivência acadêmica, contribuindo para integração e afiliação do ingressante. Tais demandas indicariam a necessidade de uma formação contínua de professores universitários, especialmente pela exigência de pouca ou nenhuma formação pedagógica para a docência neste nível de ensino, no sentido da formação de docentes reflexivos no âmbito do conceito de desenvolvimento profissional docente, favorecendo a constituição de bases pedagógicas para que o professor tenha referências mais amplas para sustentar o trabalho de ensinar. / The concentration of Brazilian public universities on the elite is the central concern of this research. Inclusion programs have provided the possibility of a greater representation of students in unfavorable socioeconomic conditions in these institutions. At the University of São Paulo USP, chosen locus for this research, the inclusion program INCLUSP, has, since 2007, favored the admission of students who studied their entire high school in public schools, which, in Brazil, are majorly composed of students in societys less favorable conditions. An objective of this research is to provide elements that promote university teaching in the sense of favoring a successful academic career for these students, which is understood as the possibility of professional, scientific and political education, role which we attribute to public universities and is perceived to be realized by the promulgation of professional teaching coalesced with research and extension. For that purpose, data was collected through two open questionnaires, which were answered in writing by the subjects of this research at different moments. The first questionnaire looked to identify the main difficulties that freshmen students who attended public high schools have in their first year at the university. The second stage sought to establish whether the difficulties brought up during the first stage lasted through the year following the subjects admission or not, and how they had dealt with these difficulties. The data collection occurred in three courses of the University of São Paulo which presented lower retention of students who attended public high schools, which is interpreted as a form of exclusion. The main academic difficulties that were identified, which constitute barriers to a successful trajectory, were: the exiguity of time and its bad management; the choice of a superficial approach to schooling; the quantity and complexity of contents; the frustration when confronted with unsuccessful situations; and difficulties with academic daily life. From the study it was possible to extract as demands of the teachers the necessities: of reflecting about the social function of the university and the low representation of students in unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, especially in more prestigious courses; of identifying and reflecting about difficulties freshmen students have, keeping in mind the differences between courses and subjects-students; of considering aspects of time management as teaching contents, emphasizing how and what to study and learn considering that the students are in a process of affiliation and construction of new forms of relating to knowledge; of rethinking about: the function of evaluative activities, how the curriculum and the learning activities are organized and the importance of the professor creating possibilities and activities that favor the academic daily life, contributing to the affiliation and integration of the newcomer. Such demands indicate the need of continuous development of university professors, especially due to the low requirement of pedagogical formation of teachers in this level of teaching, as to create reflective teachers, favoring the construction of pedagogical bases so that the professor has more ample references to support the work of teaching.

Le contexte de l’enseignement supérieur actuel, marqué notamment par la massification et la réduction du budget en éducation, fait en sorte que l’enseignement à de grands groupes d’étudiants est devenu une nécessité, mais aussi un défi chez les professeurs d’université. La taille des groupes influence-t-elle la réussite des étudiants? Plusieurs études, dont celles de Atkinson (2010), Milesi et Gamoran (2006) et Wulff et al. (1987), montrent que, dans ce format d’enseignement, ce n’est pas nécessairement le nombre de participants qui constitue l’élément important, mais la qualité de l’enseignement. En particulier, la recherche de Mulryan-Kyne (2010) affirme que la taille de la classe n’aurait pas d’influence négative sur l’apprentissage si le professeur adopte des stratégies d’enseignement adaptées et les applique dans le contexte approprié. Actuellement, face à un public de plus en plus hétérogène et à l’ère numérique, les professeurs font des efforts pour mettre en place des pratiques pédagogiques non magistrales pour favoriser la réussite et la persévérance chez les étudiants. De ce fait, nous avons cherché à répondre à la question générale de recherche suivante : Quels motifs amènent des professeurs d'université à mettre en place des pratiques pédagogiques non magistrales dans le contexte de l'enseignement à de grands groupes? Et aux cinq questions spécifiques : (1) Quels sont les types d’enseignement que les professeurs d’université ont vécus quand ils étaient étudiant(e)s?, (2) Quels motifs les professeurs d’université invoquent-ils pour expliquer les changements introduits dans leurs pratiques pédagogiques dans l’enseignement à de grands groupes?, (3) Comment les professeurs ont-ils expérimenté ces changements dans leurs pratiques pédagogiques?, (4) Comment est mis en place le changement des pratiques pédagogiques chez les professeurs d’université?, (5) Quelle est la définition de ce qu’est un grand groupe chez les professeurs d’université? Nous avons donc mené une étude qualitative avec des entrevues semi-dirigées