A presente pesquisa surge a partir da reflexão sobre o sistema atual de produção de alimentos e abastecimento das cidades e as consequências geradas no ambiente e na saúde da população. Há um movimento para o retorno da produção de alimentos nas cidades, onde a maioria da população mundial habita, tanto com a finalidade de reduzir os impactos ambientais da agricultura industrial, quanto para proporcionar o acesso equitativo a alimentos mais saudáveis e com preços mais acessíveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável busca sistemas resilientes de produção visando à existência de cidades mais seguras e autossuficientes. Uma cidade autossuficiente é aquela que consegue gerar infraestrutura básica para se manter dentro de sua pegada física e metabolizar os resíduos gerados, minimizando os efeitos negativos dos assentamentos urbanos no ambiente. Dentre a busca por alternativas que contribuíssem para o planejamento de cidades mais sustentáveis, foi identificado o conceito da agricultura urbana (AU); em particular, das hortas domésticas. As hortas domésticas, consideradas um dos sistemas de cultivo mais antigos do mundo, parecem ser a mais bem-sucedida estratégia de AU para aumentar a segurança alimentar das famílias, além de proporcionar diversos outros benefícios. Desse modo, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é contribuir para um maior entendimento sobre como as hortas domésticas podem se constituir em uma estratégia para aumentar a segurança alimentar nas cidades, particularmente em áreas urbanas de pequenas municipalidades objetivando uma maior sustentabilidade urbana. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram utilizadas duas estratégias de pesquisa principais: pesquisa bibliográfica e estudo de caso. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três etapas: compreensão, desenvolvimento e reflexão Na etapa de compreensão, realizou-se a revisão bibliográfica para entendimento do tema e para obtenção de subsídios para as etapas seguintes. Na etapa de desenvolvimento, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, no objeto de estudo, o Município de Feliz (RS), cujo objetivo foi avaliar o potencial das hortas domésticas, em termos de produção de alimentos, bem como de outros benefícios proporcionados aos moradores urbanos. Em uma segunda etapa, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para avaliar o potencial da área de estudo, em termos de produção de alimentos para suprir as necessidades alimentares da população local, visando a autossuficiência alimentar. Na etapa de reflexão, apresentam-se os resultados da pesquisa e as contribuições teóricas. A presente pesquisa é inovadora, e corroborou a teoria acerca do potencial de produção de alimentos das hortas domésticas, em termos de segurança alimentar e autossuficiência das pequenas municipalidades, a partir do estudo realizado em Feliz/RS. Além disso, os casos de hortas domésticas analisados no estudo exploratório, revelaram que já existem inúmeras iniciativas de autossuficiência alimentar com diversa produção de alimentos na área de estudo, bem como disponibilidade de áreas potenciais de agricultura urbana, para ampliar essa atividade. / The following research proposal emerges from the reflection of our current food production system and cities supply and their consequences to the environment and to city people’s health. Presently, there is a movement towards food production comeback in cities, where the majority of the present world population lives. Such movement has the goal of reducing the environmental impacts caused by intensive farming, as well as providing fair access to healthier food, at more affordable prices. Sustainable development aims at resilient systems of production, as well as on safer and more self-reliant cities. A self-reliant city provides basic infrastructure, keeping it into its ecological footprint. During the search for alternatives for more sustainable cities planning, the concept of urban agriculture (UA) was identified, more specifically backyard food production. Home food gardens, considered to be one of the oldest ways of producing food, seem to be UA’s most successful strategy to increase family food security, besides providing a number of added benefits. This way, the main goal of this research is contributing to a better understanding on how residential food gardens can constitute a strategy to increase food security in cities, particularly in urban areas and small towns aiming a higher degree of sustainability. For the development of this study, two specific research strategies were used: literature review and case study. The research was carried out in three steps: comprehension, development and reflection. In the comprehension step, a literature review was made in order to better understand the subject and to look for subsidies for the following steps. In the development step, an exploratory study on the object of study was made. The object of study was the municipality of Feliz (RS), where the goal was to evaluate in what extent residential food gardens could supply a family’s necessities of food and what other benefits it could provide to urban inhabitants, and, on a second stage, a methodology was developed to assess the potential of the area of study with regard to food self-reliance. In the reflection step, the results of the research and theoretical contributions were presented. In addition, a sample of home food gardens were identified and analyzed, and showed that there are already various good initiatives aiming at food self-reliance in the area of study, being as well identified the availability of potential plots for expanding urban agriculture in the municipality’s area.

