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Arbetet utfördes för Västfastigheter på Södra Älvsborgs Sjukhus i Borås. Studiengenomfördes i byggnad 13 där dagens UPS-aggregat börjar bli överbelastat. UPS:en i dennabyggnad har 120kVA kapacitet och försörjer med avbrottsfri kraft övriga avdelningar.Studien gjordes på följande avdelningar: Röntgenklinik, MAVA, KAVA, HIA, Dialys,Medicinavdelning 4, Dagkirurgi, Hudmottagning och AVC (Akutvårdcentral). Syftet meddetta examensarbete är att hitta orsakerna till att befintligt UPS-system är överbelastat ochvilka åtgärder som kan vidtas för att komma till rätta med problemet. Metoden har varit attgöra en grundlig inventering av lokalernas utformning samt en analys av personalenskunskaper i korrekt anslutning av el-förbrukande apparater.Resultatet visar att personalens kunskaper i hur man prioriterar rätt anslutning av elförbrukandeapparater är bristfällig, samt att förutsättningarna för att alltid kunna göra enkorrekt anslutning ibland saknas p.g.a. att korrekt vägguttag inte är åtkomlig.

A combination of high prices of fossil fuels and the increased awareness of their negative environmental impact has influenced the development of new cleaner energy sources. Among various viable technologies, fuel cells have emerged as one of the most promising sources for both portable and stationary applications. Fuel cell stacks produce DC voltage with a 2:1 variation in output voltage from no load to full load conditions. Hence, to increase the utilization efficiency and system stability, a power conditioner consisting of DC-DC and DC-AC converters is required for load interface. The design of power conditioners is driven by the application. This dissertation presents several different solutions for applications ranging from low-power portable sources for small electronics and laptop computers to megawatt-power applications for fuel cell power plants. The design and analysis for each power conditioner is presented in detail and the performance is verified using simulations and prototypes. Special consideration is given to the role of supercapacitors who act as the additional energy storage elements. It is shown that the supercapacitor connected at the terminals of a fuel cell can contribute to increased steady state stability when powering constant power loads, improved transient stability against load transients, and increased fuel efficiency (i.e. reduced hydrogen consumption).

Ingeniero Civil Industrial / El presente trabajo de título surge gracias al proyecto de InnovaChile (perteneciente a CORFO): Nueva Ingeniería para el 2030, donde participa la Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas (FCFM) de la Universidad de Chile, el cual busca desarrollar planes estratégicos, destinados a transformar las escuelas de ingeniería chilenas, en los ámbitos de investigación aplicada, desarrollo, transferencia tecnológica, innovación y emprendimiento. Uno de los resultados del proyecto, ha sido la creación e implementación del programa OpenBeauchef (de ahora en adelante OB), que se posiciona como un ecosistema abierto de innovación y emprendimiento. Desde fines del año 2015, el fuerte crecimiento de la cartera de proyectos asociados a OB, superando las expectativas, ha impulsado la formación de emprendedores con base científica y tecnológica, apuntando a la generación de spin-offs y start-ups. Este prometedor escenario abre las puertas de la innovación a diversos actores o stakeholders (SH), lo que ha propiciado un potente e íntegro desarrollo de OB. Sin embargo, este acelerado crecimiento ha favorecido a que las tres unidades principales del ecosistema: FabLab U. de Chile (laboratorio de fabricación digital), OpenLab (espacio de coworking) y la Oficina GIE-3aM (gestión del back-office), caminen por rumbos diferentes, siguiendo sus propias estrategias y planes de acción. Dicho lo anterior se plantea como objetivo central de esta tesis, proveer una serie de recomendaciones y propuestas de mejoramiento a partir del diagnóstico y análisis de la situación actual del ecosistema. Al identificar las principales fortalezas, tales como las robustas metodologías aplicadas, alta gobernabilidad y estructuración organizacional; y las debilidades de OB, como la falta de comunicación entre áreas, el individualismo y la falta de experiencia en temas de innovación y emprendimiento, surgen tres potenciales mejoras: un sistema de indicadores de resultados, un modelo único de funcionamiento y las líneas de acción que redirigen los esfuerzos de OB hacia el alineamiento estratégico entre sus unidades internas, promoviendo un crecimiento sostenible en el tiempo. / Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el programa Nueva Ingeniería para el 2030 de la FCFM

abstract: The electronic states of semiconductor interfaces have significant importance for semiconductor device performance, especially due to the continuing miniaturization of device technology. The application of ultra high vacuum (UHV) enables the preparation and characterization of fresh and cleaned interfaces. In a UHV environment, photoemission spectroscopy (PES) provides a non-destructive method to measure the electronic band structure, which is a crucial component of interface properties. In this dissertation, three semiconductor interfaces were studies to understand different effects on electronic states. The interfaces studied were freshly grown or pre-treated under UHV. Then in-situ PES measurements, including x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), were conducted to obtain electronic states information. First, the CdTe/InSb (100) heterointerface was employed as a model interface for II-VI and III-V heterojunctions. It was suggested that an interface layer formed, which consisted of In-Te bonding. The non-octal bonding between In and Te atoms has donor-like behavior, which was proposed to result in an electron accumulation layer in InSb. A type-I heterointerface was observed. Second, Cu/ZnO interfaces were studied to understand the interface bonding and the role of polarization on ZnO interfaces. It was shown that on O-face ZnO (0001) and PEALD ZnO, copper contacts had ohmic behavior. However, on Zn-face ZnO (0001), a 0.3 eV Schottky barrier height was observed. The lower than expected barrier heights were attributed to oxygen vacancies introduced by Cu-O bonding during interface formation. In addition, it is suggested that the different barrier heights on two sides of ZnO (0001) are caused by the different behavior for the ZnO (0001) faces. Last, a pulse mode deposition method was applied for P-doped diamond growth on (100) diamond surfaces. Pretreatment effects were studied. It is suggested that an O/H plasma treatment or a short period of H-plasma and CH4/H2 plasma could yield a higher growth rate. PES measurements were conducted on H-terminated intrinsic diamond surface and P-doped/intrinsic diamond (100) interfaces. It was suggested that electronic states near the valence band maximum caused Fermi level pinning effects, independent of the diamond doping. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2018