auprès de 21 professeurs de deux universités au Québec. À travers l’analyse thématique avec l’aide du support-papier et du logiciel QDA Miner, les résultats de nos analyses ont permis de mettre en évidence, d’une part, le processus qui semble caractériser le changement des pratiques pédagogiques chez les professeurs que nous avons interrogés et, d’autre part, les principaux motifs qui conduisent les professeurs à s’engager dans ce changement. / The higher education, in specific the massification and reduction of the education budget, has created a context where teaching large groups of students has become a necessity, creating a challenge for university professors. Does the size of groups influence student success? Several studies, including those of Atkinson (2010); Milesi & Gamoran (2006) and Wulff et al. (1987), show that, in this teaching format, it is not the number of participants that matters, but the quality of teaching. In particular, Mulryan-Kyne's (2010) research points out that class size would not negatively influence learning if the teacher adopts teaching strategies adapted to the appropriate context. Faced with an increasingly heterogeneous audience and in the digital era, professors are making efforts to implement non-traditional practices geared towards student success and perseverance. As a result, this research aims to answer the following questions: What motivates university professors to implement non-lecturing pedagogical practices in the context of teaching large groups? And to the five specific questions: (1) What types of teaching have university professors experienced as students? (2) What reasons do university professors give for changing their teaching practices with large groups? (3) How have university professors experienced these changes in their teaching practices? (4) How are changes in teaching practices implemented by university professors? (5) How do university professors define large student groups? A qualitative study with semi-directed interviews was conducted with 21 professors from two universities in Quebec. Through thematic analysis and using paper support and QDA Miner software, our analysis highlighted, on the one hand, the process that seems to characterize the change in pedagogical practices among the professors we interviewed and, on the other hand, the main motivations that encouraged professors to engage in this change.

This diploma thesis aims to provide a rounded view of and information pertaining to the concept of individual preparation as part of a student's university education. The goal is to deliver wholesome theoretical materials in relation to individual preparation as part of a student's university education. The aim was to test the given hypothesis, which deal with the individual aspects of the individual preparation of university students. The work is split into a theoretical and practical section. The theoretical component covers definitions of concepts covering individual preparation as well as signposting university teaching itself. Further, it mentions teaching methods, feedback loops and the independence of the students themselves. These themes form the foundation of the practical section. The theoretical element has its basis in topical literature. The empirical section of the work stems from quantitative research, which defines how current individual preparation occurs in university students, whether it can be seen as typical for this type of education and whether there are any differences when it comes to considering degrees in either technical areas or the humanities. Data was gathered via questionnaires, which were then statistically analyzed. Respondents were approached randomly via the...

La présente recherche vise à mieux comprendre, dans le contexte universitaire béninois, s’il peut exister un lien qualitatif entre TIC et rendement académique afin de pouvoir mettre les TIC à contribution pour améliorer significativement les mauvais résultats des apprenants, notamment au premier cycle universitaire. Cette étude est tout particulièrement importante dans notre contexte où les TIC font de plus en plus leur apparition en pédagogie universitaire et où les étudiants recourent aux TIC dans leur pratique plus que les formateurs dans la leur. Le cadre de référence retenu pour la recherche est structuré autour des concepts de l’apprentissage assisté par les TIC, de motivation en éducation et de rendement académique. Pour atteindre notre objectif de recherche, nous avons opté pour une démarche mixte : quantitative et qualitative. Il s’agit d’une étude descriptive/explicative. Nous avons mené une enquête par questionnaires auprès de 156 étudiants et 15 enseignants et fait des entrevues avec 11 étudiants et 6 enseignants. Les principaux résultats sont présentés sous forme d’articles respectivement en ce qui a trait à l’impact des TIC sur la motivation et la réussite, aux usages des TIC les plus fréquemment rencontrés chez les apprenants, et à la place des TIC dans la pratique pédagogique des enseignants de la faculté de droit de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi. Plus précisément, il ressort des résultats que la majorité des participants ont une perception en général positive du potentiel motivationnel des TIC pour l’apprentissage. Cependant, sur une cote maximale de 7 (correspond très fortement), la perception des répondants relativement à l’impact positif de l’utilisation des TIC sur le rendement académique tourne autour d’une cote moyenne de 4 (correspond assez). D’où, une perception en général mitigée du lien entre l’apprentissage assisté par les TIC et la réussite. Le croisement des résultats des données quantitatives avec ceux de l’analyse qualitative induit, sur ce point, une perception positive prononcée des rapports entre TIC et rendement. Les résultats montrent également que les usages des TIC les plus fréquents chez ces