Orientador: Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim / Resumo: O acelerado crescimento das cidades associado a um planejamento ineficiente ocasionou inúmeros problemas ambientais que recaem sobre a qualidade de vida da população. Nesse contexto de alterações das condições do ambiente natural, inúmeros estudos científicos foram suscitados, dentre eles, destacam-se os que se propuseram a estudar o clima das cidades. Diante disso, esta pesquisa baseou-se na proposta teórica e metodológica do Sistema Clima Urbano (S.C.U), com enfoque no subsistema termodinâmico e teve como objetivo central investigar os efeitos de áreas agrícolas urbanas na intensidade das ilhas de calor em Florianópolis - SC, no que se refere às condições de temperatura, um dos principais elementos climáticos responsáveis pelo conforto térmico. A ênfase dada à Florianópolis relaciona-se à presença de um marco legal que prevê a implantação e apoio à prática agrícola nos espaços intraurbano e periurbano. Os procedimentos metodológicos realizados, consistiram na busca por dados de temperatura a partir de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e pontos fixos. Foram tratadas e analisadas as imagens do satélite Landsat-8, que mostraram diferenças nas características térmicas dos alvos, comparando-se áreas densamente construídas com áreas não construídas, apresentando intensidades de ilhas de calor de superfície de até 14ºC. As áreas com maior desenvolvimento vegetativo, com destaque para aquelas localizadas nos topos dos morros, apresentaram as menores temperaturas das cenas e as áreas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The accelerated growth of cities associated with inefficient planning has caused numerous environmental issues that affect the population quality of life. In this context of changes in natural environment conditions, several scientific studies have been carried out, among which stand out those who focused on studying the climate of cities. Therefore, the present research was based on the theoretical and methodological proposal of the Urban Climate System (UCS), with emphasis on the thermodynamic subsystem. The main objective was to investigate the effects of urban agricultural areas on the intensity of heat islands in Florianópolis - SC, with regard to temperature conditions, one of the main climatic elements responsible for thermal comfort. The emphasis given to Florianópolis is related to the presence of a legal framework that provides for the implementation and support of agricultural practice in intra-urban and peri-urban spaces. The methodological procedures performed consisted of researching temperature data using remote sensing techniques and fixed points. Landsat-8 satellite images were treated and analyzed, which presented differences in the thermal characteristics of the targets, comparing densely built areas with non-built spaces, revealing intensities of surface heat islands of up to 14ºC. The areas with the highest vegetative development, with emphasis on those located at the top of hills, presented the lowest temperatures in the scenes, and the areas of urban an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The image of the postindustrial city is formed by public spaces (streets, plazas and squares, parks, riverfronts and waterfronts) together with a wide range of underused urban spaces and long-term unused areas of stalled spaces. The subject of this work is research of different types of urban gardening spaces and their optimal spatial, operational and functional parameters in the context of urbanism and urban planning. The aim is to apply them to the structure of unused urban spaces. On the basis of the case studies included in the research, the success of placement of individual community projects in different types of public spaces and stalled spaces is assessed. Recommendations for planning practice are based on these evaluations. The results of the work show that spaces with possibilities of horticultural production are a suitable solution for the temporary and also long-term use of under-utilized urban areas with many benefits in social, economic and environmental areas.

The thesis addresses the proximity of contemporary global human issues to local human issues and presents an architectural solution. By identifying, exploring and drawing closer the proximities between these global and local issues, new solutions can be developed for local application. There are new fields created for architecture when we understand and connect the proximity of objects of both cultural and biophysical creation, and when we understand and build on our ever-narrowing proximities between what has been and what is to come. The narrowing global conditions have direct implications on us as individual human beings and our individual local societies. These proximities have been explored, developed, and resolved for local application. The resulting research field for urban agriculture ultimately guided an appropriate architectural response within the city of Pretoria, South Africa. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the vulnerability of cities and set a new focus on planning sustainable and resilient cities. This thesis aims to assess the edible city, where edible plants are grown in public spaces, in terms of sustainability and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluate its contribution to urban sustainability and resilience. Further, it explores the implications for planning an edible city. As part of this case study, 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted in two edible cities: Edible City Andernach, Germany and Incredible Edible Todmorden, England. The results of this study demonstrate that both edible cities contribute to sustainability, but each is skewed towards one sustainability dimension. Concerning resilience, the study illustrates that both cases are able to withstand the pandemic impacts and adapt particularly in their focus sustainability dimension. However, general resilience is negatively impacted by a stance of waiting-it-out. For planning an edible city, a combination of a top-down and bottom-up approach is recommended. In conclusion, this thesis shows that the edible city contributes to urban sustainability and resilience through the continuing provision of ecosystem services and co-benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Urban Agriculture (UA) has been practiced in Montreal, Quebec for well over a century. In the last five years or so, a renewed enthusiasm for UA has manifested itself in the form of citizen-led UA projects. The latter are often established in residual spaces, from vacant lots to sidewalks, and alleyways. These more spontaneous and informal UA practices point to a shift in how urban inhabitants perceive and use urban space. Through a case study of informal UA projects in Montreal, QC, this work brings attention to the dynamics surrounding the establishment of citizen-led UA projects, paying special attention to their complex structure. Indeed, although they are usually initiated by groups of citizens, other actors are either directly or indirectly involved, including non-profit organizations, municipal officials, or business owners. To better understand these processes, I ask the following questions: Why are citizens in Montreal reappropriating vacant and underused urban spaces for UA? How are these spaces being established, and who is involved? How might these spaces and the social relations forged within them, contribute--or not--to a democratic urban politics? Bringing together existing scholarship on critical urban agriculture, radical democracy, and urban geography, this research exposes some of the inherent tensions present in contemporary UA. This work demonstrates that collective UA projects exist simultaneously as a political practice, and one that might not significantly alter the existing spatial and social orders.