Purpose – The purpose of this research paper is to explore the challenges faced by Pakistani entrepreneurs in different cultural context of Sweden and Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – In order to collect primary data, authors has conducted six interviews of Pakistani entrepreneurs. Three entrepreneurs were taken from Pakistan and three were taken from Sweden. For this research paper, authors has used Inductive approach as Research approach, Case study as research design, Qualitative data as research strategy, primary and secondary data as data sources and in-depth semi-structured interviews as data collection method, purposive and snowball method were used to select sample size. For the sake of collecting secondary data, two search engines were used; One Search and Google Scholar. Different published articles and journals were utilized in order to critically analyze Literature on similar topic. Conclusion – Challenges faced by Pakistani entrepreneurs in Pakistan are brand registration problem, corruption, Lack of support, Labour problem, Law and order, High taxes, Loan problem, Load shedding problem, high approach and high rental expenses. Explored challenges in Sweden are; Language barrier, Employees problem, Loan problem, High taxes, Saturation, less availability of shops, Racism, requirements for Swedish licences. Research limitations/implications – This research paper is only limited to Pakistani entrepreneurs who have start-ups in Pakistan and in Sweden.

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As the amount of data centers continues to increase, their electricity consumption and emissions are being reviewed. The current backup solution is a conventional diesel generator running on fossil fuels. As part of climate goals to reduce carbon emissions, renewable energy sources like fuel cells running on hydrogen are being considered. The following degree project aims to analyse the impact of replacing a fossil-powered backup power system with fuel cells as well as providing insights into which parameters affect the economic analysis the most. Current studies, reports and websites were used to gather a better understanding of fuel cell systems and their key components. The calculations were carried out using values obtained from literature which then were used for simulations in Excel. The results indicated a net profit for the proposed fuel cell system during the expected lifetime. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) functions very similarly to a diesel generator while reducing emissions. While the operating costs for the conceptual FC system are lower, the initial investment is much more expensive compared to the diesel system. Even though the economic investment yields a negative profit, large carbon dioxide savings are made. To give a better understanding of how different aspects impact the economics a sensitivity analysis was also carried out. While the current results show that the investment is not feasible, many of the parameters analysed in the sensitivity analysis indicate a more hopeful future forecast.

Context: Start-ups have recently emerged as an operational model for small and newly-founded firms globally. This increasing business acceptance is present within the European markets, as well as within the Greek. Researchers also complied to the ”commands” of the industry and startup research followed the same, to practice, increasing course. Although the increase in both research and practice is visible, and the fact that several start-up related topics are well-documented, the start-up literature still shows certain limitations that need to be answered. Theory: This study performs an extensive review of the start-up literature, provides definitions and descriptions of key start-up characteristics, and identifies the main streams, and limitations of start-up research, as long as cases of actual start-ups within the Greek business reality. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide insight on certain literature limitations by examining start-up customs towards collaboration and openness initiatives and activities. More in detail, the study aims to identify whether start-ups are able to collaborate (newness and smallness paradox), what is the extent (breadth and depth, partner variety, and collaboration content) of their collaboration and openness customs with different partners, but also the individual importance of specific partners, and the ways this importance changes through different phases of the start-up growth. Also, documented matters such as the determinants of collaborations and the internal organizational structure of start-ups towards openness and collaborations are also discussed. Design/Methodology/Approach: A multiple-case study that follows the replication logic is performed. The study focuses on six Greek online start-ups, and extracts information initially from the websites of the firms, and then by interviewing one key employee in each start-up. The combined information from each case are cross-analysed so as behavioural patterns to emerge and conclusions to be drawn regarding start-up initiatives and activities towards collaboration and openness. Findings: Start-ups are indeed able to collaborate and practice openness with external partners from the beginning, while the collaboration and openness is closely related to the desired outcome/collaboration content that fulfils a specific need. This desired outcome is connected to the extent – breadth and depth – of the collaboration, but also to the type of each partner. Thus, startups closely collaborate with few and selected partners of each kind (e.g. universities, supplies etc.), with the exception of customers and users. The collaboration with customers and users is wide and limited on their feedbacks due to their numbers. Customers, users, suppliers, innovation intermediaries, and universities were identified as the most important partners to start-ups. The importance of these partners is connected to the start-up growth lifecycle. Innovation intermediaries are the most important startup partners, while customers, users and suppliers are important from the stabilization phase and during the whole start-up lifecycle. Universities importance were not found to be clearly connected to the startup growth phases, but mostly to the collaboration content. Regarding the importance, some differences might occur amongst start-ups active in different industries. Those differences are industry specific and affect how and when each start-up collaborates with different partners. Finally, this study confirmed the propositions of previous studies regarding the determinants and internal organizational structure towards collaboration and openness with external partners. Research limitations and implications: Although the present study shows a set of limitations mostly regarding the number and distribution of the cases, it is the authors’ belief that it also shows a set of theoretical and practical implications. It provides managers and researchers with findings on uncharted territories in start-up literature, it connects its findings to prior start-up research, and provides insight on the almost undeveloped literature on Greek start-ups.