apprenants sont le courriel (en tête), suivi de la recherche et du traitement de texte, avec une fréquence moyenne d’ « une fois par semaine ». Tous ces constats n’accréditent pas véritablement un usage académique des TIC. Chez les enseignants, les résultats ont montré aussi qu’il n’y a pas encore de réelles applications des TIC en situation d’enseignement : ils font plutôt un usage personnel des TIC et pas encore véritablement pédagogique. La conséquence logique de ces résultats est qu’il n’existe pas encore un lien qualitatif direct entre TIC et rendement académique en contexte universitaire béninois. / This study attempted to determine whether a qualitative relationship existed between information and communication technologies (ICT) and academic performance in universities in Benin. The aim was to understand how ICT may be used to significantly improve inadequate student grades, particularly in bachelor programs. This study is particularly relevant at a time when ICT are increasingly part of university life, and when students use ICT more than their professors do. The research framework is therefore structured around the concepts of teaching and learning with ICT, motivation in education, and academic performance. To achieve our objectives, we used a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach to conduct a descriptive and explicative study. We administered a survey questionnaire to 156 students and 15 professors and held interviews with 11 students and 6 professors. The main results are presented in articles on the impact of ICT on motivation and academic success, the most frequent uses of ICT by students, and the role of ICT in the teaching practices of law professors at the Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Benin. More precisely, the results show that most of the participants had an overall positive perception of the motivational potential of ICT for teaching and learning. Nevertheless, out of a maximum score of 7 (very strong), respondents rated their perception of the positive impact of ICT use on academic performance at 4 (moderate) on average. Hence, their perception of the relationship between learning with ICT and success was generally middling. Crossing the results of the quantitative data with the results of the qualitative analysis concerning this aspect revealed a pronounced positive perception of the relationship between ICT and performance. Results also show that the most frequent uses of ICT by students are email (heading the list), followed by research and word processing, at once a week on average. These uses do not really amount to ICT for academic purposes. Among professors, results also showed that ICT are not yet being fully applied to teaching practices. They are used more for personal than for pedagogical purposes. The conclusion is that we have not yet found a direct qualitative relationship between ICT and academic performance in universities in Benin.

A tese analisa mudanças que estão ocorrendo nos cursos de medicina no Brasil, a partir do Programa Mais Médicos e dos Novos Parâmetros Curriculares, e na Espanha, a partir da criação do Espaço Europeu de Educação Superior (EEES), visando desenvolver um novo perfil médico. No Brasil, visa-se uma formação geral, humanista, que qualifique médicos para atuar principalmente na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Na Espanha, investe-se na formação de um médico que associe a pesquisa à sua prática, criando um profissional mais competitivo. Do currículo de dois cursos foram selecionadas as disciplinas de Saúde Coletiva e Seminário Integrador, na Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Inovação Biomédica e Novas Tecnologias, na Universidade de Valladolid. Foram realizadas observações em aula, entrevistas com professores e aplicados questionários com alunos dos dois cursos. Utilizou-se a metodologia de Estudo de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), com apoio no estudo comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). A concepção de inovação nesta tese se sustenta em autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, dentre outros. Considera-se inovação em educação: um movimento de ruptura com o modelo de conhecimento hegemônico da ciência; que seja promotora de participação e protagonismo dos sujeitos; de relações sustentadas na cooperação e solidariedade; de partilha de saberes e de poderes; integração de teoria e prática e de ensino e trabalho; que pode ocorrer em diferentes cenários de aprendizagem. A inovação pedagógica também foi considerada em relação ao grau de distanciamento com o padrão tradicional de formação médica. Acredita-se que o que está em jogo, em especial no cenário brasileiro, é a disputa entre dois modelos de atenção e formação médica. Foi possível identificar a coexistência de dois modelos de formação nos casos estudados: o biomédico, tradicional, presente na racionalidade médica e nas práticas pedagógicas, bem como na resistência de alguns alunos e professores, que não aceitam a proposta voltada para Atenção Básica, integralidade e humanização, no caso brasileiro; e, no caso espanhol, a tensão aparece igualmente na resistência e descrença à inovações de práticas pedagógicas e propostas fora do modelo hegemônico da ciência. Para análise do campo médico e de certas resistências encontradas na formação no Brasil e Espanha foram utilizados conceitos de Bourdieu. / The thesis analyzes the changes taking place in Medicine courses in Brazil through the “More Doctors” Program and the New Curricular Parameters; and in Spain, through the creation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), aiming to develop a new medical profile. In Brazil, it aims a general, humanist education that qualifies doctors to act mainly in Basic Health Care from Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). In Spain, they invest in the education of a