Dagens samhälle är fullt av utmaningar vad gäller hållbarhet. En av de viktigaste frågeställningarna är hur mänskligheten kan tänka om jordbruket för att anpassa sig till den förväntade ökningen i efterfrågan på mat, och samtidigt göra jordbruket mer miljövänligt. Ett tänkbart steg mot mer hållbarhet inom jordbruket är hydroponi. Ändå står hydroponiska system inför sina egna hållbarhetsproblem; ett av problemen är de konventionella substraten som används. De nuvarande konventionella substraten härrör ofta från torv, stenull, perlit och kokosfibrer. Det finns dock möjligheter att implementera industriella symbiotiska nätverk i vilka en sektors avfall är en annans resurs, detta skulle kunna bidra till en minskning av miljöpåverkan jämfört med de konventionella substraten.  Syftet med projektet är att undersöka drivkrafter och hinder som finns för att förbättra hydroponiska stadsodlingars miljöprestanda gällande odlingssubstrat, genom att använda recirkulerade avfallsströmmar från närliggande kommersiella och kommunala verksamheter i stället för konventionella odlingssubstrat. I detta projekt intervjuades tre företag som odlar hydroponiskt i Stockholm för att ytterligare förstå kritiska egenskaper hos substraten, och vilka faktorer som realistiskt måste beaktas när man undersöker brukandet av urbana avfallsströmmar i motsats till konventionella substrat. Detta följs av en litteraturgenomgång som fokuserar på egenskaperna hos både konventionella substrat och de avfallsbaserade substraten. Genom forskningen blev det uppenbart att recirkulering av avfallsströmmar är ett genomförbart alternativ inom hydroponi, och har potential att minska miljöpåverkan från substraten i branschen. Det krävs dock utan tvekan ytterligare forskning på området. Potential för mellanhänder mellan den avfallsproducerande aktören och de hydroponiska odlingarna är ett nästa avgörande steg i utvecklingen av hållbara odlingssubstrat, men för lite forskning finns i dagsläget vilket begränsar möjligheterna inom området. / Today’s society is riddled with challenges regarding sustainability. One of the main concerns is how humanity can rethink farming in order to adapt to the projected demand for food in the near future, whilst also making farming more environmentally friendly. A possible step towards the sustainability of farming is hydroponics. Even so, current hydroponic systems are facing their own sustainability issues; one of which is the growing media used. The current, conventional growing media is often derived from peat, rock wool, perlite, and coconut coir. There are, however, opportunities to implement industrial symbiotic networks in which one processes waste can be used as another’s resource, this would contribute to a reduction in environmental impact compared to the conventional growing mediums.  The aim of this project is to examine the possibilities and barriers that exist regarding the improvement of environmental performance of growing media in hydroponics through the recirculation of urban waste streams from nearby commercial and municipal operations instead of using conventional growing media. In this project three hydroponic farming companies in Stockholm were interviewed to further understand the competition factor of growing mediums, and what factors realistically need to be accounted for when looking into the usage of urban waste streams as opposed to conventional growing media. This is followed by a literature review focusing on the characteristics of both conventional growing media and waste stream derived growing media. It became apparent through the research that recirculating waste streams is a feasible option within hydroponics, and has potential to reduce the environmental impact of growing media in the industry. However, further research is undoubtedly required in the field. Areas such as potential for middlemen between the waste producing actor and hydroponic farms are the next feasible step in the development of sustainable growing media, yet little to no research has currently been done on the matter.