physician who associates research to his or her practice, creating a more competitive professional. From the curriculum of two courses, the subjects of Collective Health and Integrator Seminar, at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul, and Biomedical Innovation and New Technologies, at the University of Valladolid, were selected. Class observations, interview with professors were made and questionnaires with students from the two courses were applied. Case Study Method was used (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), through a comparative approach (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). The conception of innovation in this thesis is supported by authors such as Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, among others. It is considered innovation in education: a rupture movement with the hegemonic Science knowledge model; that promotes participation; of relations based on cooperation and solidarity; of knowledge and power sharing; integration of theory and practice and of teaching and working. It may occur in different learning scenarios. The pedagogical innovation was also considered in relation to the degree of detachment with the traditional pattern of medical education. It is believed that what is at stake, especially in Brazilian scenario, is the dispute between two models of care and medical education. It was possible to identify the coexistence of two education models in the two cases studied: the biomedical, traditional, present in medical rationality and in pedagogical practices, as well as in the resistance of some students and professor, who do not accept the proposal focused on Basic Health Care, integrality and humanization, in Brazilian case; in the Spanish case, the tension also appears in the resistance and disbelief to the innovation of pedagogical practices and in the proposals out of the hegemonic Science model. For analysis of medical field and of certain resistances found in education in Brazil and Spain, Bourdieu’s concepts were used. / Esta tesis analiza los cambios que están ocurriendo en los cursos de medicina en Brasil, a partir del Programa Más Médicos y los Nuevos Parámetros Curriculares; y en España, a partir de la creación del Espacio Europeo de la Educación Superior (EEES), con el objetivo de desarrollar un nuevo perfil médico. En Brasil, se objetiva una formación general, humanista, que cualifique médicos para actuar principalmente en la Atención Básica del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). En España, se objetiva la formación de un médico que asocie la investigación a su práctica, creando un profesional más competitivo. Del currículo de los dos cursos, fueron seleccionadas las asignaturas de Salud Colectiva y Seminario Integrador en la Universidad Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Innovación Biomédica y Nuevas Tecnologías en la Universidad de Valladolid. Fueron realizadas observaciones en clase, entrevistas con profesores y se aplicaron cuestionarios con alumnos de los dos cursos. Fue utilizada la metodología Estudio de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), con apoyo en el estudio comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). La concepción de innovación en esta tesis, está sustentada en autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, entre otros. Se considera innovación en educación: un movimiento de ruptura con el modelo de conocimiento hegemónico de la ciencia; que promueva la participación y la protagonización de los sujetos; de relaciones sustentadas en la cooperación y la solidaridad; de compartir saberes y poderes; integración de teoría y práctica, y de enseñanza y trabajo; y, pudiendo ocurrir en diferentes escenarios del aprendizaje. La innovación pedagógica también fue considerada en relación al grado de distanciamiento con el modelo tradicional de la formación médica. Se cree que lo que está en juego, en especial en el escenario brasileño, es la disputa entre dos modelos de atención y formación médica. Fue posible identificar la existencia de dos modelos de formación en los casos estudiados: el biomédico, tradicional, presente en la racionalidad médica y en las prácticas pedagógicas, así como, la resistencia de algunos alumnos y profesores, que no aceptan la propuesta enfocada en la Atención Básica, integralidad y humanización, en el caso brasileño; y, en el caso español, la tensión aparece de igual forma en la resistencia y descreimiento con respecto a las innovaciones de prácticas y propuestas fuera del modelo hegemónico de la ciencia. Para el análisis del campo médico y de ciertas resistencias encontradas en la formación, en Brasil y España, fueron utilizados los conceptos de Bourdieu.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:30:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Jose Evangelista Rabelo.pdf: 6132544 bytes, checksum: fab013c6c714b91ffdcedbf1b3ee8c02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to identify and understand how a group of engineering instructors appropriate a complex pedagogic framework to reflect on and transform their practices. Initially the author, who is an engineering instructor, shows how the subject teaching engineering became an object of his investigation. The discussion of the Brazilian bibliography on engineering education indicates both the shortage of works on teacher development and the lack of pedagogic proposals based on the complex scientific paradigm. The results of this research support the improvement and innovation of teacher development programs on higher education and the dissemination of Edgar Morin s Complex Thought. The core of this dissertation encompasses three parts: an outline of a complex pedagogic framework; the use of this framework to the instructors theoretical development; and the application of the framework by the instructors to plan and apply new pedagogic actions. The theoretical part of the teacher development program lasted one semester and, under the author s supervision, started with the discussion of the concept of paradigm and its characteristics. This lead to the identification, by the instructors, of an engineering teacher paradigm of the programs they teach. The first discussions put into question traditional scientific thought and raised the interest on the paradigm of complexity, which was introduced. From a new epistemological framework, the Complex Thought, the instructors, based on pedagogic texts, critically reflected on their pedagogic conceptions and practices and were stimulated to think about changes in the light of the theoretical framework they were assimilating. In these activities, the instructors departed from scattered discourses and progressively incorporated the new pedagogic ideas into a more systematic understanding of the phenomena involved in their activities. As a result, they assumed greater responsibility for the improvement of their students academic results. The theoretical learning program finished with its evaluation by the instructors and was followed by the practical part of the program. At the beginning of a new semester the instructors wrote, under supervision, an intervention plan which included problem statement, objectives, activities and bibliography. The actions took place over the course of three months and the results were presented. Each instructor accomplished activities that reflected their prior experiences and pedagogic motivations. The reports demonstrated that many of the concepts learned were effectively used in the reconfiguration of the instructors actions. To a greater or lesser degree all instructors who finished the program were capable to using one or more principles of the Complex Thought theory to improve their pedagogic practices. Finally, the practical development program was evaluated by the instructors / Esta tese tem por objetivo desvelar e compreender como um grupo de docentes em engenharia se apropria de um referencial didático-pedagógico complexo na problematização e transformação de suas práticas. De início o autor, que é docente em engenharia, mostra como o tema docência em engenharia transformou-se em objeto de sua investigação. A discussão da bibliografia brasileira voltada para a educação em engenharia sinaliza tanto a carência de trabalhos de formação docente quanto a inexistência de propostas apoiadas no paradigma científico complexo. Os resultados desta pesquisa favorecem o desenvolvimento e inovação de programas de formação para a docência na educação superior e a difusão do Pensamento Complexo de Edgar Morin. O núcleo da tese compreende três partes: delineamento de um referencial didático-pedagógico de natureza complexa; utilização deste referencial em atividades de formação teórica; aplicação do referencial teórico no planejamento e implantação, pelos docentes, de mudanças em suas práticas pedagógicas. A formação teórica, realizada durante um semestre sob a coordenação do autor, partiu da discussão do conceito de paradigma e de suas características, levando à identificação, pelos professores, de um paradigma de ensino-aprendizagem nos cursos em que lecionam. Estes primeiros resultados favoreceram a crítica do pensamento científico tradicional e uma primeira aproximação ao paradigma da complexidade. A partir de um novo referencial epistemológico, o Pensamento Complexo, os docentes passaram, com o apoio de textos didático-pedagógicos, à problematização de suas práticas e concepções pedagógicas e foram estimulados a pensar mudanças à luz do referencial teórico que assimilavam. Nestas atividades, os docentes partiram de discursos difusos e, progressivamente, incorporaram as novas idéias didático-pedagógicas na forma de uma compreensão mais sistemática dos fenômenos envolvidos em suas atividades pedagógicas. Como resultado, assumiram maior responsabilidade pela melhoria dos resultados acadêmicos de seus alunos. A formação teórica foi encerrada com sua avaliação pelos docentes, ao que se seguiu a fase prática da formação. No início de outro semestre, cada docente elaborou, sob orientação, um projeto de intervenção contendo a problemática, objetivos, atividades a serem realizadas e bibliografia. Durante três meses, as intervenções foram realizadas e em seguida os resultados obtidos foram apresentados, por cada docente, em um relatório final. Os docentes realizaram intervenções que refletiam suas experiências e motivações pedagógicas. Os relatórios demonstraram que muitos dos conceitos apreendidos foram efetivamente utilizados na reconfiguração da ação docente. Em maior ou menor intensidade, todos os docentes que chegaram ao final da formação foram capazes de utilizar um ou mais princípios da teoria do Pensamento Complexo em suas intervenções. Por fim, a formação prática foi avaliada pelos docentes

La présente recherche vise à mieux comprendre, dans le contexte universitaire béninois, s’il peut exister un lien qualitatif entre TIC et rendement académique afin de pouvoir mettre les TIC à contribution pour améliorer significativement les mauvais résultats des apprenants, notamment au premier cycle universitaire. Cette étude est tout particulièrement importante dans notre contexte où les TIC font de plus en plus leur apparition en pédagogie universitaire et où les étudiants recourent aux TIC dans leur pratique plus que les formateurs dans la leur. Le cadre de référence retenu pour la recherche est structuré autour des concepts de l’apprentissage assisté par les TIC, de motivation en éducation et de rendement académique. Pour atteindre notre objectif de recherche, nous avons opté pour une démarche mixte : quantitative et qualitative. Il s’agit d’une étude descriptive/explicative. Nous avons mené une enquête par questionnaires auprès de 156 étudiants et 15 enseignants et fait des entrevues avec 11 