[pt] A compostagem apresenta-se como um dos principais tratamentos e destino para os resíduos orgânicos, entretanto na área urbana tem sido utilizada em pequena escala, pois grande parte desta fração é disposta diretamente em aterros sanitários. Associada à grande oferta de matéria orgânica e a fim de incentivar a adoção desta prática nas cidades, torna-se interessante aliá-la às hortas urbanas, visto que o produto gerado no processo auxilia na fertilidade e fornece nutrientes ao solo. Este trabalho pretendeu testar diferentes misturas de resíduos vegetais em um processo de compostagem em leiras estáticas com aeração passiva realizado dentro de um ambiente urbano com intuito de avaliar os compostos produzidos. A pesquisa se deu por meio de experimento de campo, o qual foi conduzido no campus da PUC-Rio, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre novembro de 2018 e março de 2019. O experimento foi constituído por leiras com 3 diferentes composições e 2 repetições. As misturas foram folha + grama, folha + grama + galho e folha + galho. As matérias-primas foram pesadas no início e no fim do processo. Os compostos produzidos foram pesados e amostras foram levadas para análise em laboratório. A mistura folha + grama foi a mais produtiva; a mistura folha + grama + galho apresentou, em geral, os resultados analíticos mais altos, porém não houve grandes diferenças entre as misturas. Todos os compostos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios e de acordo com padrões existentes em literatura e legislação brasileira relacionada. A metodologia se mostrou eficiente. / [en] Solid waste is a problem, some consequences and negative environmental impacts of its generation and wrong disposal are inappropriate treatment; waste dumps disposal; emissions; air, soil and water pollution; a threat to marine biodiversity; incorporated hazardous substances. In Brazil in 2017, circa 42,3 million tons of MSW collected, equivalent of 59,1 percent, was disposed in sanitary landfill. The rest, 40,9 percent, more than 29 million tons, was disposed in inappropriate places, such as waste dumps and controlled landfills (ABRELPE, 2018). In the country, more than the half of the MSW, 51,4 percent, consists in organic matter (Brasil, 2012). This material is often disposed together with other types of waste. It influences the production of methane from landfills and reduces its lifespan. A very good management, separate collection systems, searching alternatives to give this material a better destination and treatment is necessary. An alternative of treatment to organic waste is composting, a simple and good technology. It is a biological process that occurs mainly by microorganisms action, decomposition of organic matter, such as food scraps, fruits, leaves and manure. The product of the process is the compost, a stable material that is dark brown or black and has an earthy smell, rich in nutrients, able to improve physical, chemical and biological qualities of the soil and may be used in agriculture (Souza et al., 2001; Nunes, 2009). Composting is a useful technique for organic waste management in urban and industrial areas, agricultural use and sustainable development, a satisfactory process for waste treatment (Oliveira et al., 2008; Inácio and Miller, 2009). The high generation of organic waste shows the potential of material able to be treated. According to Leal (2014), the use of these materials is fundamental to cause sustainability of national agriculture and environmental conservation. Thus, avoiding materials from accumulating in a certain location, which can cause environmental problems, taking them to other places for agricultural and plant production. There is in Brazil a specific law for solid waste, it is the law number 12.305 of 2010, that institutes the National Policy on Solid Waste (Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos – PNRS, in Portuguese). It defines terms and sets goals. The law mentions composting as a final environmentally adequate destination and that it should be implemented a composting system for organic waste (Brasil, 2010).

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Humanity is facing massive sustainability challenges, such as climate change and the associated loss of biodiversity, water scarcity and food insecurity. Capitalist urbanisation drives furthermore profound transformations in rural and urban areas and thus in the agriculture and food systems, presenting both challenges and opportunities. Urban agriculture as a part of a local food system, where food is produced in an urban area and sold to consumers in that area, presents a new food production model, generating innovative tools to lower agricultural land use, improving resource use efficiency and biodiversity. Consequently, great potential can be attributed to a sustainable transformation of the agri-food system through urban agriculture.  Like many cities around the world, Malmö has recognised the need for sustainable development. Therefore, the city of Malmö has been addressing environmental, social and economic challenges for several years and is committed to a holistic and sustainable urban development. Although the city is aware of the benefits of small-scale urban agriculture, there are no policies that enable the upscaling of urban agriculture in the city. Botildenborg, a sustainable urban farm and meeting place in Malmö, on the other hand, has recognised the potential for sustainable business and development through urban agriculture for several years, by setting itself the goal to increase the local and ecologically produced food within the city through this form of agriculture. Botildenborg serves therefore as a case study of this research.  In order to be able to provide indications for policies to shape the transformation steps towards sustainability within the agri-food system in Malmö, structures and patterns, as well as possible drivers and potential obstacles of a sustainable transition, are examined in the course of this research. The empirical results from qualitative and quantitative data are systematically processed using the multi-level perspective in combination with the urban political ecology.  The results indicate that the identified barriers tend to be structural and are predominantly located in the economic and especially the political sphere. It seems that the non-monetary added value from urban agriculture is not perceived to its full potential by the city of Malmö. Botildenborg is stabilising itself mainly through knowledge sharing and network building, and thus will sooner or later be able, through the movement behind the network, to change the dominant agri-food regime. The rapidity of the transformation depends on the political ii willingness of the city of Malmö to explicitly integrate urban agriculture into its policies and regulations.