étudiants et 6 enseignants. Les principaux résultats sont présentés sous forme d’articles respectivement en ce qui a trait à l’impact des TIC sur la motivation et la réussite, aux usages des TIC les plus fréquemment rencontrés chez les apprenants, et à la place des TIC dans la pratique pédagogique des enseignants de la faculté de droit de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi. Plus précisément, il ressort des résultats que la majorité des participants ont une perception en général positive du potentiel motivationnel des TIC pour l’apprentissage. Cependant, sur une cote maximale de 7 (correspond très fortement), la perception des répondants relativement à l’impact positif de l’utilisation des TIC sur le rendement académique tourne autour d’une cote moyenne de 4 (correspond assez). D’où, une perception en général mitigée du lien entre l’apprentissage assisté par les TIC et la réussite. Le croisement des résultats des données quantitatives avec ceux de l’analyse qualitative induit, sur ce point, une perception positive prononcée des rapports entre TIC et rendement. Les résultats montrent également que les usages des TIC les plus fréquents chez ces apprenants sont le courriel (en tête), suivi de la recherche et du traitement de texte, avec une fréquence moyenne d’ « une fois par semaine ». Tous ces constats n’accréditent pas véritablement un usage académique des TIC. Chez les enseignants, les résultats ont montré aussi qu’il n’y a pas encore de réelles applications des TIC en situation d’enseignement : ils font plutôt un usage personnel des TIC et pas encore véritablement pédagogique. La conséquence logique de ces résultats est qu’il n’existe pas encore un lien qualitatif direct entre TIC et rendement académique en contexte universitaire béninois. / This study attempted to determine whether a qualitative relationship existed between information and communication technologies (ICT) and academic performance in universities in Benin. The aim was to understand how ICT may be used to significantly improve inadequate student grades, particularly in bachelor programs. This study is particularly relevant at a time when ICT are increasingly part of university life, and when students use ICT more than their professors do. The research framework is therefore structured around the concepts of teaching and learning with ICT, motivation in education, and academic performance. To achieve our objectives, we used a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach to conduct a descriptive and explicative study. We administered a survey questionnaire to 156 students and 15 professors and held interviews with 11 students and 6 professors. The main results are presented in articles on the impact of ICT on motivation and academic success, the most frequent uses of ICT by students, and the role of ICT in the teaching practices of law professors at the Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Benin. More precisely, the results show that most of the participants had an overall positive perception of the motivational potential of ICT for teaching and learning. Nevertheless, out of a maximum score of 7 (very strong), respondents rated their perception of the positive impact of ICT use on academic performance at 4 (moderate) on average. Hence, their perception of the relationship between learning with ICT and success was generally middling. Crossing the results of the quantitative data with the results of the qualitative analysis concerning this aspect revealed a pronounced positive perception of the relationship between ICT and performance. Results also show that the most frequent uses of ICT by students are email (heading the list), followed by research and word processing, at once a week on average. These uses do not really amount to ICT for academic purposes. Among professors, results also showed that ICT are not yet being fully applied to teaching practices. They are used more for personal than for pedagogical purposes. The conclusion is that we have not yet found a direct qualitative relationship between ICT and academic performance in universities in Benin.

A tese analisa mudanças que estão ocorrendo nos cursos de medicina no Brasil, a partir do Programa Mais Médicos e dos Novos Parâmetros Curriculares, e na Espanha, a partir da criação do Espaço Europeu de Educação Superior (EEES), visando desenvolver um novo perfil médico. No Brasil, visa-se uma formação geral, humanista, que qualifique médicos para atuar principalmente na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Na Espanha, investe-se na formação de um médico que associe a pesquisa à sua prática, criando um profissional mais competitivo. Do currículo de dois cursos foram selecionadas as disciplinas de Saúde Coletiva e Seminário Integrador, na Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Inovação Biomédica e Novas Tecnologias, na Universidade de Valladolid. Foram realizadas observações em aula, entrevistas com professores e aplicados questionários com alunos dos dois cursos. Utilizou-se a metodologia de Estudo de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), com apoio no estudo comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). A concepção de inovação nesta tese se sustenta em autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, dentre outros. Considera-se inovação em educação: um movimento de ruptura com o modelo de conhecimento hegemônico da ciência; que seja promotora de participação e protagonismo dos sujeitos; de relações sustentadas na cooperação e solidariedade; de partilha de saberes e de poderes; integração de teoria e prática e de ensino e trabalho; que pode ocorrer em diferentes cenários de aprendizagem. A inovação pedagógica também foi considerada em relação ao grau de distanciamento com o padrão tradicional de formação médica. Acredita-se que o que está em jogo, em especial no cenário brasileiro, é a disputa entre dois modelos de atenção e formação médica. Foi possível identificar a coexistência de dois modelos de formação nos casos estudados: o biomédico, tradicional, presente na racionalidade médica e nas práticas pedagógicas, bem como na resistência de alguns alunos e professores, que não aceitam a proposta voltada para Atenção Básica, integralidade e humanização, no caso brasileiro; e, no caso espanhol, a tensão aparece igualmente na resistência e descrença à inovações de práticas pedagógicas e propostas fora do modelo hegemônico da ciência. Para análise do campo médico e de certas resistências encontradas na formação no Brasil e Espanha foram utilizados conceitos de Bourdieu. / The thesis analyzes the changes taking place in Medicine courses in Brazil through the “More Doctors” Program and the New Curricular Parameters; and in Spain, through the creation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), aiming to develop a new medical profile. In Brazil, it aims a general, humanist education that qualifies doctors to act mainly in Basic Health Care from Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). In Spain, they invest in the education of a physician who associates research to his or her practice, creating a more competitive professional. From the curriculum of two courses, the subjects of Collective Health and Integrator Seminar, at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul, and Biomedical Innovation and New Technologies, at the University of Valladolid, were selected. Class observations, interview with professors were made and questionnaires with students from the two courses were applied. Case Study Method was used (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), through a comparative approach (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). The conception of innovation in this thesis is supported by authors such as Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, among others. It is considered innovation in education: a rupture movement with the hegemonic Science knowledge model; that promotes participation; of relations based on cooperation and solidarity; of knowledge and power sharing; integration of theory and practice and of teaching and working. It may occur in different learning scenarios. The pedagogical innovation was also considered in relation to the degree of detachment with the traditional pattern of medical education. It is believed that what is at stake, especially in Brazilian scenario, is the dispute between two models of care and medical education. It was possible to identify the coexistence of two education models in the two cases studied: the biomedical, traditional, present in medical rationality and in pedagogical practices, as well as in the resistance of some students and professor, who do not accept the proposal focused on Basic Health Care, integrality and humanization, in Brazilian case; in the Spanish case, the tension also appears in the resistance and disbelief to the innovation of pedagogical practices and in the proposals out of the hegemonic Science model. For analysis of medical field and of certain resistances found in education in Brazil and Spain, Bourdieu’s concepts were used. / Esta tesis analiza los cambios que están ocurriendo en los cursos de medicina en Brasil, a partir del Programa Más Médicos y los Nuevos Parámetros Curriculares; y en España, a partir de la creación del Espacio Europeo de la Educación Superior (EEES), con el objetivo de desarrollar un nuevo perfil médico. En Brasil, se objetiva una formación general, humanista, que cualifique médicos para actuar principalmente en la Atención Básica del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). En España, se objetiva la formación de un médico que asocie la investigación a su práctica, creando un profesional más competitivo. Del currículo de los dos cursos, fueron seleccionadas las asignaturas de Salud Colectiva y Seminario Integrador en la Universidad Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Innovación Biomédica y Nuevas Tecnologías en la Universidad de Valladolid. Fueron realizadas observaciones en clase, entrevistas con profesores y se aplicaron cuestionarios con alumnos de los dos cursos. Fue utilizada la metodología Estudio de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), con apoyo en el estudio comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). La concepción de innovación en esta tesis, está sustentada en autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, entre otros. Se considera innovación en educación: un movimiento de ruptura con el modelo de conocimiento hegemónico de la ciencia; que promueva la participación y la protagonización de los sujetos; de relaciones sustentadas en la cooperación y la solidaridad; de compartir saberes y poderes; integración de teoría y práctica, y de enseñanza y trabajo; y, pudiendo ocurrir en diferentes escenarios del aprendizaje. La innovación pedagógica también fue considerada en relación al grado de distanciamiento con el modelo tradicional de la formación médica. Se cree que lo que está en juego, en especial en el escenario brasileño, es la disputa entre dos modelos de atención y formación médica. Fue posible identificar la existencia de dos modelos de formación en los casos estudiados: el biomédico, tradicional, presente en la racionalidad médica y en las prácticas pedagógicas, así como, la resistencia de algunos alumnos y profesores, que no aceptan la propuesta enfocada en la Atención Básica, integralidad y humanización, en el caso brasileño; y, en el caso español, la tensión aparece de igual forma en la resistencia y descreimiento con respecto a las innovaciones de prácticas y propuestas fuera del modelo hegemónico de la ciencia. Para el análisis del campo médico y de ciertas resistencias encontradas en la formación, en Brasil y España, fueron utilizados los conceptos de Bourdieu.

A tese analisa mudanças que estão ocorrendo nos cursos de medicina no Brasil, a partir do Programa Mais Médicos e dos Novos Parâmetros Curriculares, e na Espanha, a partir da criação do Espaço Europeu de Educação Superior (EEES), visando desenvolver um novo perfil médico. No Brasil, visa-se uma formação geral, humanista, que qualifique médicos para atuar principalmente na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Na Espanha, investe-se na formação de um médico que associe a pesquisa à sua prática, criando um profissional mais competitivo. Do currículo de dois cursos foram selecionadas as disciplinas de Saúde Coletiva e Seminário Integrador, na Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Inovação Biomédica e Novas Tecnologias, na Universidade de Valladolid. Foram realizadas observações em aula, entrevistas com professores e aplicados questionários com alunos dos dois cursos. Utilizou-se a metodologia de Estudo de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), com apoio no estudo comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). A concepção de inovação nesta tese se sustenta em autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, dentre outros. Considera-se inovação em educação: um movimento de ruptura com o modelo de conhecimento hegemônico da ciência; que seja promotora de participação e protagonismo dos sujeitos; de relações sustentadas na cooperação e solidariedade; de partilha de saberes e de poderes; integração de teoria e prática e de ensino e trabalho; que pode ocorrer em diferentes cenários de aprendizagem. A inovação pedagógica também foi considerada em relação ao grau de distanciamento com o padrão tradicional de formação médica. Acredita-se que o que está em jogo, em especial no cenário brasileiro, é a disputa entre dois modelos de atenção e formação médica. Foi possível identificar a coexistência de dois modelos de formação nos casos estudados: o biomédico, tradicional, presente na racionalidade médica e nas práticas pedagógicas, bem como na resistência de alguns alunos e professores, que não aceitam a proposta voltada para Atenção Básica, integralidade e humanização, no caso brasileiro; e, no caso espanhol, a tensão aparece igualmente na resistência e descrença à inovações de práticas pedagógicas e propostas fora do modelo hegemônico da ciência. Para análise do campo médico e de certas resistências encontradas na formação no Brasil e Espanha foram utilizados conceitos de Bourdieu. / The thesis analyzes the changes taking place in Medicine courses in Brazil through the “More Doctors” Program and the New Curricular Parameters; and in Spain, through the creation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), aiming to develop a new medical profile. In Brazil, it aims a general, humanist education that qualifies doctors to act mainly in Basic Health Care from Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). In Spain, they invest in the education of a physician who associates research to his or her practice, creating a more competitive professional. From the curriculum of two courses, the subjects of Collective Health and Integrator Seminar, at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul, and Biomedical Innovation and New Technologies, at the University of Valladolid, were selected. Class observations, interview with professors were made and questionnaires with students from the two courses were applied. Case Study Method was used (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), through a comparative approach (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). The conception of innovation in this thesis is supported by authors such as Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, among others. It is considered innovation in education: a rupture movement with the hegemonic Science knowledge model; that promotes participation; of relations based on cooperation and solidarity; of knowledge and power sharing; integration of theory and practice and of teaching and working. It may occur in different learning scenarios. The pedagogical innovation was also considered in relation to the degree of detachment with the traditional pattern of medical education. It is believed that what is at stake, especially in Brazilian scenario, is the dispute between two models of care and medical education. It was possible to identify the coexistence of two education models in the two cases studied: the biomedical, traditional, present in medical rationality and in pedagogical practices, as well as in the resistance of some students and professor, who do not accept the proposal focused on Basic Health Care, integrality and humanization, in Brazilian case; in the Spanish case, the tension also appears in the resistance and disbelief to the innovation of pedagogical practices and in the proposals out of the hegemonic Science model. For analysis of medical field and of certain resistances found in education in Brazil and Spain, Bourdieu’s concepts were used. / Esta tesis analiza los cambios que están ocurriendo en los cursos de medicina en Brasil, a partir del Programa Más Médicos y los Nuevos Parámetros Curriculares; y en España, a partir de la creación del Espacio Europeo de la Educación Superior (EEES), con el objetivo de desarrollar un nuevo perfil médico. En Brasil, se objetiva una formación general, humanista, que cualifique médicos para actuar principalmente en la Atención Básica del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). En España, se objetiva la formación de un médico que asocie la investigación a su práctica, creando un profesional más competitivo. Del currículo de los dos cursos, fueron seleccionadas las asignaturas de Salud Colectiva y Seminario Integrador en la Universidad Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Innovación Biomédica y Nuevas Tecnologías en la Universidad de Valladolid. Fueron realizadas observaciones en clase, entrevistas con profesores y se aplicaron cuestionarios con alumnos de los dos cursos. Fue utilizada la metodología Estudio de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), con apoyo en el estudio comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). La concepción de innovación en esta tesis, está sustentada en autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, entre otros. Se considera innovación en educación: un movimiento de ruptura con el modelo de conocimiento hegemónico de la ciencia; que promueva la participación y la protagonización de los sujetos; de relaciones sustentadas en la cooperación y la solidaridad; de compartir saberes y poderes; integración de teoría y práctica, y de enseñanza y trabajo; y, pudiendo ocurrir en diferentes escenarios del aprendizaje. La innovación pedagógica también fue considerada en relación al grado de distanciamiento con el modelo tradicional de la formación médica. Se cree que lo que está en juego, en especial en el escenario brasileño, es la disputa entre dos modelos de atención y formación médica. Fue posible identificar la existencia de dos modelos de formación en los casos estudiados: el biomédico, tradicional, presente en la racionalidad médica y en las prácticas pedagógicas, así como, la resistencia de algunos alumnos y profesores, que no aceptan la propuesta enfocada en la Atención Básica, integralidad y humanización, en el caso brasileño; y, en el caso español, la tensión aparece de igual forma en la resistencia y descreimiento con respecto a las innovaciones de prácticas y propuestas fuera del modelo hegemónico de la ciencia. Para el análisis del campo médico y de ciertas resistencias encontradas en la formación, en Brasil y España, fueron utilizados los conceptos de Bourdieu.